1.

apuma at large
vocabulary
spotted=noticed=seen ‫الحظ‬
accumulate=collect=gather ‫ٌجمع‬
obliged to=forced ‫مجبر‬
claimed=announced ً‫ٌدع‬
extraordinarily=substantially ‫غٌر اعتٌادي‬
similar=like=comparable ‫مشابه‬
immediately=now ‫حاال‬
convinced=satisfied ‫ٌمنع‬

questions
1.what sort of reports were received by London zoo
-That wild puma had been spotted forty- five miles south of London.
3.who saw it
-A woman was picking black berries saw it first.
4.did it stay in one place, or did it move from place to place
-no ,it moves from place to place
5.what did it leave behind it
-a trail and small animals like rabbits. of dead deer.
7.what was heard at night
-A voice cat-like noises.
8.was the animal seen up a tree or not
-yes, a business man on fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
9.were experts now sure that the animal really was a puma or not
-Yes, the experts now fully convinced that the animal was a puma

Special difficulties / Exercise

A.
1- for
2-to
3-for
4-in
5-on

B . ‫تورَي عي كُفُت تبدَل هىاقع حروف الجر‬

1-he is the man ,we have heard so much about.
2-the shelf which you put those books has collapsed on .
3-whom did you receive letter from.
4-this is the road which we came by.
5-where the pencil you were playing with.
4. the double life of Alfred blogs
Vocabulary
Receive=get ‫ٌحصل‬
Sacrifice= give up something value ً‫ٌضح‬
Privilege=advantage=benefit ‫ممٌز –متمدم‬
Curious=eager to learn ‫محب لالستطالع‬
Embarrassed=shy=confused ‫مرتبن‬
Discovered=found out ‫اكتشف‬
Status=social position=rank ً‫مولع اجتماع‬,‫مكانه‬

Questions
1-what did Alfred blogs tell his wife when they are got married
-he told her that he worked for the corporation.
2-how did he dress each morning before he left home.
-he left home dressed in a fine black suit.
3-did he change into overalls.
-yes.
4-how did he spend the day
He spend the eight hours as a dust man.
6-for how long did this last
-For over two years.
7-did his fellow dustman keep his secret or not.
-yes, he keep it.
8-will his wife ever learn the truth.
-no, she never discovered that she married a dustman
9-where will her husband be working in future
-he will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk.

Key structures
Present perfect tense
Subject +has , have + verb p.p
*I have lost my key.
‫نستخدم مع زمن المضارع التام الظروف‬
Yet, ever, never, just, already
- ex - a lf has just found another job
-ex-his wife has never discovered.

Special difficulties
Be ,is ,are ,am+ worth ‫ٌستحك‬+ noun ,or ,verb +ing
Exercise
1- is
2- buying
3- is
4- going
6. smash and grab
Vocabulary
Expensive= precious =costly ‫ثمٌن‬/ ً‫غال‬
Almost= closely = nearly ‫تمرٌبا‬
Assistants = helpers ‫مساعدٌن‬
Gazing =looking carefully ‫ٌحدق‬
Several =some = few ‫ عدد للٌل‬/ ‫بضع‬
Stayed = remained ً‫متبم‬
Smashed = destroyed =break ‫تدمر‬

Questions
1.did a large car enter an arcade near Piccadilly or not?
-yes.
3-how many thieves got out of the car?
-two of them.
4-did they smash the window or not?
-yes they did.
5-where was the owner of the shop?
-he was up stairs .
6-what did he and his stuff throw at the thieves ?
-furniture.
8- how long did the raid last?
-three minutes.
11-what did he throw at the car?
-he throw ashtrays and vases.
12-did the thieves get away or were they caught?
-they had gone away.
13-what had they stolen?
-thousands of pounds and worth of diamonds.

Key structure

Past simple-
Subject + verb(ed)
‫وتستخدم كأداة رابطه مع زمن الماضً البسٌط‬when
Ex-I was having a shower ,when my phone rang .
**********************************************
Past continuous
Subject + was , were + verb(ing).
( While, as , just as ) ‫تستخدم مع زمن الماضً المستمر‬
Ex –while I was cooking , my phone rang .
**************************************************
Used to + verb(base).
‫تأتً فً زمن الماضً فمط‬
E x –I used to listen to music .
Special difficulties
Exercise
1-impolite
2-dis agree
3-illegible
4-in accurate
5-un locked
6-irregular

7- crazy
Vocabulary
Demonstrated =shown = appeared ‫ظهر‬
Inhabitants =population = people ‫سكان‬
Pretend =appear to = look like ‫ٌتظاهر‬
Remained =stayed ً‫بم‬
Patrolled =kept walking and watching regularly ‫ٌرالب‬
Artificial =fake =un real ‫مزٌف‬
Volunteered = freely over to do some thing ‫متطوع‬

Questions
1-why were doctors and nurses busy during the exercise ?
-because a great many people had volunteered to act as casualties .
2-were there many ‘casualties’ ?
- yes.
3-did their injuries look realistic ?
- yes, through theatrical make up and artificial blood.
4-where did the living carry the dead and wounded?
-to special stations.
5-how many adults brought in a six- years old child?
-two.
6-what had the child ‘died ‘ of ?
-from shock.
7-were some people moved by the sight or not ?
-yes, some people were so moved.
8-what did the child suddenly do ?
-he suddenly sat up.
9-what did the doctor ask him ?
- on his he asked him to comment death.
10-what was the child’s opinion ?
-he think they are all crazy.

Key structure
The deference between (elder , older)‫الفرق بٌن‬
Older / for things –for people are not so old ‫تستخدم مع األشٌاء والبشر الذٌن لٌسوا كبٌرٌن جدا بالعمر‬
Elder / for people who those are very old ‫تستخدم للناس الكبٌرٌن جدا بالعمر كصٌغة ممارنه‬
A*
- more ‫ أكثر‬, than ‫صٌغة ممارنه بٌن شٌئٌن من‬
- most ‫للمعدود األكثر‬
-much ‫للكمٌة الغٌر معدودة‬
-a great many ‫للمعدود عدد كبٌر‬
-a lot of ‫كثٌر من‬ ‫للمعدود ولغٌر ألمعدود‬

Special difficulties
Suppose )‫(من المفترض‬ ‫لها حالتٌن‬
1-(I think , let’s ) ‫إذا كانت بمعنى اعتماد نستخدم زمن المضارع البسٌط‬
2-( ought to ) ‫إذا كانت بمعنى شًء واجب أو من المفترض حدوثه نستخدم زمن الماضً البسٌط‬

Exercise

1-you were supposed to go to the doctor yesterday.

2-suppose he fails to arrive ,what will you do then .
3-he supposed finish at 5 o’clock , but he never does .
4-this is an easy question , I suppose you know the answer.
5-can you tell us what we are supposed to do .

11- not guilty

Vocabulary
Troubled =annoyed = worried ‫للك‬
Clearly =obviously ‫بوضوح‬
Packed =arranged ‫ وضب‬/‫ رتب‬/‫حزم‬
Cap =cover ‫غطاء‬
Dreadful =terrible ‫سًء جدا‬
Nostrils =sneezer =smeller ‫ خٌاشٌم‬/ ‫فتحتا األنف‬
Convinced =persuaded =satisfied =sure ‫ممتنع‬

Questions
1-did the writer have anything to declare or not ?
-no , he haven’t.
2-what did the customs officer make him do ?
-he asked him to open the suit case.
3-did the customs officer search the case carefully or not ?
-yes , he did.
4-what did he find ?
-he found a tiny bottle .
5-what did he think was in the bottle ?
-he thought that it was a bottle of perfume
6-what did the writer tell him the bottle contained ?
-he told him that it’s containing a hair oil .
7-who had made it ?
-the writer made it .
8-did the customs officer believe him or not ?
-no , he didn’t believe him
9-what did the writer encourage the officer to do ?
-he encourages him to try it .
10-what convinced the officer that the writer was telling the truth ?
-he was greeted by an un pleasant smell from the oil.
11-did the officer let the writer pass through the customs or not ?
-yes , he did .

Key structure
*he said that ‫ال ٌوجد حاجه لذكر إلى من توجه الكالم المخاطب‬
Ex - he said that the book was missing .
*he told me , he asked me ‫تحتاج إلى ذكر المفعول بٌه أي ذكر الشخص الذي أخبرته أو سألته‬
Ex -Mohammed Told Ali that he wouldn’t come to the party .

Special difficulties
Capital letters ‫الحروف الكبٌرة‬
.) ‫ أشخاص – أماكن‬-‫فً بداٌة الجمل – أألسماء (مدن‬-1
. ‫ فً أٌام األسبوع األشهر والعناوٌن‬-2
. ‫ كل ضمٌر أنا ٌكتب حرف كبٌر‬-3
. ‫بعد كل نمطه بداٌة ألكلمه حرف كبٌر‬-4
Exercise

Because Tim Jones can ‘t speak t the or German . He never enjoy travelling abroad . Last March
,however, ,he went to Denmark and stayed in Copenhagen . He said he spent most of his time . At the
Tivoli which is one of the biggest funfairs in the world at the Tivoli you can enjoy yourself very much
even if you don’t speak Danish .

12- Life on Desert Island .

Vocabulary
Picture = attitude = point of view ‫وجهة نظر‬
Wretched = bad ‫سًء‬
Starve to death =dying for not having food ‫ٌتضور جوعا‬
Opportunity = chance ‫فرصه‬
Repaired =fixed ‫أصلح‬
Loaded =carried ‫ٌحمل‬
Dinghy = small open boat ‫صغٌر‬
Question
1-Was the men’s boat damaged or not ?
-yes . it was .
2-where were they taking it ?
-to Miami .
3-what happened to it on the way ?
-it begin to sink .
4-what did the men load on their rubber dinghy?
-they loaded it with food , matches , and tins of beer .
5-where did they row ?
-they rowed a few miles across the Caribbean .
6-where did they arrive ?
-they arrived at a tiny coral island .
7-where did the men collect water during their stay there ?
-in the rubber dinghy .
8-how did they catch fish and lobster ?
-by using a spear gun .
9-did they eat ‘like kings’ for five days or not ?
-yes.
10-how were they rescued ?
-by a passing tanker.

Key structure

If clause ‫أداة رابطه تأتٍ فٍ بداَت أو وسط ألجوله ولها ثالث حاالث‬

‫عٌدها َكىى الفعل هضارع بسُط فالجولت التٍ بعدها فٍ زهي الوستقبل‬-1

Ex- If I ’study hard , I ‘ will pass the exam .

‫عٌدها َكىى الفعل هاضٍ بسُط فالجولت التٍ بعدها‬-2

Modal verbs + verb infinitive

Ex-If I ‘came late ,I ‘wouldn’t enter the class.

‫عٌدها َكىى الفعل هاضٍ تام بسُط فالجولت التٍ بعدها‬-3

Modal verbs + have + verb ( past participle )

Ex –If he had managed his time , he would have finished the work .
Exercise
1-If you had told me earlier , I ‘would have come to the party .
2-If I ‘were you , I ‘might go to the party .
3-you will be disappointed , If you fail in the exam .
4-you would change your mind , If I ‘told you the truth .
Note/modal verbs (could , would , might …..)
15- sixpence worth of trouble .
Vocabulary
Appreciate =grateful ‫ ٌمدر‬/ ‫ٌثمن‬
Gifts =presents =rewards ‫ مكافأة‬/ ‫هدٌة‬
Extra income = (additional ,further , more ) money ً‫مبلغ إضاف‬
Rattle = A sound similar to quick knocks ‫صوت مشابه إلى دلات سرٌعة‬
Price = value ‫ سعر‬/ ‫لٌمه‬
Gathered =Assembled =collected ‫تجمعوا‬
Was firmly stuck =strongly lodged ‫علك بشده‬

Questions
1-where was George going ?
-to the sweet shop .
2-where did he lose his sixpence ?
-he lost them down a drain .
4-where did he put his arm ?
-through the drain cover .
5 -did he find his sixpence , or did he fail to find it ?
-he failed .
6-could he get his arm out or not ?
-he couldn’t .
7-did a crowd of people gather round him or not ?
-yes .
8-what did a lady try to do ?
-she tried to rub his arm with soup and butter .
9-did she succeed or did she fail ?
-she failed .
10-how did fireman finally free George ?
-by using a special type of grease .
11-what did the owner of the sweet shop present him with ?
-a large box of chocolates .

Key Structure
Exercises
A*
Ability in the past
‫هذه الصٌغ الثالثة تعبر عن المابلٌة والمدرة فً الماضً على فعل شًء معٌن‬
Could (modal verb ) / managed to (verb) / was able to (aux. verb +adjective )+ verb(base) .
B*
1-children managed to fill a money box.
2-I’was able to drive a car .
3-Haydar could travel abroad .
Special Difficulties
Phrasal verbs
-Drove Up - lead /operated a car ‫ٌمود‬
-Run Up- run to wards ‫ٌركض‬
-Tore it Up- destroyed/broken to pieces ‫ٌحطم‬
-Built Up-added ‫أضاف‬

Exercise
1-save up ‫ٌدخر‬
2-sailed up ‫ٌبحر‬
3-buttend up ‫ٌرتدي‬
4-eat up –finish/ complete ً‫ٌنه‬
5-went up – moves directly ‫ٌتحرن مباشرة‬
6-winded up – cover ‫ٌلف‬
7-do it up –repair it ‫ٌصلح‬
8-wrap it up - ‫ٌربط‬

A Very Dear Cat .

Vocabulary
Rarely = very little ‫ نادرا‬/ ‫للة ما‬
Considerable = significant ‫كبٌر‬
Wealthy =very rich ‫ غنٌه‬/ ‫ثرٌة‬
Worried = anxious ‫للمه‬
Stated = said = uttered ‫نطمت‬
Changed her mind = changed her opinion ‫غٌرت رأٌها‬
Word = promise ‫وعد‬

Questions
1-when did MRS RAMSAY receive an anonymous letter ?
-three days after disappearance .RASTUS
2-how much money did the kidnapper demand for the return of the cat ?
-they demanded 1000 pounds .
3-what would happen if she went to the police ?
-she would never see RASTUS again .
4-where did she have to put the money ?
-in a card board box .
5-where did she have to put the box ?
-outside her door .
6-how much did she draw from the bank ?
-1000 pounds .
7-did she act on the kidnapper’s instructions or not ?
-yes , she did .
8-had the money disappeared the following morning or not ? -yes.
9- when did RASTUS return to MRS RAMSAY ?
-at seven o’clock in the evening .
Special Difficulties
The comma
‫للربط بٌن جملتٌن‬
1-aftter we had visited the market , we returned home .
‫تستخدم لبل البدل لالسم المبدل منه وبعده‬
2-Mr Griffiths , the prime minister , said that this party would win the next election .
‫تستخدم عند تعداد ألشٌاء‬
3-I ‘bought pens , pencils , paper and a bottle of ink .
‫تستخدم للربط بٌن جملتٌن متنالضتٌن فً المعنى‬
4-it was raining heavily and I’ was sure no one would be at the race course .There were , however ,
hundreds of people there .
‫تستخدم لبل وبعد الجملة الداعمة للمعنى‬
5-the small bout , which took eleven weeks to cross the Atlantic , arrived at Plymouth yesterday .
Exercise

Before going home , I ‘went to the grocer’s . Bill Smith , the man who always serves me , was very busy
.This , however , did not worry me . on the contrary , it gave me the opportunity to look round for
several things I ‘wanted by the time , my turn came ,I had already filled a basket with packets of
biscuits, tins of fruit , bars of soup and two large bags of flour .

20- Pioneer Pilots ‫رائد طيران‬

Vocabulary
Forced to land = obliged to be on the ground ‫اجبر على الهبوط‬
Picked up =Rescued ‫أنمذ‬
Completed = Finished ‫أكمل‬
Covered= Embraced = Embodied ‫لطع‬
Test = Assessment = Try ‫ تمٌٌم‬/ ‫اختبار‬
Setoff = Made Preparation ‫عمل تحضٌرات‬
Failed = Stopped To Work ‫عطل‬

Questions
2-did it look as if there would be a race or not ? - yes .
3-when would it take place ?
-on July 25th .
4-why did Latham not take part in the race ?
-because he failed to get up early enough .
5-did Bleriot make a short test flight before setting out or not ?
-yes , he did .
6-how long did it take him to fly across the channel ?
-thirty seven miles .
7-who greeted him when he arrive at Dover ?
-a local police man .
8-how near to Dover did Latham fly the following week ?
-a half mile .
9-why did he have to land on the sea for the second time ?
-because his engine failed .
Special Difficulties
B*
- could you explain the position for me ?
- can you describe the film for my aunt ?
C*
1-not only he has made this mistake .
2-only then I’ realized what was happening .
D*
-polite – impolite ‫غٌر مهذب‬
-agree - disagree ‫غٌر موافك‬
-legible – illegible ‫غٌر مهضوم‬
-accurate – inaccurate ‫غٌر دلٌك‬
-locked – unlocked ‫غٌر مغلك‬
-regular – irregular ‫غٌر اعتٌادي‬

21- Daniel Mendoza .

Vocabulary
Bare = unclothed = uncovered ‫غٌر مغطى‬
Injured = wounded ‫ٌجرح‬
Drew up = wrote = formulated ‫كتب‬
Crude = rough = rude ‫لسوة‬
Enjoy tremendous = huge = amazing ‫مذهل‬
Popularity = famous ‫شعبٌه‬
Adored = admired ‫أعجب‬
Alike = similar ‫مشابه‬

Questions
a-why were boxers known as ‘prize- fighters’ two hundred years ago ?
-because they fought with bare fists for prize money .
b-why was boxing very crude in those days ?
-because there were no rules and a prize – fighter could be seriously injured or even killed .
c-what was Mendoza’s chief contribution to boxing ?
-he changed crude prize- fighting into a sport .

Key structure and special difficulties

1-I’used to run four km a day two years ago .
-I ’didn’t meet Ali before .
2-I’ was able to drive a car .
- Mary could travel abroad .
3-The ice-cream machine was not produced until 1197.
4-He surprised by hard and easy question .
5-my new book rose to fame .
-the population of the world raised last month .
6-my brother was pleased to meet you .
-they were sorry to forget your birth day party .
7-clear = delete ‫ٌحذف‬
-clear ‫واضح‬
-clean ‫نظٌف‬
-she couldn’t clear the message .
-is it clear ?
-the window is clean .
8-I’m afraid of failing in this exam
-I’ will fail without your help
-Ali fails to apologize to the teacher
-I’ fail to congratulate Bella on her marriage

Multiple Choice Questions

a-Mendoza was sent to prison because:
-B –he owed money and couldn’t pay it .
b-Mendoza ‘s …………..to fame was noted by Richard Humphries .
-B –rose -C-raise

RISE

1-verb- ----wakeup /getup .

2-Noun----higher /increase

ROSE

1-Verb-----woke up /got up .

2-Noun-----flower (red, pink) / increase .

RISING

Adjective-------growing / advantage .

RAISE
1-Verb-------bring up / left up .

2-Noun-------increase .
23-One Man’s Meat is Another Man’s
Poison. ‫مصائب قوم عند قوم فوائده‬
Vocabulary
Illogical =unreasonable = un rational ‫ غٌر معمول‬/ ً‫غٌر منطم‬
For Instance = for example ‫كمثال‬
Repulsive =disgusting ‫م لرف‬
Stick = bird = used to do some thing ‫ ملتصك‬/ ‫معتاد‬
Various = different ‫مختلف‬ / ‫متنوع‬
Associate = link to ‫ٌعود إلى‬
Appealed to = attracted me = liked ً‫جذبن‬

Questions
a-In what part of the world is octopus considered a great delicacy ?
-In Mediterranean .
b-why do we stick to certain food all our lives ?
we brought up to eat certain foods .-because
c-why did the writer’s friend find it difficult to obtain snails ?
-because he has no garden .

Key structure and special difficulties

1-quiet = calm (adjective ) ‫هادى‬
-Keep quiet , I’m trying to reading .
-quite = rather (qualifier ‫) تسبك الصفات‬ ‫نوعا ما‬
-The dinner was quite delicious .
2-If you had lived in the Mediterranean , you would have considered octopus a great delicacy .
3-PRACTICE (noun) ‫تدرٌب‬
-I’ did n’ t go to the practice match yesterday .
- PRACTISE(verb ) ‫ٌتدرب‬
-I’practise with my team every day .
4-MOST ‫أكثر‬
-most of us could n’ t pass the Grammar exam .
-THE MOST ‫األكثر‬
-Mohammed is the most honest man , I ‘ever met .
5-SINCE
-I ‘ had n ‘ t seen Fatima since November .
-FOR
-they had been married for 20 years .
-AGO
-I ‘had been to ROMA 3 years ago .
6-as = because (conjunction ). ‫أداة رابطه‬
-Ali did n’ t come to the collage as he was ill .
-as = when (adverb ) ‫ظرف زمان‬
-I ‘ was cooking dinner as my friend came .
-as = like (preposition ) ‫حرف جر‬
-Ali play football as His brother Ahmed .
7-present perfect simple (has , have +verb past participle ) ‫المضارع التام البسٌط‬
-Mary has asked me to draw her picture .(result ( ‫ٌركز على النتٌجة‬
-present perfect continuous (has , have +been +verb (ING) ). ‫المضارع التام المستمر‬
-it has been raining for two hours .(activity ) ‫ٌركز على الحدث‬
8-*HAPPENED ‫وٌأتً فً ألجمله بعد ألفاعل والفاعل دائما ٌكون عبارة عن حدث معٌن‬
-a big party happened in the university
-an accident happened last day
*I t HAPPENED THAT ‫وتأتً بعدها جمله كاملة‬
-It happened that your family moved to Baghdad .
-It happened that I ‘ meet my friend .
*HE HAPPENS . +to +verb (base)
-he happens to listen to music .
-he happens to travel every year .

Multiple choice questions

a-the writer put the snails in a paper bag .
-C- to take them to his friend Robert.
b-
1-the writer and his friend went out of the living-room ……….get the snails .
-B –to -C-in order to .
2-they felt ……… when they noticed that the snails had escaped .
-B-un happy -D-sad

Purpose ‫الغرض‬
‫للتعبُر عي الغرض َىجد عدة أدواث‬
)TO , FOR , IN ORDER TO , SO AS TO )
-I ‘ study hard to pass the exam .
(SO THAT , IN ORDER THAT ) + subject + modal verbs + verb (base)
-I ‘ study hard so that I ‘can pass the exam .

27-Nothing to Sell and Nothing to Buy.

Vocabulary
Value = price ‫ لٌمة‬/ ‫سعر‬
Estimate = count ‫ٌثمن‬/‫ٌمدر‬
Perform = achieve = act= do ‫ ٌحصد‬/ ‫ٌؤدي‬
Possess =own = have ‫ٌملن‬
Grudge =hated ‫كره‬
Precisely = accurately ‫بدله‬
Skills = abilities ‫ مهارات‬/ ‫لدرات‬
Questions

b-how do beggars arouse the pity of passers-by ?

-they almost sell themselves as a human beings .

c- how do tramps differ from beggars ?

-tramps have freedom in their life but beggars don’ t ,
-Tramps do not sacrifice their human dignity but beggars do ,
Tramps have nothing to sell and require nothing from others they may ask for money but they will
never ask to feel sorry about them
beggars almost sell themselves as a human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by.

Key structures and special difficulties

2-the police man has information .

-the journalist has a lot of news .
-Ali was tired by work .
-the traveler carries his luggage , when he traveled abroad.

4- I ‘study hard so as not to fail in the exam .

- I ‘study hard so that I ‘ can pass the exam .
-I ‘ study hard in order that my mother proud of me

6— ‫تبدٌل موالع حروف الجر‬

he may never be sure from where the next meal is coming from .
-whom was this book written by ?
-this is not the sort of book which I ‘m interested in.
NOTE / which ‫ٌجوز حذفها فهً ال تؤثر على المعنى‬

Multiple choice questions

a-what makes it possible for a tramp to move from one place to another ?
-D- the fact that he has n ‘ t fixed address

b-we must admire tramps for their determination……….lose their freedom .

-A- not to -E- never to .
DEVELOPING SKILLS )booklet)
University Of Karbala / English Department / First Stage .

Complied by : HUDA KASSEM AL- HESNAWI .

Approved by : Dr . AZHAAR.

‫هلسهت االستُعاب‬

ً‫ الورحلت األول‬/ ‫ قسن اللغت االًكلُسَت‬/ ‫جاهعت كربالء‬

. ٌ‫ هدي قاسن ألحسٌاو‬: ‫إعداد‬

‫ أزهار‬.‫ د‬: ‫إشراف وتقىَن‬

ALL THE BEST

208-209
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