‫األزمنة‬

Simple present – Past perfetct – Past progressive(=‫)متواصلة‬

 Simple Present : Ena netfrj aal anime

- Subject + verb ( they, we, you, I )  (Exp. I watch anime)
- Subject+ verb + s (he she it)
 Nahki b sifa 3ama , nahki fel motla9 , Habits, Facts (Exp: Tunisia is in North Africa)
 Time signals:
Every day/month/week/year; always; sometimes; never; frequently; usually; normally;
generally

Present progressive: Ena kaada tawa netfrj fel anime ‫الحاضر المتواصل‬
Verb to be (is / am/ are) + verb + ing  (I am watching anime)
 Time signals:
Now; right now; at this moment; actually

Simple past: ‫الماضي‬

- Regular verb: verb+ ed (Exp: I watched anime yesterday
- Irregular verbs

 Time signals:
Yesterday; # years/weeks/months/days/hours ago; in (past year); last (month, week,
year)
 Past progressive: Kont 9a3d netfrj fel anime fel madhi
Verb to be (was/were) + verb + ing (Exp: I was watching anime)

 Time signals:
When; While‫ ; في حين‬Meanwhile‫وفى الوقت نفسه‬ ; Constantly ‫باستمرار‬ ; At that time; In those
days; All day; All evening; For hours; In the meantime (‫)في هذه األثناء‬

The present perfect: Ena tfarejt kbal fel anime w manarch wakteh fel
madhi! Wakteh? We don’t know mehich mou7adda
Have (I/they/we/you) or Has (He/She/it) + past participle (Exp: I have watched
anime) or (I have watched anime since I was 5: action bdet fel madhi w mezelt
metwasla fel hadher)
 Time signals:
Already just, yet (generallement f ekher l phrase); many times ; For; since; never;
ever since; always; so far; # times; many times; lately; recently; already; just+verb
The present perfect tense is used to describe:
- an action or situation that began sometime in the past and continues into the present
time.
- an action performed during a period that has not yet completed.
- a repeated activity in an unspecified time period between the past and the current time
period.
- an action that finished in the very recent past, expressed by ‘just’.
- an action when the time is not important.

Present perfect progressive: ena kont ntabaa l anime melli ken omri 5 snin
ltawa ama nheb nrakez aal fatra zamaneya akthr mel action f 7ad dhetha
(action bdet fel madhi w metwasla fel hadhr)
Have/ has + been + verb + ing (Exp: I have been watching anime since I was
5)
 Time signals:
For; since; lately; recently (Exp: Rita has been jogging for two hours)

Past perfect: kont ntabba3 anime fatra mou3ayna fel madhi mbaed ma
adch ntabaa (yaani action sart fel madhi w sart baadha action wfet fel
madhi)
Had+ past participle (Exp: I had watched anime for 2 years)
- Nestaamlouh zeda bech naabrou aal 2 actions sarou fel madhi wa7da 9bal lokhra: yaani
sarou 2 actions fel madhi ama wahda kbal lokhra: Par exemple:
Action1: watching anime – Action2: going to sleep
 I had watched anime before I went to bed
Already ;Yet ;For ;Since ;Just;After;Before;Until;The moment that
 Past perfect progressive: kima past perfect ama nrakez akthr aal fatra zamanya

Had + been + verb + ing (I had been watching anime for 2 years)

Simple future: bech netfarj fel anime

Will+verb
will not/won’t + V
 Time signals:
Tomorrow; in (future year, month, week); on (future day); next (month, week, year, name of
day); # days, months, weeks, years from now; this month, week, afternoon, year; someday

Future progressive: enty bech tal9ani netfarj fel anime fel mostakbl, yaani
action bech naamlha fel mostakbl w bech nkoun metwasl feha
Will+be+verb+ing (Exp: I will be watching anime)
 Time signals:
At this moment next year; At this time tomorrow; At 5 p.m tomorrow…

Future perfect: bech talkani kamalt tfarj fel anime fel mostakbl
Will + have + past participle (Exp: I will have watched anime when you arrive home)
 Introduce myself: (interview)

My name is Chayma Rouebhia, I’m 22 years old and I recently graduated from
nstitute of Advanced Business Studies in Tunisia. While there, I have a
Marketing Degree so I learned a lot of roles in marketing, advertising, public
relations, and sales.
I’ve worked hard in my education and now I’m ready to apply my knowledge
into practice.
While I don’t have any real-life work experience, I’ve had a lot of exposure to
the business environment. A lot of my courses involved working with real
companies to solve real problems.
Now, I’m looking to leverage everything I’ve learned.

Prepositions. On / In / At / By / For
 On, In , At :

- In:  ‫للحديث عن المكان‬

 ‫داللة على األماكن ذات النطاق الواسع كالبلدان و الدول و المدن‬

I live in Jeddah ; I grew up in England

 ‫له معنى بداخل أي داخل شيء‬

I’ve forgotten my pack in your room ; I have coins in this box
- In: ‫للحديث على الزمان‬
 ‫ والحديث عن الوقت في المستقبل‬،‫ العقود‬،‫ القرون‬،‫ المواسم‬،‫ السنين‬،‫الشهور‬
- On : ‫للحديث عن المكان‬
 ‫داللة على األشياء ذات األسطح المستوية قد تشمل الطرق والشوارع واألنهار‬
The post office is on the corner of Martin Street ; They ere driving on the
rood ; My book is on the table ; We’ll take you out on the lake
- On : ‫للحديث على الزمان‬
 ‫ والتاريخ المحدد‬،‫الحديث عن أيام األسبوع‬
His birthday is on 28th May ; I will visit you on Friday

- At : ‫للحديث عن المكان‬

 ‫التحدث عن األماكن أو نقاط معينة و محددة بقة‬
My friend lives at 42-oxford St ; .Ali is still at school; .I will meet you at the bus
station

- At: ‫للحديث على الزمان‬

 ‫ أوقات تناول الواجبات‬،‫داللة على الزمان عند الحديث عن وقت محدد أو ساعة معينة وأوقات اليوم‬
See you at dinner ; We arrived home at midnight ; I get up at 8 o’clock
- Remarque :
 ‫ عند استخدام‬On ‫ و‬In ‫في الواصالت‬ :
- In : Car – Taxi
- On : Bus – Train – Plane
 At ‫ و‬In ‫عند التحدث عن أوقات اليوم‬ :

At night In the morning

At midnight In the afternoon
At midday In the evening
At sunrise
At sunset

Resumé:

At On In
1- ‫لتحديد الموقع كنقطة معينة‬ 1- ‫لتحديد أماكن األشياء ( عندما‬ 1- ‫للتحدث عن مكان‬
- I'm sitting at my desk ) ‫يكون الشئ مالمس للسطح‬ ‫داخل مساحة كبيرة‬
- She's waiting at the entrance - I know I left my wallet on - I know my book is
2- ‫للتحدث عن موقع شركة أو مكان العمل‬ the table. somewhere in this
- How many people are working at room. Can anyone
Microsoft? 2- ‫عند وصف الطريق‬ see it?
3- ، ‫ مسرح‬، ‫لذكر أماكن صغيرة مثل (سينما‬ ( road ‫ طريق‬/ river ‫نهر‬
) ‫ الخ‬... ‫متحف‬ /by the sea ‫عن طريق‬ 2-   ‫للتحدث عن موقع‬
- Were you at the cinema, at ‫ البحر‬/ by a lake ‫عن‬ ‫العمل‬
the theater? ‫) طريق البحيرة‬ - She works in an
4- ‫( تستخدم أيضا مع الكلمات اآلتية‬school - Dublin is on the east open office.
‫ مدرسة‬/ college ‫ كلية‬/ university coast of Ireland.
‫)جامعة‬ 3- ‫" مع الفصل‬class"
- She always did well at 3-  ‫عند ذكر رقم طابق في مبنى‬ - He found it difficult
school. - They live on the 5th to concentrate in
5- ‫لذكر العنوان بالتفصيل‬ floor. class.
He lives at number 12 4-  ‫في المواصالت‬
George’s Street. - I was on the train when
she phoned.
 6- ‫عند ذكر المحالت التجارية واألماكن العامة‬ 
(doctor’s surgery ‫ عيادة الطبيب‬/
butcher’s ‫ الجزار‬/ barber shop
‫الحالق‬/ park ‫ وهكذا‬/‫)المنتزه‬
Look what I bought at the
supermarket today.

 By:

1- ‫عندما نريد أن نظهر كيفية طريقة عمل شيء ما‬

We send hard copies by airmail

2- ‫مع وسائل النقل والسفر‬

I traveled from Paris to Lyon by train
Remarque:
‫ مع أداة تحديد قبل االسم => ال نستخدم‬by
Comme : (a/an – some/any – the – my)  On utilize alors On ou In
On a plane ; In my van ; On the boat
3- ‫ من الممكن أن تستخدمها قبل فعل مضاف له‬ing- ‫إلظهار كيف حدث شيء‬
I passed my exam by studying hard

4- ‫لنذكر من قام بالفعل‬

The “Wuthering Heights” novel is written by Emily Brontë

5- ‫ من الممكن استخدام‬by ‫بعد الصفات‬

surprised by (‫)متفاجئ بـ‬ 
shocked by (‫ )مصدوم بـ‬ I was shocked by my father’s death
astonished by (‫)مدهوش من‬
impressed by (‫ )متأثر بـ‬ We were impressed by her wedding dress

6- ‫ هناك استخدامات أخرى لـ‬by :

- ‫( بمعنى بالقرب من‬next to – beside)
.He sat by me

- ‫( بمعنى أال يتجاوزـ كذا أو قبل‬before – no later than)

Please send the requested documents by Thursday

- ‫( بمعنى بمفرده عند استخدامها مع الضمائرـ اإلنعكاسية‬Reflexive Pronouns) ‫وهي‬:

(myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves)
 I prepared everything for the party by myself

 For:
-  ‫ ﻷ‌ﺟﻞ‬- ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬: ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ 
Sea breeze is good for you
- ‫ ليعطي إلى‬: ‫ بمعنى‬..
I have brought this nice present for you

- ‫ﻟﻺ‌ﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ‬

The ship sailed for Italy

- ‫ مقابل‬: ‫بمعنى‬
I bought a television for L.E. 2000
 I understood you  I got you
 It’s nice to meet you too  Likewise
 I’ll try => I’ll give it a shot
 "to be into something" = to be interested in something
Similar Expressions : I am into cars / I am interested in cars/ I like car

 "to beat around the bush" / "Don't beat around the bush." = to avoid
talking about what is important; to speak or answer vaguely or indirectly

 "to do something behind someone's back"=  to do something or talk

about something without another person's knowledge
Similar Expressions : She was talking about me behind my back.


Don’t Say sorry:

- My bad
- My apologies
- I beg your pardon

Don’t say I’m fine:

- I feel marvelous
- I’m doing alright
- I’m on the top of the world

 How are you?  How is it going?

 How are things?  How are you holding up?
 Secure the bag = to get the money

I’m ready:
- I’m good to go
- We are ready to rock
- I’m done

I don’t understand:
- It’s all Greek to me
- I just don’t get it
- I can’t get my head around it

I’m sick
- I’m under the weather
- I am laid up
- I’m out of sorts

Verbs of like : With exemple :

- Nakrah loubya w nbakher b rihtha : I abhor loubya
- Nakrah loubya ma nhbhech: I hate loubya
- Loubya ma tejbnich: I dislike loubya
- Loubya teejbni: I like loubya
- Loubya Nhebha: I love loubya
- Loubya na3cha9ha: I adore loubya
- N3ich ala khatr loubya: I live for loubya

How to express suggestion: (Exemple mtaa haya nalabou loubya)

- Let’s + verb (let’s play ludo?)
- Shall+ we + verb (shall we play ludo)
- What/how about+verb+ing (how/what about playing ludo?)
- Why don’t we+ verb
- I suggest that ... (I suggest (that) we play ludo)
- Would you like to … ?
How to express suggestion:

Subject + should + verb...

 You should study listening more if you want to improve your English.
 He should quit his job.
 You should get your mom a scarf for her birthday.
 Mark should be more honest.
 They should come to the party with us.
 We should try that restaurant next week.
 You should watch that movie. It is really good.

 We can change the word "should" to "need" if we want to use stronger

language:
 You need to see that movie. It is amazing!
 She needs to tell us if she is going to be late.
Subject + could + verb...
 You could do yoga if you want to be healthier.
 We could go to Thailand for the next vacation.
 They could come to our house for Christmas dinner.

 We often give more than one option when using "could".

 If you want to be healthier, you could try yoga or Pilates.
 We could go to Europe next vacation or we could go to Africa.
 If he is unhappy at his job, then he could quit or tell his boss directly.
 He could take the bus or the subway.
The difference between "should" and "could"
 You should try yoga.
(=I think that yoga is the best for you.)

 You could try yoga.

 (=Yoga is one possibility for you.)

As you can see, we use "should" to show our own opinion about what another
person should do or try. We use "could" to just provide an option. We are not
sharing our feelings or thoughts when we use "could".
Why don't/doesn't + subject + verb...?
 Why don't you try Jujitsu?
 Why doesn't she break up with her boyfriend?
 If you hate your job, then why don't you quit?
 Why don't you buy a new car? Yours always breaks down.
 Why doesn't he try to save more money? He always uses his money very
recklessly.
 Why don't they play soccer with us tomorrow?
How about + gerund/noun...?
 How about trying this restaurant?
 How about going back to school to get your master's degree?
 How about this movie?
 How about getting your mom a necklace for her birthday?
 If you don't want to go outside, how about watching a movie?
 Since you don't want to get the red hat, how about the blue one? It looks
good.

I suggest/recommend that + sentence

 I suggest that you study grammar more.
 I suggest that he think more about it before he makes a decision.
 I recommend that she focus on improving her speaking.
 I recommend that you go to Thailand for your honeymoon.
I suggest/recommend + gerund/noun...
 I suggest going to Europe in the summer.
 I recommend trying that Mexican restaurant.
 She recommends trying meditation to relieve stress.
Let's + verb...
 Let's try this restaurant.
 Let's go home.
 Let's tell her the truth.

How to Give an Opinion

- I think that + statement

- I feel that + statement
I believe that + statement
These sentences have a very similar meaning to sentences with "think", but they give a
different feeling. "Feel" and "believe" are stronger than "think" and they show that they are
relying more on belief and feeling instead of logic and reason.

- In my opinion, + statement
 - In my view, + statement
- In my experience, it was great.
- Personally, I think that it is not great.
- The way I see it is that our manager needs to communicate more honestly with the
staff.

 This next expression is quite strong and we only use it when making a serious point:
- As far as I am concerned, + statement (Exp: As far as I am concerned, this project is
dead until we get more funding)
- It seems to me that + sentence (Exp: It seems to me that he wasn't prepared for the
interview)

How to Ask for Somebody's Opinion

- What do you think about + noun? (What do you think about what she
said?)
- How do you feel about + noun? (How do you feel about your new
job?) or (How do you feel about donating money to charity?)
- Do you think that...?
Do you feel that...?

How to Agree
 Short expression :
 That's right.
 Absolutely!
 Exactly!
 I agree.
 I agree with you.
 I think you are right.
 Yes, I think so too.
 I see what you mean.
 That is a good point.
 That's exactly how I fell.
 That is what I think too.
 I agree with you 100%.
 I couldn't agree more. (=I agree 100%.)
 You could say that again! (used when emphasizing)

How to Disagree
 Short expression :
- I don't agree.
- I completely disagree.
- That is not right.
- I'm not sure about that.
- I don't think so.
- I beg to differ.
- That's not always true.
 - That is not always the case.
- I feel the opposite.
- I respectfully disagree.
- I have a completely different opinion.
- I don't see it that way.

 Informal expressions :
- I totally disagree.
- You must be joking!
- You have got to be kidding me.
- No way.
- Impossible.

 Sentence patterns to use to politely disagree:

- I see what you are saying, but...
- I understand why you think that, but...
- I see your point, but in my opinion...
- I get why you think that, but from my perspective...
- I understand why you think that, but from where I am sitting...
- I get where you are coming from, but I think...

How to Say No Politely

- I am sorry, but I can't.
- No thank you.
- I am sorry, but + (reason)
- I would love to, but + (reason)
- I wish I could, but + (reason)
- I am sorry, but I can't because + (reason)
- Thank you, but + (reason)
- That sounds good, but + (reason)
- No thank you. (Reason)

How to Show you are Telling the Truth

- Honestly … :
 Honestly, I don't know who took your watch.
 I honestly don't know where she went.
 I didn't eat your cookie, honestly.

- "Promise" or "Swear" :
 I promise that I will pay you back.
 I promised that I didn't touch your computer.
 I swear that she didn't tell me anything.
 I swear that I studied hard
 - "To be honest" or "To tell you the truth" :
 To be honest, I didn't like your mom's cooking.
 To be honest, I thought the movie was boring.
 To tell you the truth, I never exercise.
 To tell you the truth, I don't really study English that much.

- Frankly, I don't like her.

- Frankly speaking, I don't like her.
- Speaking honestly, I don't like her.
- Truthfully, I don't like her.

How to Speak Politely on the Phone

- Could you please repeat that?
- Would you please spell that for me?
- How do you spell that?
- Can you please speak a little slower?
- Can you call back later?
- Would you mind calling back this afternoon?
- Can I call you back in one hour?
- Please hold on for a moment.

How to Talk about Being Sick

- I am sick.
- I am feeling sick.
- I feel sick.
- I don't feel well.
- I felt sick yesterday.
- I think that I am getting sick.
- I might be getting sick.
- I am in a lot of pain.
- I am under the weather.
- I feel as sick as a dog.
- I feel awful.
- I feel terrible.

 We use "have/has + sickness" to be specific about the disease or symptom:

- I have a cold.
- He has the flu.
- I have a fever.
- He has a bad cough.
- I have a sore throat.
- I have an earache.
- I have a stomachache.
- She has a headache.
- I have a toothache.
 - My grandmother has diabetes.

 How to ask about another person's health:

- How do you feel today?
- Do you feel okay? You look sick.
- Do you feel better today?
- Are you sick?
- Are you okay?
- Are you feeling okay?
- Do you need to see a doctor?
- Do you need some medicine?

 When somebody we know is sick, we should say something nice to show the person
that we care:
- I hope you feel better soon.
- Get better soon.
- Take care of yourself.

 We can also give them some advice:

- Make sure that you get lots of rest.
- Get some rest. ‫راحة‬
- Make sure to drink lots of water.
- Try to drink some tea.
- You need to get lots of sleep.
- Take some medicine.
- Go to the hospital today

How to Talk about the Weather

 We can ask another person about the weather:

- How is the weather today?
- What is the weather like today?
- What was the weather like on your vacation last week?
- What will the weather be like tomorrow?
- What is the weather tomorrow?
- How has the weather been in your country recently?

 We can also use yes/no questions to ask more specific questions:

- Will it rain tomorrow?
- Is it hot today?
- Is it cold outside?
- Did it snow earlier?
- Was there a storm this morning?
- Is it going to rain later?
- Is it going to be humid today?

 When we are describing the weather, it is very common to use an

adjective:
- It is very hot.
- It is cold.
- It is snowy. ‫مثلج‬
- It is rainy.
- It is sunny.
- It is humid.
- It was foggy this morning. ‫ضبابي‬
- It will be scorching this afternoon. ‫حارا‬
- It is going to be freezing tonight. ‫متجمدة‬

Ways to Say Goodbye

- Goodbye
- Bye
- Have a good day
- Have a good night
- Take care
- Farewell. ‫مع السالمة‬
- See you. / See you later.
- Peace. / Peace out.
- Talk to you later
- Catch you later
- Take it easy.

Ways to Say Sick

- I'm sick
 I am very sick.
 I am a little sick.
 She is extremely sick.
 He is kind of sick.
 We are terribly sick.
 I feel kind of sick.

-  I am sick as a dog (very sick)

- I have a cold :

 I have a fever. ‫حمة‬

 I have the flu. ‫أنفلونزا‬
 I have a stomachache. ‫ألم المعدة‬.
 I have a headache. ‫صداع الراس‬.

- I'm under the weather.

- I am ill
- I feel terrible
 - I have come down with something:
 I have come down with a cold.
 I have come down with the stomach flu
- I've caught a cold.
- I caught a bug.
- I'm not feeling well.
-  I think I am going to be sick.

Ways to Say Busy

- I am busy:
 I'm really busy.
 I'm kind of busy.
 She is sort of busy.
 We will be unbelievably busy next week.
 They were so busy yesterday.
 Mark might be a little busy tomorrow.

- I'm as busy as a bee.

- I'm slammed.
- I'm so busy (that) I can't even... :
 I'm so busy that I can't even go to the bathroom.
 I'm so busy that I can't even go to lunch.
- I'm buried (in work). ‫مدفون‬
- I'm overwhelmed (with work). ‫أنا غارق في العمل‬.
- I'm up to my ears in work.
- I've got a lot on my plate.
- I'm behind on my work.
- I'm tied up. ‫أنا مربوط‬.

Ways to Say Tired

- I'm tired :
 I'm very tired.
 I'm kind of tired.
 He is pretty tired.
 I am unbelievably tired.
 She is mentally tired.
 We are physically tired.
 I feel tired

- I'm exhausted ‫مرهق‬
- I'm beat. ‫أنا مهزوم‬
- I am drained ‫أنا مستنزف‬
- I'm wiped out. ‫أنا محيت‬
- I'm worn out. ‫أنا منهك‬
- I'm dead tired.

Ways to Say You Do Not Care

 - I don't care.
- I don't care at all.
- It doesn't matter to me.
- So what?
- I don't give a crap.
- I don't give a damn.

Ways to Say You Do Not Know

- I don't know
- I have no idea
- I have no clue :
 I have no clue where she went.
 I have no clue how to fix this.
 She has no clue what will happen.

- I'm stumped
- I'm at a loss. ‫أنا في حيرة‬
- I'm puzzled. ‫أنا في حيرة‬