Science e-book

Important Terms:
Term Definition
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred in a unit
Power
of time.

The process of energy transfer where force is applied and the

Work
object moves along the direction of the force.

The force that attracts two bodies toward each other, the force
Gravity
that causes things to fall toward the Earth.

The force that resists the motion of one surface relative to

Friction
another with which it is in contact.

Inertia The resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion.

A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about

Torque
an axis.

A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another

Wave
without transferring matter.

The number of cycles a wave completes in a period of time;

Frequency
often measured in Hertz (Hz).

The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from

Amplitude
the position of equilibrium.

The smallest amount of a physical quantity that can exist

Quantum
independently.
SI Units:
Measurement SI Unit
Length Meter (m)

Mass Kilogram (Kg)

Time Second (s)

Electric Current Ampere (A)

Temperature Kelvin (K)

Amount of Substance Mole (mol)

Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)

Force Newton (N)

Energy Joule (J)

Power Watt (w)

Pressure Pascal (Pa)

Electric Charge Coulomb (C)

Electric Potential Volt (V)

Electric Resistance Ohm (Ω)

Magnetic Flux Weber (Wb)

Magnetic Field Strength Tesla (T)

Frequency Hertz (Hz)

Radioactivity Becquerel (Bq)

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Pathogen and diseases

Pathogen Diseases
Common cold, flu, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox,
Viruses shingles, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, yellow fever,
dengue fever, Zika virus, Ebola virus, COVID-19

Strep throat, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever,

Bacteria
Lyme disease, E. coli infection, salmonella food poisoning

Fungi Ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis

Protozoa Malaria, amoebiasis

Helminethes Tapeworms, roundworms, hookworms

Important Eye Diseases:

Option Explanation
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, is a condition where the
light that comes into the eye lands behind the retina. This
makes it difficult to focus on near objects, while distant
Hypermetropia objects can be seen clearly.Hypermetropia is corrected
using a convex lens of appropriate power. The convex lens
converges the light rays so that the final image from the
human eye lens is formed on the retina.

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a condition where the light

that comes into the eye is focused in front of the retina. This
Myopia makes it difficult to see distant objects clearly, while near
objects can be seen with no problem. A myopic defect can
be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power. In a

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 myopic eye the image is formed in front of the retina so a
diverging lens is used to shift the image to the retina.

Presbyopia is an age-related condition where the eye's lens

hardens, losing its ability to focus on near objects. This
Presbyopia typically starts to occur around the age of 40. People with
presbyopia often need bifocal or multifocal lenses to help
them see clearly at all distances.

A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens that

happens as we age or due to injury. This clouding can make
Cataract vision blurry or cause difficulty seeing at night. Cataracts
are usually treated with surgery rather than glasses or
lenses.

Important Organic Acid & their Sources:

Acid Found in
Acetic Acid Vinegar, pickles, sourdough bread

Citric Acid Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, limes), tomatoes

Lactic Acid Yogurt, fermented foods, cottage cheese

Oxalic Acid Spinach, beet greens

Malic Acid Apples, cherries, grapes

Tartaric Acid Grapes, tamarind

Formic Acid Ant stings, bee stings

Uric Acid Meats, seafood

Salicylic Acid Aspirin (pain reliever), fruits (berries, grapes)

Hydrochloric Acid Stomach acid, digestive system

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Part of brain and their function:
Part of Brain Description
● The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain
and is responsible for coordinating voluntary
movements, balance, and posture.
Cerebellum ● It helps in smooth and precise muscle
coordination.
● It plays a crucial role in activities like walking,
writing, and maintaining balance.

● The medulla, also known as the medulla

oblongata, is located at the base of the brainstem.
Medulla ● It is responsible for controlling vital functions such
as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex
actions like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

● The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is

responsible for higher cognitive functions such as
thinking, memory, language, perception, and
Cerebrum voluntary movements.
● It is divided into two hemispheres and is
associated with various complex mental
processes.

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Animal Kingdom:

Animal Kingdom Easy Explanation Examples

Simplest animals that live in water
Porifera and have porous bodies. They Sponges
are stationary and filter feeders.
Animals with stinging cells. They
Jellyfish, sea
have simple body structures and
Cnidaria anemones,
can be stationary or
corals
free-swimming.
Flatworms with soft, flattened
Planarians,
Platyhelminthes bodies. They can be free-living or
tapeworms
parasitic.
Thread-like roundworms with
long, cylindrical bodies. They
Nematoda Roundworms
can be found in various habitats
and some are parasites.
Segmented worms with a distinct
body consisting of repeated Earthworms,
Annelida
segments. They can be found in leeches
terrestrial or aquatic habitats.
Soft-bodied animals with a
muscular foot and often a
Snails, clams,
protective shell. They have
Mollusca octopuses,
diverse forms and can be found in
squids
marine and terrestrial
environments.
Largest animal phylum with
jointed legs, segmented bodies, Insects,
Arthropoda and exoskeletons. They have spiders,
diverse forms and inhabit various crustaceans
habitats.

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 Marine animals with spiny skin
Starfish, sea
and a unique water vascular
Echinodermata urchins, sea
system. They have radial symmetry
cucumbers
and a network of tube feet.
Animals with a notochord (a flexible Fish,
rod) at some stage in their life. amphibians,
Chordata
They possess a dorsal nerve cord reptiles, birds,
and may have a backbone. mammals

Related Questions:

Q. What does Humidity mean?

The concentration of water vapour present in the air is known as
humidity.
आर्द्रता का क्या अर्थ है ?
वायु में उपस्थित जलवाष्प की सांद्रता को आर्द्रता के रूप में जाना जाता है ।

Q. What is Surface Tension

Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink
into the minimum surface area possible.
पष्ृ ठ तनाव क्या है
पष्ृ ठ तनाव, आराम की स्थिति में तरल सतहों की संभावित न्यन
ू तम सतह क्षेत्र में
सिकुड़ने की प्रवत्ति
ृ है ।

Q. What is the unit of Luminescence Intensity?

- Candela
दीप्तिमान तीव्रता की इकाई क्या है ?
- कैं डेला

Q. Which causative agent is responsible for spreading AIDS?

-Virus
AIDS को फैलाने के लिए कौन सा कारणीय कारक जिम्मेदार है ?
-वाइरस

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Q. Which group of pathogens causes diseases like ringworm and athlete's
foot?
-Fungi

Q. If a person is diagnosed with malaria, which pathogen is involved?

-Protozoa

Q. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating

voluntary movements, balance, and posture?
- Cerebellum
मस्तिष्क का कौन सा भाग स्वैच्छिक गतिविधियों, संतल
ु न और मद्र
ु ा के समन्वय के लिए मख्
ु य
रूप से जिम्मेदार है ?
- सेरिबैलम

Q. Which eye condition is an age-related hardening of the eye's lens,

making it difficult to focus on near objects?
- Presbyopia
कौन सी आंख की स्थिति उम्र के कारण आंख के लेंस का सख्त होना है , जिससे निकट की
वस्तओ ु ं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना मश्कि
ु ल हो जाता है ?
- प्रेस्बायोपिया

Q. Lemon Juice contains ______which when mixed with the baking soda
react to form carbon dioxide and sodium citrate causing the liquid to fizz
and bubble.
- Citric acid
नींबू के रस में ______ होता है जो बेकिंग सोडा के साथ मिश्रित होने पर कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड
और सोडियम साइट्रे ट बनाने के लिए प्रतिक्रिया करता है जिससे तरल पदार्थ फ़िज़ और बल ु बल
ु े
बन जाता है ।
- साइट्रिक एसिड

Q. Yogurt and fermented foods are rich in which acid?

-Lactic Acid

Q. If you're eating spinach, which acid are you consuming?

-Oxalic Acid

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Q. What acid is commonly found in apples and cherries?
-Malic Acid

Q. Reflex actions like coughing and sneezing are controlled by which part?
-Medulla Oblongata

Q. Which brain region is responsible for memory and thinking?

-Cerebrum

Q. Posture and balance are primarily coordinated by which part?

-Cerebellum

Q. Which part of the brain handles higher cognitive functions?

-Cerebrum

Q. The smooth coordination of muscles is an activity of which brain part?

-Cerebellum

Q. What type of lens is used to correct hypermetropia?

-Convex lens

Q. Which eye condition is related to age, typically starting around the age
of 40, and involves the hardening of the eye's lens?
-Presbyopia

Q. For someone with presbyopia, what type of lenses might they need to
see clearly at all distances?
-Bifocal or multifocal lenses