Total Quality Management - It is a continuous quality program aimed at bringing about teamwork among

departments

Traditional Manufacturing - It consists of a range of different types of machines, each controlled by a single
operator.

Islands of Technology - It describes an environment in which modern automation exists in the form of islands that
stand alone within the traditional setting.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) - It is a

manufacturing technique which eliminates nonvalue added activities using fully automated environment

Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) - These are computer-controlled conveyor systems that carry
raw materials from stores to the shop floor and finished products to the warehouse.

Robotics - These include the use of robots which are programmed to perform specific recurring actions with high
degree of precision

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) - Many lean manufacturing companies have sought solutions to these problems
through an accounting model called activity-based costing (ABC)

Activities - These describe the work performed in a firm.

Cost objects - These are the reasons for performing activities

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is an automated production planning and control system used to support
inventory management.

Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) is an extension of MRP that has evolved beyond the confines of
inventory management

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems- ERP integrates departments and functions across a company into one
system of integrated applications that are connected to a single common database journal voucher is an accounting
document that serves as the source of transactions included in the general ledger.