CO M M U N IT Y H E A LT H

NU R S IN G 2
;THEOR ETICA L M OD ELS A ND
HEA LTH NU R S ING CONCEPT
WEEK 1 COMMUNITY APPROACHES
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ACCORDING TO JACOBSON: IT IS A LEARNED

PRACTICE DISCIPLINE WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF CONTRIBUTING TO THE
PROMOTION OF THE CLIENT’S OLOF (OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING)
THROUGH TEACHING AND DELIVERY OF CARE
 DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING

• COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ACCORDING TO WHO:

- IT IS A SPECIAL FIELD OF NURSING THAT COMBINES THE SKILLS OF NURSING,
PUBLIC HEALTH AND SOME PHASES OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND FUNCTIONS
FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH, IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL
CONDITIONS AND REHABILITATION OF ILLNESS AND DISABILITY.
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

• COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING BY AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION(ANA):

“THE SYNTHESIS OF NURSING PRACTICE AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
APPLIED TO PROMOTING AND PRESERVING THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATIONS.”
PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING

• A PHILOSOPHY IS DEFINED AS “A SYSTEM OF BELIEFS THAT PROVIDES A BASIS FOR AND GUIDES ACTION.”
A PHILOSOPHY PROVIDES THE DIRECTION AND DESCRIBES THE WHAT'S , THE WHYS AND THE HOW'S OF
ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROFESSION.
• PHILOSOPHY: ACCORDING TO MARGARET SHETLAND ,THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHN IS BASED ON THE WORTH
AND DIGNITY OF A MAN
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
BY MARY S. GARDNER AND COBB/JONES LEAHY

1.COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IS BASED ON RECOGNIZED NEEDS OF

COMMUNITIES , FAMILIES, GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS.
2.THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE MUST FULLY UNDERSTAND THE OBJECTIVES
AND POLICIES OF THE AGENCIES SHE REPRESENTS.
3.IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ,THE FAMILY IS THE UNIT OF SERVICE.
4.COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE MUST BE AVAILABLE TO ALL.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
BY MARY S. GARDNER AND COBB/JONES LEAHY

5. HEALTH TEACHING IS THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMMUNITY

HEALTH NURSE
6.THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE WORKS AS A MEMBER OF THE HEALTH TEAM
7.THERE MUST BE PROVISION FOR PERIODIC EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSE SERVICES
8.OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTINUING STAFF EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR
NURSES MUST BE PROVIDED BY THE AGENCY.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
BY MARY S. GARDNER AND COBB/JONES LEAHY

9.THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE MAKES USE OF AVAILABLE COMMUNITY HEALTH

RESOURCES
10.THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE UTILIZES THE ALREADY EXISTING ACTIVE
ORGANIZATION IN THE COMMUNITY
11.THERE SHOULD BE ACCURATE RECORDING AND REPORTING IN COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING
TO WATCH. VIEW AND UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH AND
HEALTH PROMOTION ON LINK PROVIDED:
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=G2QUVLCJVBK . MAKE A REACTION PAPER.
FEATURES OF CHN
Preventive approach to health

It is characterized by being population or aggregate–focused.

It is developmental in nature

With existence of prepayment mechanism for consumers of community health

nursing services

Care for different levels of clientele

 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IS CONSIDERED BROADER AND MORE GENERAL
SPECIALTY AREA THAT ENCOMPASSES SUB SPECIALTIES WHICH INCLUDES:
1.PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING SEEN AS A SUBSPECIALTY NURSING PRACTICE
GENERALLY DELIVERED WITHIN “OFFICIAL” OR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.
2.SCHOOL HEALTH NURSING AIMS TO PROMOTE THE HEALTH OF SCHOOL
PERSONNEL AND PUPIL/STUDENTS. IT AIMS TO PREVENT HEALTH PROBLEMS
THAT COULD HINDER STUDENTS LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE
 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN
• LEGAL BASIS: REPUBLIC ACT 124 MANDATES THAT ALL SCHOOLS ARE TO
PROVIDE SCHOOL CLINICS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MINOR AILMENTS AND
EMERGENCY CASES
• EIGHT COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES ARE:
HEALTH EDUCATION ,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, HEALTH SERVICES, NUTRITION
SERVICES, COUNSELLING, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL SERVICES HEALTHY
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT , HEALTH PROMOTION FOR STAFF. LASTLY , THE FAMILY&
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN
• HEALTH APPRAISAL ACTIVITIES TO BE PERFORMED BY THE SCHOOL NURSE:
I. HEALTH ASSESSMENT-DONE ONCE A YEAR .PRIORITY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO GRADE I ENROLEE ;
II. RAPID CLASS ROOM INSPECTION-IT SHOULD BE DONE AFTER A LONG VACATION, BETWEEN HEALTH
EXAMINATION OR IF THERE IS EMENDING OR ACTUAL PANDEMIC III. TEST FOR THE VISUAL ACUITY
SHOULD BE DONE ONCE A YEAR, PREFERABLY AT THE BEGINNING OF SCHOOL YEAR;
IV. HEIGHT AND WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
A) MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHT, WEIGHT IS DONE AT BEGINNING & END OF SCHOOL YEAR.
B)PUPILS WHO ARE RECIPIENTS OF REHABILITATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM SHOULD
BE WEIGHTED EVERY QUARTER.
HEALTH STATUS OF PUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS: INFECTIOUS
DISEASES(RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AND DIARRHOEA) ,WORM INFESTATIONS AND DENTAL
CARIES
 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN
3.OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING AS DEFINED BY AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSES (AACHN) AS A SPECIALTY PRACTICE THAT
FOCUSES ON PROMOTION, PREVENTION AND RESTORATION OF HEALTH WITHIN
THE CONTEXT OF A
SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT .IT INCLUDES THE PREVENTION OF ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. IT PROVIDES FOR AND
DELIVERS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES TO
CLIENTS.
 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN
COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
UNIQUE CLINICAL PROCESS THAT INCLUDES CONCEPTS OF NURSING, MENTAL
HEALTH, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNITY NETWORKS INCLUDING SOCIAL
SCIENCES . FOCUS IS ON THE MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION.
THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL(HBM)
• DEVELOPED IN THE 1958 BY GROUP OF U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS.
• BELIEVED THAT INDIVIDUAL MUST KNOW WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT
BEFORE THEY CAN TAKE ACTION .
• MAJOR LIMITATION OF HBM IS THAT IT PLACES BURDEN OF ACTION
EXCLUSIVELY ON THE CLIENT.
THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES
Perceived Susceptibility One's belief regarding the chance of getting a given condition

Perceived Severity One's belief regarding the seriousness of a given condition

One's belief in the ability of an advised action to reduce the

Perceived benefits health risk or seriousness of a given condition

Perceived barriers One's belief regarding the tangible and psychological costs of
an advised action
Strategiesorconditionsinone'senvironmentthatactivatereadines
Cues toaction stotakeaction
One's confidence in one's ability to take action to reduce
Self-efficacy health risks

THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

• TO WATCH. VIEW AND UNDERSTAND THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL IN THE LINK
PROVIDED: FOR HBM: HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=C0-WVQTG2NO
NOLA PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION (HPM)
DEVELOPED IN1980’S INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL TO PURSUE HEALTH PROMOTION
ACTIVITIES BUT DOES NOT INCLUDES THREAT AS A MOTIVATOR.
PENDER'S MODEL FOCUSES ON THREE CATEGORIES:
• INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPERIENCES , BEHAVIOUR- AND
REVISEDIN1996.
• EXPLORES MANY BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS THAT SPECIFIC COGNITIONS AND
AFFECT, AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOMES. DETAILS ARE AS FOLLOW:
NOLA PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION (HPM)
THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CONSISTS OF THE FF MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPERIENCES
2. BEHAVIOR-SPECIFIC COGNITIONS AND AFFECT
3. BEHAVIOR OUTCOMES
4. INFLUENCING FACTORS
5. COMMITMENT TO PLAN OF ACTION
NOLA PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION (HPM)

TO WATCH. VIEW AND UNDERSTAND THE PENDER’S THEORY IN

THE LINK PROVIDED: FOR PENDER’S THEORY
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=PAHDZR9YFVG
PRECEDE–PROCEED MODEL DEVELOPED BY
DR. LAWRENCE GREEN AND COLLEAGUES
1. PRECEDE PHASE

• A. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT: THIS PHASE INVOLVES CONDUCTING A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE COMMUNITY OR TARGET POPULATION. IT
AIMS TO IDENTIFY SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND OUTCOMES. THIS
ASSESSMENT INCLUDES DATA ON HEALTH STATUS, LIFESTYLES, BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS OF THE TARGET POPULATION.

• B. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: IN THIS STEP, HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE COMMUNITY ARE IDENTIFIED AND ANALYZED THROUGH
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA. THE ASSESSMENT HELPS PRIORITIZE HEALTH ISSUES BASED ON THEIR SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY'S
HEALTH.

• C. BEHAVIORAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: THIS STEP FOCUSES ON UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE
IDENTIFIED HEALTH ISSUES. ADDITIONALLY, IT EXAMINES THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT EITHER FACILITATE OR HINDER HEALTH-PROMOTING
BEHAVIORS.

• D. EDUCATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: THIS COMPONENT INVOLVES ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY'S EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AND
SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION. IT ALSO CONSIDERS THE BROADER ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT, INCLUDING POLICIES, REGULATIONS, AND
SOCIAL NORMS RELATED TO HEALTH BEHAVIORS.

• E. ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLICY ASSESSMENT: THIS ASSESSMENT EVALUATES THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING HEALTH
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES RELATED TO THE IDENTIFIED HEALTH ISSUES. IT HELPS IDENTIFY POTENTIAL GAPS AND AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT.
PRECEDE–PROCEED MODEL DEVELOPED BY
DR. LAWRENCE GREEN AND COLLEAGUES

2. PROCEED PHASE

• A. IMPLEMENTATION: BASED ON THE FINDINGS FROM THE PRECEDE PHASE, THE PROCEED PHASE INVOLVES PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING HEALTH
PROMOTION PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTIONS. THESE INTERVENTIONS ARE DESIGNED TO ADDRESS THE SPECIFIC PREDISPOSING, REINFORCING, AND ENABLING
FACTORS IDENTIFIED DURING THE PRECEDE PHASE.

• B. PROCESS EVALUATION: THIS STEP INVOLVES ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED INTERVENTIONS, EXAMINING THE PROCESS OF PROGRAM
DELIVERY, AND IDENTIFYING ANY MODIFICATIONS NEEDED FOR IMPROVEMENT.

• C. IMPACT EVALUATION: THE IMPACT EVALUATION ASSESSES THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF THE INTERVENTIONS ON THE TARGET POPULATION'S HEALTH
BEHAVIORS AND OUTCOMES.

• D. OUTCOME EVALUATION: THIS FINAL EVALUATION STAGE FOCUSES ON MEASURING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS ON
THE COMMUNITY'S HEALTH STATUS.
PRECEDE–PROCEED MODEL DEVELOPED BY
DR.LAWRENCE GREEN AND COLLEAGUES

TO WATCH: VIEW AND UNDERSTAND THE PRECEDE–PROCEED MODEL IN OTHER

RESOURCES. PROCEED IN THE FOLLOWING LINKS:
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=YMD4JU0TGS0HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.
COM/WATCH?V=ZLVNGCRNY_S
TWO TYPES OF COMMUNITY
• GEOPOLITICAL COMMUNITY–IS A COMMUNITY WITH DEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AND
JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES, SUCH AS RURAL MUNICIPALITIES, TOWNS OR CITY
COMMUNITIES. IS THE PROCEDURE OF SYSTEMATICALLY ACQUIRING AND
RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE MEMBERS OF A GIVEN POPULATION.
• PHENOMENOLOGICAL COMMUNITY- A PHENOMENOLOGICAL COMMUNITY IS SAID
TO BE A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO ARE DEFINED BY SHARING VALUES, CUSTOMS,
INTERESTS, RELIGION OR ACADEMIC INTERESTS . IT IS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY BECAUSE MEMBERS SHARE COMMON BELIEFS AND INTERESTS
ALLOCATES THEM TO THE PLACE WHERE ENUMERATED—NORMALLY WHERE THEY
SPEND THE NIGHT OF THE DAY ENUMERATED.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!