PROTEIN

EVALUATION OF
NON RUMINANTS
 Protein evaluation: To determine the
capacityof food protein sources and
meet the protein and essential amino
nitrogen requirements

Protein quality: The quality of protein is

determined by its amino acidmakeup.the
proteins with higher essential amino acids
are superior in quality
Methods of protein quality for
monogastric animals
Weight gain methods:

Protein efficiencyratio
Net protein retention
Gross proteinvalue
Protein efficiency ratio:
It is defined as the weightgain per unit
weight of protein consumed Osborne and
Mendel develop this method.
PER=gain in
weight/proteinintake
Limitations:
It is a tedious method
It can't measure protein fed used for
maintenance and how much foe tissue
NET PROTEIN RETENTION:
It is a modification of the per method. It
makes allowance for maintenance . It is
claimed to give more accurate results than
the per method
NPR=weight gain of TPG-weight loss of
NPG/ protein intake
TPG=group fed on test Protein
NPG=Group fed on non protein diet
GROSS POTEIN VALUE:
The extra live weight gain per unit of
supplementary test Protein stated as proportion
of the extra live weight gain per unit
supplementary casein, is the gross protein value
of the test Protein
GPV= increased weight gain
per test Protein/ increased
weight gain per gm casein
GPV is refers as Measurement with chick
feds a depletion diet contain 8%protein for
2weeks.They are divided into three groups
The live weight gain of chicks recieving
basal diet contain 80g cp/kg are compared
with those of chicks receive the basal diet
plus 30g cp from test Protein/kg of diet
and of others receiving The basal diet plus
30g cp from casein /kg of diet
NITROGEN BALANCE METHODS:
Biological values: A direct measure of
proportion food protein that can
utilized by animal for synthesizing
body tissues and compounds
%BV=NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN) /NI - (FN-
MFN) MFN=metabolic feacal
nitrogen
EUN=Endogenous feacal nitrogen
The endogenous nitrogen results from ir
reversible reaction involved in the break
down and replacement of various protein
secretions and structure with in body
Thus both fecal and urinary endogenous
fraction represent nitrogen has been
absorbed and utilized by animal rather
than nitrogen that can't be so utilized
So the exclusion is from the fecal and
urinary values in the above formula gives
measur of the true biological value
NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION:The usefulness
of protein to an animal will depend it's
digestibility as well as biological value. NPU is
the product of these two values is the
proportion of N intake which is retained

NPU=biological value×digestability of
protein
Protein replacement value:
The replacementvalue of food protein is a
measure of retention of the total nitrogen
intake rather than the digestible nitrogen.
It compares the extent to which a test
Protein will give the same Nbalance asa
an equal amount of standard protein that
is egg protein PRV=NB1-NB2/NI
×100
NB1 =nitrogen NB2= nitrogen
balance of animal balance of animal
fed protein test Protein
METHODS BASED ON AMINO ACID
COMPOSITION:
1.Gross amino acid composition
2.Digestability
tability of amino acids
of aminaacids
3. Biological assay of available
of amino acids
BASED ON GROSS AMINO ACID:
Chemicalscore
The quality of a protein decided by the amino
acid that is the greatest deficit when compared
with a standard.
The standard generally used has been egg
protein also define as amino acid mixture, the
FAO referred as amino acid pattern.
The content of each essential amino acid of
protein is expressed as a proportion of that
Of that in the standard and the lowest
proportion taken as the score.
In wheat protein for example the essential
amino acid in greatest deficit is lysine.

The contents of lysine in egg and wheat

proteins are 72g/kg and 27g/kg
So the chemical score for wheat
protein is 27/72 =0.37
2.Essential amino acid index
In this case all the ten essential amino acids
are considered
EAA is the geometric mean of egg ratios of
essential amino acids to the food amino acid.
The main advantage is predicting the effect of
supplementation in combination of protein.
The disadvantage is that proteins of very
differentamino acids composition may have
the same orvery similar index.
It is based in gross amino acid composition
 Ideal Protein:
The most recent method for evaluating dietary
protein for growing pigs based on new
concept of ideal Protein.
It is modification of chemical score with amino
acid pattern of particular tissue protein serve as
reference protein.
he ideal Protein concept is a statement of EAA
equirements in a proportional relationship to
equirement for lysine.
The benefits of ideal Protein concept in diet
on the basisi of lysine.
DIGESTIBILITY OF AMINO ACIDS
Ileal digestibility of protein:
The availability of aminao acids are
determined at digestibility at the end of small
intestine at the ileum level.
Since it is well established that there is no AA
absorption from the large intestine.
Further more the micro flora metabolise
some of the undigested AA in the large
intestine that prevents then from appearing
in the faeces.
Ileal digestibility is measured from either total
recovery of ileum flow from pigs fitted with ileo
rectal anastomosis or indigestible markers.
The advantage of using ileal digestibility is
avoiding microbial AA production in the hind
gut inherent using whole tract digestibility and
also for basal endogenous amino acid loses.
For poultry evaluation of protein sources based
on standard ileal digestibility are lysine,
methionine, tryptophan
BIOLOGICAL ASAAY OF AMINO ACIDS:
Chick assay:
The available amino acid content of food
protein assayed by measuring the live weight
gain, feed conversation efficiency gives the
intact protein as a supplement to a diet
deficient only in acid investigation.
Chick is the usual experimental animal, this
method successful for lysine methionine
cystine disadvantage is time consuming , need
technical expertise.
Microbiological methods:
Certain microorganisms such as streptococcus
zymogens, and tetrahymena pyriformis a
protozoan have amino group requirements
similar to higher animals and have been used
for evaluation of feed proteins
This method are based on measuring the
growth of the microorganisms in culture
media include the protein under test
Streptococcus zymogens used for mainly
determination of methionine and
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Reference by DV Reddy,
Google, tanuvas