SINHGAD PUBLIC

SCHOOL
Kusgaon (Bk.), Lonavala, Dist. Pune - 410 401
(CBSE Affl. No. 1130100; School No. 30068; UDISE No. 27250910004)
Phone : 02114-673364 / 673371; Telefax : 673367
Website: https://sinhgadpublicschool.com; Email: principal.sps@sinhgad.edu

………………

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2024

SUBMITTED BY: - __________________________________________________________

EXAMINATION ROLL NO.: - ______________________________________ (AISSCE

2024)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my Subject Teacher

………………………………………………. as well as our respected Principal Sir

Mr NK Mishra who gave the golden opportunity to do this project

and providing valuable guidance to complete the same.

This project also helped me to do a lot of research and increased my

knowledge.

I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me to finish

the project within the given time.

Name: ______________________________

Class: XII 2023-24

EXAMINATION ROLL NO.: - ___________________________ (AISSCE 2023-24)

 CERTIFICATE

It gives me an immense pleasure to forward this project of

…………………………………. titled ……………………………………………………. for

AISSCE 2024 practical examination.

The student has performed the project in a satisfactory manner.

I certify that …………………………….…………………………… has completed

the work under my guidance. The date mentioned in the project is

based on her / his original findings.

INTERNAL EXAMINER NK

MISHRA

PGT (………………….)

PRINCIPAL

DATE: ________________ EXTERNAL

EXAMINER
 INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page
Number
1. OBJECTIVE
1
2. APPARATUS
1
3. DIAGRAM
2
4. THEROY
3
5. PROCEDURE
5
6. OBSERVATION
7
7. CALCULATION
7
8. PRECAUTION
8
9. SOURCE OF ERROR
8
10. BIBLOGRAPHY
9
OBJECTIVE:
To find the refraction indexes of (a)water
(b)oil using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens,
and an adjustable object needle.

APPARATUS:
A convex lens, a plane mirror, water, oil
clamp, stand, an optical needle, plumb line,
knitting needle, half meter scale, glass slab, a
spherometer.
DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
1.If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass
convex lens and liquid lens and f be the focal
length of their combination then: -

1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2 or f 2=
ff 2
f 1− f

2.Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave kens with

R1=R and R2= then by using lens make’s
formula
1 1
=( n −1 ) ¿- ¿
f2 R2

1
=( n −1 ) ¿- ∞ ¿

=( n −1 ) ¿-0 ¿

1 n− 1
=
f2 R

R
n= +1
f2
Where n= refractive index of the liquid
 R= the radius of the curvature of the
convex lens

3.The radius of the lower surface of the convex

lens is given by:

l2 ℎ
R= +
6ℎ 2
Here, l is the average distance between the
legs of the spherometer and the difference in
the reading of the spherometer when placed
first in the convex lens then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE:
(a) For focal length of convex lens:
1.Find the rough focal length of the convex
lens.
2.Place a plane mirror on the horizontal
base of the iron stand then a convex lens
on the plane mirror.
3.Hold the needle in the clamp stand and
adjust its position on the stand such that
there is no parallax between tip od the
needle and its image.
4.Measure distance between tip and under
surface of the lens by using a plumb line
and half meter scale. also measure the
distance between tip of needle and upper
surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the
two reading. This mean distance will be
equal to the focal length of the convex
lens(f1).

(b) For focal length of the

combination.
5.Put a few drops of the water on the plane
mirror and put the convex lens over it with
its same face above as before. The water
spreads in a form of layer and acts like a
Plano-concave lens.
6.Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the
equivalent focal length of the combination.
 7.Record the observation.
8.Repeat the steps 5,6,7, for other
transparent liquid(oil).

(c) For the radius of curvature of

convex lens surface:
9.Determine the pitch and the least count of
the spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens dry it
completely. Put the spherometer on this
lens surface.
11. All the three legs of the spherometer
should be placed symmetrically on the
lens and adjust the central screw tip to
touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the
surface of the lens and place on the plane
mirror surface and record the reading.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three
times.
14. Obtain the impressions of the three
legs of spherometer on a paper and mark
them and their average distance.

OBSERVATION:
1.Rough focal length of convex lens=21 cm
CALCULATION:
l1+l 2+l3
(i) l= 3 =………………………cm
2

(ii) R= 6lℎ + ℎ2 =…………………….cm

ff 1
(iii) f 2= f − f 1 =………………cm(water)
=…………….cm (transparent
liquid)
R
(iv) n=1+ f 2 =…………….cm(water)
=………………….cm
(transparent liquid)

RESULT:
1.The refraction index of water nw=
2.The refraction index of other liquid nl=

PRECAUTIONS:
 1.The plane mirror should clean and fully
shinning surface.
2.The liquid taken should be transparent.
3.The parallax should be tip and tip.
4.The eye should be at a distance about 30
cm from the needle while removing the
parallax.
5.Only few drops of liquid should be taken
so that it layer should be taken so that its
layer should be thick.
6.The legs of the spherometer should be
7.The center leg of the spherometer should
turn in one direction only.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2.The parallax may not be fully be removed.
3.The spherometer legs should be placed
symmetrical on the surface of the convex
lens.
4.The tip of the central screw should not
just touch the surface of the lens or
mirror.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.answers.com
 www.google.com