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LIMITS

lim �(�) = �
�→�

• read as “the limit of the f(x) , as x


approaches a, is L.
lim 2� + 3
�→2
= 2(2) +3
=4+3
=7
lim 1 − �
�→−1
= 1 - (-1)
=1+1
=2
2
lim � + 2� + 1
�→−1
2
= (−1) + 2(−1) + 1
=1-2+1
=0
0 ∞
INDETERMINATE FORM : ( �� )
0 ∞

2
�2−4 (2) − 4
lim =
�→2 �−2 2−2
4 − 4 kapag ganito
= ang case
0 need natin
0 magfactoring
= before natin i
0 substitute
TAKE A NOTE OF THESE:
Difference of Squares
2 2
� − � = (� + �)(� − �)
Difference of Cubes
3 3 2 2
� − � = (� − �)(� + �� + � )
Sum of Cubes
3 3 2 2
� + � = (� + �)(� − �� + � )
TAKE A NOTE OF THESE:

Perfect Square Trinomial


2 2 2
� + 2�� + � = (� + �)(� + �) = (� + �)
�2 − 2�� + �2 = (� − �)(� − �)= (� − �)2
EXAMPLES
ON FACTORING
BINOMIALS
Perfect Squares and Perfect Cubes
2
4� − 9
�2 − �2 = (� + �)(� − �)
where �2 =4�2 ; �2 =9
� = �2 = 4�2 = 2�
� = �2 = 9 = 3

(2�)2 − (3)2 = (2� + 3)(2� − 3)


3
8� − 27
�3 − �3 = (� − �)(�2 + �� + �2 )
where, a3 = 8x3 ; b3 =27
3 3
3
�= � = 8�3 = 2�
3 3
3
�= � = 27 = 3

(2�)3 − (3)3 = (2� − 3) (2�)2 + (2�)(3) + (3)2


= (2� − 3)(4�2 + 6� + 9)
3
125� + 729
�3 + �3 = (� + �)(�2 − �� + �2 )
where, a3 = 125x3 ; b3 =27
3 3
3
�= � = 125�3 = 5�
3 3
3
�= � = 729 = 9

(5�)3 + (9)3 = (5� + 9) (5�)2 − (5�)(9) + (9)2


= (5� + 9)(25�2 − 45� + 81)
TRINOMIALS
through AC Method, Grouping and
Quadratic equation
2 2 2
� + 2�� + � = (� + �)(� + �) = (� + �)
• the GCF is 1
• it is not binomial
• �2 + 2� + 1
• this is an example of a where �2 = x2 and �2 =1
perfect square trinomial
a= �2 = �
• factor the equation as
(� + �)2 b= 1= 1

=(x+1)(x+1)
=(x+1)2
2
12� − 5� − 2
� = 12 � =− 5 � =− 2
*Find the product of a and c. ac=(12)(-2)=-24
*list all theFactors of -24 and find the pair whose sum equals to -5
(1)(-24) (-1)(24)
(2)(-12) (-2)(12)
(3)(-8) (-3)(8)
(4)(-6) (-4)(6)

The numbers 3 and -8 produce a product of -24 and a sum of -5


2
12� − 5� − 2
2
= 12� + 3� − 8� − 2
*factor by grouping
2
= 12� + 3� | −8� − 2
= 3�(4� + 1) | −2(4� + 1)
= (3� − 2)(4� + 1)
2 2
10� − 17�� + 3�
� = 10 � =− 17 �=3
*Find the product of a and c. ac=(10)(3)=30
*list all theFactors of 30 and find the pair whose sum equals to -17
(1)(30) (-1)(-30)
(2)(15) (-2)(-15)
(5)(6) (-5)(-6)
(3)(10) (-3)(-10)

The numbers -2 and -15 produce a product of 30 and a sum of -17


2 2
10� − 17�� + 3�
2 2
= 10� − 2�� − 15�� + 3�
*factor by grouping
2 2
= 10� − 2�� | −15�� + 3�
= 2�(5� − �) | −3�(5� − �)
= (2� − 3�)(5� − �)
LET’S GO BACK TO
THE LIMITS
�2 − 4 �2 −�2
lim =
�→2 �−2 �−�

2 2
� − � = (� + �)(� − �)
2
*� − 4 is a perfect square binomial
2 2 2
where � = � and � = 4
� = �2 = �2 = �
2
�= � = 4=2
2
� − 4
lim
�→2 � − 2
(�+2)(�−2)
=
�−2
(�+2)(�−2)
= lim
�−2
*cancel out (x-2)
�→2

= lim �+2
�→2

=2+2
=4
2 2 2
� −9 � −�
lim =
�→3 � − 3 �−�
2 2
� − � = (� + �)(� − �)
2
*� − 9 is a perfect square binomial
2 2 2
where � = � and � = 9
�= �
= 2 � 2
=�
2
�= � = 9=3
�2 −9
lim
�→3 �−3

(�+3)(�−3)
=
�−3
(�+3)(�−3)
= lim
�−3
*cancel out (x-3)
�→2
= lim �+3
�→2
=3+3
=6
2 �2 + 2� − 8
� + 2� − 8 use AC method and grouping
lim
�→2 3� − 6 ac=(1)(-8)= -8
factors of -8
find the pair whose sum equals to 2
3� − 6 (-1)(8) (1)(-8)
(-2)(4) (2)(-4)
factor out the GCF
= �2 − 2� + 4� − 8
3(� − 2) = �2 − 2� | 4� − 8
=�(� − 2) | 4(� − 2)
=(� − 2)(� + 4)
�2 + 2� − 8
lim
�→2 3� − 6
(�−2)(�+4)
= lim
�→2 3(�−2)
(�−2)(�+4)
= lim
3(�−2)
*cancel out (x-2)
�→2
(�+4)
= lim
�→2 3
2+4
=
3
6
=
3
=2
2
(� + 3) − 9
lim
�→0 2�
�2 +6�+9−9 �+6
= lim = lim
�→0 2� �→0 2
�2 +6�+9−9 0+6
= lim =
2� 2
�→0
6
�2 +6� =
= lim 2
�→0 2�
=3
�(�+6)
= lim
�→0 �(2)
TAKE 5...
MAS MALALA SUSUNOD
DIFFERENTATION
SHORT AND LONG METHOD
First Principle - Long Method

�(�+ℎ)−�(�)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
� = 4� − 3� − 2

2
(4� − 3� − 2)
4(� + ℎ)2 − 3(� + ℎ) − 2

�(�+ℎ)−�(�)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
� = 4� − 3� − 2
�(�+ℎ)−�(�)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

f(x)=y
f(x+h)
: change the value of x into (x+h)
4�2 − 3� − 2 = 4(� + ℎ)2 − 3(� + ℎ) − 2
f(x+h)= 4(� + ℎ)2 − 3(� + ℎ) − 2
2
� = 4� − 3� − 2
4(�+ℎ)2 −3(�+ℎ)−2 −(4�2 −3�−2 )
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

4(�2 +2ℎ�+ℎ2 )−3�−3ℎ−2−4�2 +3�+2


�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

4�2 +8ℎ�+4ℎ2 −3�−3ℎ−2−4�2 +3�+2


�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
� = 4� − 3� − 2
4�2 +8ℎ�+4ℎ2 −3�−3ℎ−2−4�2 +3�+2
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
*Simplify
8ℎ�+4ℎ2 −3ℎ
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
*factor out h
ℎ(8�+4ℎ−3)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
� = 4� − 3� − 2
ℎ(8�+4ℎ−3)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
*cancel out h

�’(�) = lim 8� + 4ℎ − 3
ℎ→0
�’(�) = 8� + 4(0) − 3
�’(�) = 8� + 0 − 3
�’(�) = 8� − 3 :final answer
3
� = � − 5� + 2
�(�+ℎ)−�(�)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

(�+ℎ)3 −5(�+ℎ)+2−(�3 −5�+2)


�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
�3 +3ℎ�2 +3ℎ2 �+ℎ3 −5�−5ℎ+2−�3 +5�−2
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3ℎ�2 +3ℎ2 �+ℎ3 −5ℎ
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3
� = � − 5� + 2
3ℎ�2 +3ℎ2 �+ℎ3 −5ℎ
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ(3�2 +3ℎ�+ℎ2 −5)
�’(�) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
�’(�) = lim 3�2 + 3ℎ� + ℎ2 − 5
ℎ→0
�’(�) = 3�2 + 3(0)� + (0)2 − 5

�’(�) = 3�2 − 5 :final answer


Rules of Differentiation
• Constant Rule • Product Rule
� � �� ��
(�) =0 (��) = � ∙ +�∙
�� �� �� ��
• Identity Rule • Quotient Rule

(�) = 1 �� ��
�� � � �∙ −�∙
�� ��
• Sum/ Difference Rule =
�� � �2

(� ± �) =
��
±
��
• Power Rule
�� �� ��
� � �−1 ��
(� ) = � ∙ � ∙
�� ��

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