ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Herbal Remedies from Aquatic and Semi-aquatic

Plants Conserved at Siddha Medicinal Plants
Garden (CCRS), Mettur Dam, Salem District, Tamil
Nadu
M Manokari, M Padma Sorna Subramanian*
Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India), Mettur
Dam, Salem district – 636401, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Correspondence: mpssmanian@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Introduction:This paper reports on aquatic/semi-aquatic plants from the Siddha Medicinal Plants
Garden (SMPG),Mettur Dam, Salem district of Tamil Nadu, which are used to cure various diseases in
Siddha system of medicine. Materials and Methods: In the present review, information on Siddha
formulations of the plants and medicinal properties along with their taxonomy, habit and habitat were
presented by citing authentic publications. Results: Thirty-three aquatic/semi-aquatic plant species
used in herbal remedies are being presented in this paper along with their description, medicinal uses
as single drug or in combination. At SMPG, aquatic, semi-aquatic and marshy plants are being
maintained at model herbal gardens I and II, petaloid pond, poly green house and arboretum. Among
these aquatic species, some plants are sold in the market and directly used by the AYUSH practitioners
due to their medicinal values, viz., Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC (Ponnankanni), Bacopa
monnieri Penn. (Brahmi), Centella asiatica(L.)Urban (Vallarai), Eclipta prostrate L. (Vellaikarisalai), Phyla
nodiflora Greene. (Poduthalai), Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski (Manjalkarisalai), Spilanthes
acmella DC. (Palvalipoondu) etc. Some of the species were explored enormously and their formulated
herbal products are available in the global market. Conclusion: Aquatic plants have been widely used
in traditional medicine with a long Indian history. They are reputed for treating a number of ailments.
Thus far, many studies are significant in aquatic plants but limited to the level of clinical uses,
conservation and cultivation.

KEY WORDS: Aquatic, Semi-aquatic, Siddha, Medicinal Plants, SMPG.

1. INTRODUCTION the aquatic habitat. In India, however, aquatic

plants have been extensively used for a
1.1 Aquatic flora in Herbal medicine
diversity of purposes since historical times, and
Aquatic/semi aquatic plants
are used (often cultivated) even today
unquestionably play momentous ecological
particularly for food, fodder, fibre and
roles as the dominant primary producer [2]
medicine . Though the aquatic ecosystem is
component of swallow water ecosystems. They
rich repositories of various plant species, not
are also referred to as hydrophytes or
much work has been undertaken to enumerate
macrophytes and offers great economic
their medicinal uses. The economic
[1]
importance to mankind . Aquatic flora directly
importance, ethno-medicinal uses, edible
serves as the major source of energy for
aspects of aquatic, semi aquatic and marshy
greater diversity of biota besides conserving

16
 Manokari et al., J Res Sid Med 2019; 2(2): 16-29.

[3-6]
flora were discussed by some researchers . and habitat
bitat state were presented by citing
Aquatic plants have many unique biological authentic publications.
features and are potential for their agricultural,
horticultural, nutraceutical, ornamental and 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
[7]
medicinal importance . Many plant species Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden
under aquatic origin were reported to have covered a number of different species like
valuable folklore utilization in traditional aquatic, semi aquatic or marshy plants. The
cine and used in phytoremediation[8,9].
medicine present study highlights the medicinal
potential off some selected aquatic and semi
1.2 Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden aquatic plant species maintained/cultivated at
The Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden, Mettur Dam,
(SMPG), Mettur Dam (11° 52' N, 77° 50' E), Salem District, Tamil Nadu. A total of 33 plant
Salem dt, Tamil Nadu functions under Central species belonging to 21 families distributed in
Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of 29genera have been documented. The
AYUSH, Govt. of India. In SMPG, aquatic and medicinal
edicinal uses of the selected aquatic/semi
semi-aquatic
aquatic plants are maintained and aquatic plants were enumerated alphabetically
cultivated at herbal gardens, Poly-greenhouse
greenhouse by binomial name of species with its respective
and in arboretum. Particularly, Model herbal family, vernacular names (Siddha), Siddha
garden II was established with a petaloid pond formulations in which, some of the listed
with aquatic and marshy plants. plants are used as a single / compound
compo drug
The present work
rk reviews the also given in table (Table 1).
taxonomy, medicinal uses, plant parts explored Among the 33 species selected for
in Siddha system of medicine with Siddha study, 20 species were dicotyledons from 15
formulations of selected aquatic and semi families, 12 species were monocotyledons
aquatic plants maintained at Siddha Medicinal from 6 families and one species represents
Plants Garden, Mettur dam, Salem district, fern (Pteridophyte) (Figure 1). Some selected
Tamil Nadu with the help
lp of authentic aquatic species were presented in Figure 2. In
publications. dicots, the family Asteraceae was dominated
[6
6]
and shows higher number of species.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Monocots in aquatic habitats have been
The plants were recorded and [10,11]
emphasized
hasized by a number of workers and
maintained year-round
round at the garden. In the
dominance of dicots over the monocots in
present review, information on Siddha
aquatic habitats have been
en highlighted by
formulations of the plants and medicinal
Saini et al.[12] and Niroula and Singh.
Singh [13]
properties along with their taxonomy, habit

Figure 1. Group wise distribution ofaquatic/semi aquatic plants at SMPG

1
12 Monocot
Dicot

20 Fern
 Manokari et al., J Res Sid Med 2019; 2(2): 16-29.

Drugs of natural origin play a significant role in the public health
care system of any nation. Indian Materia Medica includes describes about
2000 drugs of natural origin, among which 400 drugs are mineral and
animal origin and the remaining drugs are explored in Ayurveda, Siddha
[14,15]
and Unani systems . The World Health Organization (1980) has also
recommended the evaluation of the effectiveness of plants in conditions
where there is lack of safe synthetic drugs. Aquatic/ semi aquatic species
[6]
are also the sources for the medicinal significance . Since, the propagation
of those species is possible by controlled environments, further exploration
is advisable.

Table 1: Aquatic/semi aquatic plants and their medicinal uses

Sl.No. Species Name & Family Habit& Habitat[16-18] Medicinal uses Single Parts used in Siddha
[18, 19]
drug/ formulations
[20-22]
compound
drug
[20-22]

1. Acorus calamus L. Aromatic, marshy herb with stout Rhizomes are sedative and Compound Fresh rhizome –Piraminey;
rhizome and distichous leaves. analgesic, used in epilepsy and drug Dried rhizome -
F: Araceae Flowers small, yellowish green other mental ailments, chronic Meghanathakuligai;
arranged in spadix. Berries green diarrhoea, dysentery, glandular Ulunduthailam;
VN: Vasampu and angled. and abdominal tumours. Churned rhizome -
Pooramathirai.
2. Alocasia macrorrhiza(L.) G. Succulent perennial herb with Root and leaves are diuretic and - -
Don horizontal stem. Leaves ovate rubefacient, used to treat skin
and acute. Peduncle long, stout; diseases, scorpion sting, gout and
F: Araceae spathe constricted at middle, rheumatism [23].
yellowish green; spadix
VN: Aanaichembu cylindrical.
3. Alternanthera sessilis(L.) R. Prostrate herb with fleshy leaves Whole plant is used to treat night Single/ Whole plant - Kanatthilam,
Br. and white flowers. Found in the blindness, leprosy, fever, diseases Compound Ponnankannithailam,
margins of invading in ponds, of pitta and kapha, haemorrhage drug Puliyarainey.

18
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[24]
F: Amaranthaceae rivers, streams, canals, ditches, and rejuvenator .
invading in flood plain wetlands,
VN: Ponnankanni, reservoirs, marshes, swamps, wet
Koduppai low-lying ground, ephemeral
pools and damp forest.
4. Ammannia baccifera L. Glabrous erect annual herb with Leaves bruised and used against Single drug -
opposite or alternate leaves. ringworm and other parasitic skin
F: Lythraceae Flowers pinkish, in clusters or in infections. Whole plant is used in
cymes. Found in marshes, glandular swellings, leucorrhoea,
VN: Neermelneruppu, swamps, rice fields and water snake-bite poisoning, abscess,
Kallurvi, Erisalai courses at low elevations. intermittent fever, ulcers, polyuria
and diseases of vatam
[25]
.
5. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn. Annual, decumbent or creeping Whole plant is used against Single/ Whole plant - Piraminey,
herb rooting at nodes. Flowers dysuria, convulsion, cough, Compound Meghanathathailam.
F: Scrophulariaceae solitary, bluish. It grows constipation, inflammations, drug
gregariously and often forms diseases of pittam, veneral
[27]
VN: Neerbrahmi, Brahmi, dense mats in marshy places, the diseases and eye diseases .
banks of pools and along
streams and ditches. It can
tolerate brackish water.
6. Biophytum sensitivum(L.) Erect annual herb with pinnately Herbal tonic used in chest Single drug -
DC. compound leaves. Flowers complaints, convulsions, cramps
yellow. Found in wetlands and and inflammatory tumours. Ash
F: Oxalidaceae plains. mixed with lime juice given in
stomach ache. Leaves and roots
VN: Jalapushpam styptic. Decoction of leaves given
in diabetes, asthma and phthisis.
Powdered seeds applied to

19
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abscesses to promote
suppuration.
7. Canna indica L. Erect rhizomatous pantropical Roots diuretic and diaphoretic. Single/ -
(Syn. Canna orientalis herb. Flowers arranged in Rhizomes and seeds are used to Compound
Roscoe) terminal panicles; yellow, orange treat anaemia, ulcers and earache. drug
to red. Flowering throughout
F: Cannaceae the year.

VN: Kalvazhai
8. Centella asiatica(L.) Urban It is a prostrate, perennial, Plant is diuretic and used to treat Single/ Vallaraimathirai, Vallarainey
aromatic herb growing wild leprosy. Leaves are used in Compound
F: Apiaceae along stream sides, paddy fields digestive disorders, urinary drug
and other wet places; stem diseases, cough, dyspnoea, fever,
VN: Vallarai reddish, leaves in rosettes, vomiting, mental retardation and
inflorescence single and axillary fainting.
umbel.
9. Costus igneus Nak It is a perennial sub-shrub found Leaves are used to treat renal Single drug -
in fertile soil and ample diseases and diabetes. The
(syn. Costus pictus D. Don, moisture. Leaves are simple, rhizome used to treat fever,
Costus mexicanus Liebm alternate with parallel venation rashes, asthma,
ex Petersen, Costus and spirally arranged around intestinal worms, ailments of eyes,
congenitus Rowle) stem. stomach, neck, jaws, tongue and
mouth, fever, edema, wheezing
F: Costaceae (dyspnoea), haemorrhoids,
[28]
spermaturia .
VN: --
10. Costus speciosus (Koen.) Perennial rhizomatous shrub. Rhizome used as purgative, Single drug -
J.E. Sm. Leaves white, and pubescent anthelmintic, fever, diseases of
beneath. Bracts bright red. vatam, piles, snake-bite and rat-

20

F: Costaceae
VN: Nattukottam, Kottam
11. Cryptocoryne spiralis
Fisch.
F: Araceae
VN: Aartuathividayam
12. Eclipta prostrataL.
(Syn. Eclipta alba)
F: Asteraceae
VN: Karisalankanni,
Karippan
13. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.)
Royle
F: Hydrocharitaceae
VN: Camiranam
14. Hygrophila auriculata
Manokari et al., J Res Sid Med 2019; 2(2): 16-29.
Flowers white; lip yellowish at bite poisonings, urinary diseases,
centre. It prefers moist fertile diseases of eye, mental disorders
soils and partial sun. and skin diseases.
Aquatic herb with long greenish Rhizome is used in abdominal Single drug -
spathe. Occurs mostly in streams complaints, diarrhoea, cough and
and rivers with not too rapidly vomiting in infants.
flowing water, in lowland forest.
Diffuse or ascending herb, stem Whole plant is used to treat Single/ Whole plant - Naagaparpam,
and leaves sparsely strigose with jaundice, skin diseases, anaemia, Compound Lohamandooram,
bulbous based hairs and the inflammation, dental diseases, drug Karisalaiilakam,
head is white. Leaves linear- cough, dropsy, diseases of ear, Appiracchenduram,
oblong, sessile. Flowers white in eye, liver and spleen, hair fall. Ayabringrajakarpam,
solitary or paired heads. Found Seenthilchooranam,
along the edges of pools, tanks, Parangipattaipathangam,
canals, ditches and rice fields. Peeneesathialm,
Ponnankannithailam, Naga
parpam.
Leaves – Sanjeevimathirai,
Soolaikoodaram, Kaiyanthailam,
Talakakkattu, Ematantakkuligai
Slender, submerged, perennial Helps in digestion, blood Single drug/ -
herb, branching at nodes, leaves circulation, gastrointestinal Compound
whorled, flowers tiny, red in axial function, cardiovascular, drug
or terminal panicles. Roots are antitumour, antibacterial activities
[29] [30]
turion . .
It is a spiny, stout, annual herb, Flowers, seeds and whole plant Compound Whole plant - Nerunjilkudineer,
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(Schum.) Heine common in water logged places. are used to treat anaemia, dropsy, drug Mandoorathyadai-
Leaves subsessile, lanceloate, oliguria, eye diseases, kudineer,
(Syn. Asteracantha arranged in whorls. Flowers blue constipation, urinary calculi, piles Rasaganthimilagu,
[26]
longifolia(L.) Nees) arranged in axillary whorls, and aphrodisiac . Seeds -
encircled by yellowish brown Gandagarasayanam,
F: Acanthaceae thorns. Neermullithailam.

VN: Neermulli
15. Kaemferia galangal L. Tuberous herb with 2 orbicular Rhizome stimulant, expectorant, Single drug -
to round-ovate leaves adpressed carminative, diuretic, used in
F: Zingiberaceae to the ground, found on the cough and pectoral affections.
plains under shady places. Roasted rhizomes used for
VN: Katcholam Flowers white, in between the festering tumours.
leaves. Lip with purple blotch,
deeply 2-lobed, longer than the
corolla-tube.
16. Kaemferia rotunda L. Tuberous herb. Leaves few, Rhizome stomachic, used in Single/ -
oblong, erect, green above and gastric complaints, help to remove Compound
F: Zingiberaceae purplish-red beneath. Flowers blood clots and other purulent drug
purple or white, fragrant, matter in the body. Mumps,
VN: Senkazhuneer appearing before the leaves, in a swellings, skin diseases, piles,
dense spike. Lip 2-fid, purple or tumours, cough, oedema,
lilac. dyspepsia, fever, epilepsy,
dyspnoea, tonic, worm infestation.
17. Limnanthemum indicum An aquatic floating herb with Hepatoprotective. It is traditionally Single/ -
(L.) Thw. horizontal rhizome, petiole like used as bitter, febrifuge and Compound
branches producing nodes, from antiscorbutic. It is used as a drug
F: Menyanthaceae which starts tuft of roots, a substitute for Swertia chirata for
cluster of flowers, a single the treatment of fever and

22
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[31]
VN: Neythal floating leaf orbicular and jaundice .
cordate. Flowers are white
coloured with a yellow centre
18. Ludwigia perennis L. Aquatic floating herb found in The Whole plant paste is applied Single drug -
wet swampy places, ponds and against ulcers and skin diseases.
(Syn. Ludwigia parviflora ditches. Stem prostrate or Leaves are used to cure dropsy,
[32]
Roxb.) ascending, bearing silver- white, pain and swelling, deobstruent .
spongy, spindle- shaped
F: Onagraceae pneumatophores. Flowers
solitary in leaf axils, creamy
VN: Musalkathilai white, but yellowish near the
base.
19. Marsilea quadrifolia L. An aquatic fern which anchors It is used as nerve relaxant, to Single/ -
itself to the muddy bottoms of relieve hypertension, sleep Compound
F: Marsileaceae quiet, shallow lakes and streams. disorders and drug
The plant roots both at the headache, cough, respiratory
VN: Aarai nodes and internodes of the troubles, migraine, diarrhoea and
rhizome. The slender petioles are rheumatism [33].
usually glabrous. It is also rooted
in the bottom of clayey soil in
submerged water.
20. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Aquatic free floating Rhizomes used in diarrhoea, Compound Leaves - Thambrachendooram,
rhizomatous herb with stout, dysentery, bleeding piles, cardiac drug
F: Nelumbonaceae creeping rhizome, leaves peltate, diseases, aphrodisiac, diarrhea, Stamens - Mahaeladikuligai,
glaucous, petioles long, smooth dysentery, haemorrhoids,
VN: Thamarai or with small prickles, flowers dizziness, vomiting, uterine Stem and tubers –
large, white or rosy. bleeding disorders, promoting Ilakuchandanathythailam,
conception, improving the skin Dharatchadichooranam,
condition, Nasiroganaasathailam,

23
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controlling burning sensation, Parangipattairasayanam.

against infections, cough,
hypertension, fever, urinary
problems, haematemesis,
epistaxis, haemoptysis and
haematuria [34].
21. Nymphaea pubescens Aquatic rhizomatous herb. Leaf Whole plant is used in dyspepsia, Single/ -
Willd. blades green above, brownish or diarrhoea, piles, urinary tract Compound
purplish below, lower surface ailments, palpitation, drug
F: Nymphaeaceae pubescent, flowers white to pink diabetes mellitus, snake bites,
or deep red. Seeds almost black cystitis, haematuria, nephritis,
VN: Alli with a white aril. enteritis, fevers,
insomnia, jaundice,
haemorrhoids, anorexia, vomiting
and epilepsy[32].
22. Nymphoides hydrophylla An aquatic herb with floating Used against jaundice, dysentery, Single drug -
(Lour.) O Kuntze. leaves and long stem bearing fever, jaundice, bilious headache,
tuft of roots at the nodes. Leaves scabies, rheumatism, tonsillitis,
F: Menyanthaceae 5-10 cm broad, orbicular, deeply skin ulcers, scorpion poison and
cordate, purplish with green ophthalmic diseases[35].
VN: Neythal veins. Flowers densely fascicled
at the nodes, corolla white,
yellow towards the base.
23. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Aquatic free floating succulent It is used as medicinal plant for Single drug -
Pers. herbs. Floating leaves ovate- treating diseases like cancer,
reniform, submerged, narrow or asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis,
F: Pontederiaceae oblong. Flowers white and haemorrhoids, febrifuge and
[36]
solitary. rubifacient .
VN: Nirkkuliri

24
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24. Pandanus fasicularis Lam. A tropical shrub found growing Used in the treatment of Compound Flowers – Talampoomathirai,
along seashores, banks of rivers, headache, rheumatism, spasm, drug Talampoosharbat,
F: Pandanaceae ponds and canals. The species cold/flu, epilepsy, wounds, boils, Talampoo teenier.
vary in size from small shrubs to scabies, leucoderma, ulcers, colic,
VN: Thazhai medium-sized trees. The trunk is hepatitis, smallpox, leprosy,
stout, wide-branching, and syphilis, and cancer [37].
ringed with many leaf scars.
25. Phyla nudiflora Greene. Perennial aquatic herb. Leaves Aided in treating skin diseases, Compound Karisalaiilakam, Astapairavan,
are toothed at the tip and hair fall, dandruff, respiratory drug Parangipattaipatangam,
F: Verbenaceae narrow towards the petiole. Stem disorders, diabetes, Meganaathathailam
is purple and roots arise from gastrointestinal infections, fungal
VN: Poduthalai leaf axils along stems. Flowers infections, jaundice, and
are axillary, white to purple cardiovascular diseases.
produced in heads on long
peduncles.
26. Pistia stratioitesL. Free floating stoloniferous herb Leaves antiseptic, antidysentric, Single/ Uppuchenduram, Sanguparpam
with rosette sessile leaves. used in eczema, leprosy, ulcers, Compound
F: Araceae Densely pubescent, flowers urinary disorders, piles and drug
creamy white, minute and sessile syphilis, skin diseases and ear
VN: Akayathamarai on a spadix. complaints. The ashes are used to
treat ring worm in the scalp.
27. Polygonum glabarum Annual glabrous herb, leaves Roots are used against snake bite, Single drug -
Willd. alternate, stipulate, node jaundice and piles. Leaves are
swollen, flowers bisexual and at antimalarial, cardiotonic,
F: Polygonaceae terminal spikes. anthelmintic, stem is used for
VN: Aartualari rheumatism [38].
28. Sphaeranthus Annual, erect, fragrant herb with It is known for the treatment of Single/ Thalakukattu, Bhogamunivar
amaranthoides L. woody stem found in moist eczema, blood disorders and Compound Karpam 300 (Mudaliar, 2008)
places particularly in the rice helminthiasis, stomachce, Eczema, drug

25
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F: Asteraceae fields. Leaves linear-oblong. vomiting, abdominal discomfort. It

Stem erect and glabrous. Flower increases the semen consistency
[39]
VN: Sivakaranthai heads reddish, in clusters, ovoid, .
tips of bracts spinescent,
subsessile on common
receptacle.

29. Sphaeranthus indicusL. An aromatic prostrate or Seeds and root powder are Single/ -
ascending herb, stems with anthelmintic, aphrodisiac. Aerial Compound
F: Asteraceae toothed wings. Leaves ovate to parts are used in toothache. Root, drug
obovate, serrate-dendate. leaves, flower, seeds are used in
VN: Karanthai Flowers in heads and purple in treating eczema, skin diseases,
color. worm infestation, diseases of
vatam, piles and aphrodisiac,
filariasis, jaundice, scrofula [40].
30. Sphagneticola A procumbent hairy herb rooting Leaves used in cephalgia and Single/ Astapairavam, Kanatthailam,
calendulacea(L.) Pruski at ndes. Leaves opposite, aloepecia. Decoction used in Compound Karisalaiilakam
subsessile, lanceolate-oblong, menorrhagia and uterine drug
(Syn. Wedeliachinensis entire. Heads solitary, bright haemorrhage. Jaundice, skin
(Osb.) Merr., yellow on long axillary diseases [41].
W. calendulacea Less.) peduncles. Achenes acute and
pubescent.
F: Asteraceae

VN: Manjalkarisalai
31. Sphagneticolatrilobata (L.) A perennial herb with creeping Aerial parts are used in liver Single/ Astapairavam, Kanatthailam,
Pruski habit. Leaves are simple, bright disorders, bronchitis, abdominal Compound Karisalaiilakam
green, fleshy and subsessile. pains, dysmenorrhea, muscle drug
(Syn: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Heads solitary, bright yellow on cramps, rheumatism,

26
 Manokari et al., J Res Sid Med 2019; 2(2): 16-29.

Hitchc.) long axillary peduncles. stubborn wounds, sores and

swellings,
F: Asteraceae arthritic painful joints, snakebite,
[42]
purge and amenorrhea .
VN: Manjalkarisalai
32. Spilanthesc alvaDC. (Syn. Perennial erect herb prefers to Flowers and roots used to cure Single drug -
Spilanthesa cmella auct. grow in the shade and nutrient throat infections and paralysis of
non (L.) Murr.) rich soil. Leaves broadly ovate, tongue, dysentery, scabies,
sparsely pubescent beneath. psoriasis, toothache, flu, cough,
F: Asteraceae Heads conical in terminal and rabies, tuberculosis and
axillary panicles. Florets pale leucorrhoea.
VN: Palvalipoondu yellow to white.
33. Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Submerged stoloniferous aquatic Whole plant contains - -
Hara herbs. Leaves radical, strap polysaccharide, iron, phosphorous
(Syn: V. spiralisauct.) shaped. Flowers unisexuals, and calcium. Used to treat
female flowers coiled and Stomache and leucorrhoea.
F: Hydrocharitaceae solitary. Male flowers minute and
white.
VN: --

*Note: F- Family, VN- Vernacular Name, Syn.- Synonym

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Figure 2.Selected aquatic/ ssemi aquatic plants cultivated at SMPG

4. CONCLUSION 5. Swapna MM. Prakashkumar R, Anoop KP, Manju

CN, Rajith NP. A review on the medicinal and edible
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