2 - Basic DD Design & Calculation - Pdsi

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com
REMINDER PDW
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PEDOMAN
PENGELOLAAN KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN
(PERTAMINA DRILLING WAY)
SUBHOLDING UPSTREAM - DRILLING & WELL INTERVENTION
Lampiran 3 ‒ Perencanaan & Desain
Well Trajectory, Hydraulic & BHA Selection
1. Pemilihan pahat harus dikalkulasi berdasarkan formation lithology dan juga compressive
strength batuan.
Simulasi atau Bit Record yang pernah digunakan bisa dijadikan dasar untuk menentukan pahat yang akan digunakan.
2. Hindari penggunaan trajektori sumur yang kompleks sebisa mungkin untuk mengurangi risiko pada saat
pengeboran ataupun intervensi sumur selama masa hidup sumur.
3. Menggunakan SF (separation factor) minimum 1.5.

Jika nilai SF yang akan digunakan adalah 1<SF<1.5, maka pengeboran dapat dilanjutkan dengan mendapatkan
persetujuan dari pimpinan tertinggi Drilling Anak Perusahaan atau merujuk kepada prosedur Anak
Perusahaan
4. Desain awal harus memperhitungkan atau melakukan simulasi untuk Torque & Drag dan hidrolika lumpur.
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
PEDOMAN
PENGELOLAAN KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN
(PERTAMINA DRILLING WAY)
SUBHOLDING UPSTREAM - DRILLING & WELL INTERVENTION
Lampiran 3 ‒ Perencanaan & Desain
Well Trajectory, Hydraulic & BHA Selection
5. Spider map / plot harus disusun oleh AP dan Directional Drilling Company untuk memastikan tidak terjadi well
collision.
6. Sumur yang sudah memiliki referensi data geomekanik, direkomendasikan untuk menambahkan peralatan APWD
(Anulus Pressure While Drilling) pada BHA, sehingga dapat menjaga ke stabilan lubang dan mengikuti ECD window
pada saat drilling.
7. Dilakukan simulasi BHA dan pemilihan bit untuk mengantisipasi potensi terjadinya kerusakan lubang bor (misal:
corkscrew, washout, dll).
Terms and Definitions
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Surface location Target
The site of the well head The objective of the well
Target direction = The direction from well head to target
Reference depth = The origin of length measurements
Well Trajectory is the path from surface location to target
Kick-off Point
The point where the well leaves the vertical
Inclination or drift = The angle of the well measured from vertical
Azimuth = The direction of the well
Measured Depth = The length of the hole
Vertical Depth
The vertical distance between an in hole depth and the horizontal
plane containing the depth reference
Horizontal displacement
pdsi.pertamina.com
The horizontal displacement between the hole and the rotary table @pdsi.pertamina
(closure)
Build-up Section of the hole where the inclination increases
Build-up rate Gradient of build-up:
deg/10m - deg/30m - deg/100 ft
Drop-off Section of the hole where the inclination decreases
Drop-off rate Gradient of drop-off:
deg/10m - deg/30m - deg/100 ft
Radius of curvature
The radius of a curved section of the hole
Slant/Tangent section Straight section of the hole
Drain: The horizontal of sub-horizontal part of the hole
Dog-leg Represents a change of direction of the well
Lead angle: The angle between the target direction and the initial azimuth of trajectory
Station: A location in the hole where the inclination and azimuth are measured and recorded
Survey: The depth, inclination and azimuth measurements
pdsi.pertamina.com Correction: The action of modifying the trajectory of the hole @pdsi.pertamina
Tangent section
Straight section of the
hole
Landing
The final procedure to reach the horizontal
Entry point
The intersection of the hole with the
reservoir
Belly
Section of initial build directing away
from target
Usually due to in-sufficient horizontal displacement
@pdsi.pertamina
pdsi.pertamina.com
to build to entry point
Tool Face :
Angle defined between two planes
- The vertical plan containing the axis of the motor section located above the bent housing
- The plane containing the two axis of the motor (motor axis and bent housing axis)
- Control of Tool face allows orientation of the hole in the desired direction
Tool Face
The angle between:
the bent sub and the vertical plane
Well Profiles Variation
J well S well Double build well
Horizontal wells
Extended reach well

Well profiles
Slant wells
Multilateral wells
Re-entry well Sidetracks
REMINDER GEODESY
GEOMAGNETISM
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Systems of Coordinates
Systems of Coordinates
Geodesy notions
UTM projection
Lambert projection
Geographic or Polar coordinates
Horizontal Plane Projections

The different North's
Magnetic declination
Convergence
GEODESY DEFINITIONS (1/2)
Geodesy is the name given to the study of the size and shape of the Earth. To accurately
describe the effects of Earth curvature on well positioning, it is necessary to use some
geodetic terminology. Geodesy forms part of a wider group of geosciences commonly known
as Geomatics.
The Geoid is a surface on Earth (irregular shape) that is everywhere perpendicular to the
direction of gravity (an “equipotential surface”) and that on average coincides with
mean sea level in the oceans.
An Ellipsoid (or Spheroid) is the geometrical shape which most closely approximates the
shape of the Earth, which in this context is an ellipse rotated about its minor axis. The
ellipsoid represents locally a ‘best fit’ model to the geoid. There are therefore numerous
ellipsoids available, each of them uniquely named and defined either based on their semi-
major axis (equatorial radius), semi-minor axis or, more usually, a ratio of these axes called
‘inverse flattening’.
Geodetic Datum and Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid
(or spheroid)
Geoid Imaginary surface –
MSL calculated Closest Mathematical
over 19 years model to represent
the irregular shape of
Vertical
reference for all the Earth
measurements
The Earth Topography

with deep oceans and
high mountains
Schematic representation
the Geoid and Ellipsoid notions
compared to
pdsi.pertamina.com Earth Topography @pdsi.pertamina
Geodesy Definitions (2/2)
A Geodetic Datum
refers to the defined relationship between the position of the ellipsoid and the solid Earth.
A Geodetic Datum defines the position and orientation of the reference ellipsoid relative to the
center of the earth, and the meridian used as zero longitude – the prime meridian.
This best fit is centered on a position on the Earth’s surface within the area of interest,
eg the Helmert Tower at Potsdam, near Berlin, was used for the European Datum 1950 (ED
50).
A Geodetic Datum is inextricably linked to the generation of geographical coordinates.
Geodesy Definitions (2/2)
A Coordinate Reference System (CRS)
is a coordinate system which is referenced to the Earth.
The referencing is achieved through a Geodetic Datum.

Coordinates belong to a coordinate system.
A Coordinate System describes the mathematical rules governing the coordinate
space including:
the number of axes, their name, their direction, their units, and their order.
When coordinates are used to describe a position on the Earth

they belong to a
Coordinate Reference System.
Spherical
Geographical Coordinates
Latitudes are lines parallel to the equator.
Latitudes are measured from the equator in degrees, minutes and seconds from 0° to 90° with positive
values going north and negative values going south.
Longitudes are lines converging and crossing each other at the Earth geographical north and south
poles.
These lines represent the 24 hours Standard Time Zones (24 times 15° = 360°).
Spherical coordinates are defined in
Degrees / minutes / seconds with origins (measured from) located:
 At the Greenwich Meridian for the longitude
 At the equator for latitude
- Example:
Geographic coordinates of Jakarta, Indonesia
Latitude: 6°12′52″ S
Longitude: 106°50′42″ E
Elevation above sea level: 16 m = 52 ft
Spherical or Geographical Coordinates
Latitude Longitude
North
Equator West East

(-) (+)
South (-) Greenwich meridian

Warning:
The same set of latitude and longitude coordinates, referenced to different geodetic datum,
will refer to different points on the Earth.
The coordinates alone,

contrary to common belief, do not adequately define a particular location.
MAP PROJECTION
Representing on a plane:
the Earth parallels and meridians lines which are curved in three dimensions.
The projected coordinate reference system is a flat, two-dimensional
representation of the Earth.
It is a mathematical map of
•geographical coordinates (the ellipsoid Earth model longitudes and
latitudes) onto
•a plane surface so that calculations of distance and area are more
easily performed.
MAP PROJECTION
Conversion into grid map always leads to geographical distortion linked to the projection
method.
pdsi.pertamina.comThose distortion are well known when the proper method is clearly described. @pdsi.pertamina
UTM Coordinates
UTM projection: (Universal Transverse Mercator)
• Divides the world into 60 zones
• Begin at longitude 180º The International Date
Line
• The zones have a width of 6° of longitude
Greenwich Meridian
Latitude bands are not UTM, but
military grid reference system
(MGRS).
UTM Zones Designators

8°/latitude band,
Starts "C" at 80°S,
increasing up until "X“ ,
is extended 4°, so it ends at 84°N
latitude.
NO letters "I" and "O“

(DUE TO similarity to
one and zero).
Bands "A" and "B" western and

eastern sides of the Antarctic
Bands "Y" and "Z western and

eastern sides of the Arctic
UTM Coordinates (Universal Transverse Mercator)
Greenwich
Meridian Zone 31 Zone 32
UTM Transverse Projection every 6° of Longitude
pdsi.pertamina.com Zone 29 Zone 30 @pdsi.pertamina

The Earth Magnetic Field
A magnetic dipole which orientation does not coincide (in line) with the earth spin axis
Earth Magnetic Pole:
• North is located in the Canadian Arctic archipelago about 1 900 kilo-meters from the
Geographical North
• South is in Antarctic Ocean offshore “Terre Adélie” about 2 600 kilo-meters from the
Geographical South
The magnetic poles axis does not pass through the earth centre.
Magnetic poles are moving constantly approximately 10 kilo-meters per year
International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network:

• over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world,
• recording the Earth's magnetic field since 1991.
Most of the instruments used to determine the position of a well

use devices responding to the earth’s magnetic field.
The “Different” North's
True North (Geographic Nord)
This is the direction from any point at the Earth surface to the
Geographic North pole of the earth
This is a fixed point
Magnetic North
This is the direction from any point at the Earth surface to the
Magnetic North pole of the earth
This is the one obtained with a compass
The position of this point is subject to variation
The angle between the Magnetic North and the True North is
called the “Magnetic Declination”
Grid North
This is the direction given by the positive ordinate axis of the grid
The angle between the Grid North and the True North is called
“Convergence”
North References – Courtesy of OGP

The yellow angle features the Magnetic Declination
(TN to MN)
pdsi.pertamina.com
The blue Angle features the Convergence @pdsi.pertamina
(TN to GN)
Magnetic Declination
The “Magnetic Declination” is the angle between
the Magnetic North (MN) and the True North (TN)
It depends of the well head location and the date of measurement
(Varies with location and time)
It is expressed as an angle oriented East or West

TN
TN
MN
MN
4.50 7.25
West Declination West Declination East Declination

(4.50 deg. West) OR (- 4.50 deg) (7.25 deg. East) OR (+ 7.25 deg)
Convergence
The “Convergence” is the angle between
True North (TN) and Grid North (GN)
It depends on the location of the well head (used as origin)

relatively to the selected system of reference (Varies with location)
It is expressed as an angle oriented East or West
TN TN
GN GN
0.75 1.25
West Convergence
0.75 deg. West OR - 0.75 deg. East Convergence
pdsi.pertamina.com
1.25 deg. East OR + 1.25 deg. @pdsi.pertamina
The “Different” North's
Mag N orth G ri d N ort h True N ort h

True Grid North Ma g North MN GN TN
North GN MN
TN
Convergence
Hole = -2° (2. West)
Convergence Direction
= +2° (2. East)
Hole
Declination Az [GN] = 51° Direction
Declination
= +6' (5' East) = -5° (5° West
Az [MN] = 60°
Az [GN] = Az [MN] + Declination - Convergence

Az [GN] = Az [MN] + Declination - Convergence
Magnetic North West of True North =West Declination (negative)
Magnetic North East of True North = East Declination (positive)
Grid North West of True North = West Convergence (negative)
Grid North East of True North = East Convergence (positive)
Magnetic Declination and Grid Convergence correction examples

UTM Indonesia
Zona UTM Indonesia terbagi menjadi 9 di utara (North) dan 9 di selatan (South).
Nomor zone nya dimulai dari 46 sampai dengan 54.
Untuk membedakan zone di wilayah utara dan selatan biasanya setelah nomor zone
ditambahkan hurup N untuk utara dan S untuk selatan.
Di bawah ini adalah peta pembagian zone UTM untuk wilayah Indonesia.
https://www.asifah.com/cara-mengetahui-titik-koordinat-di-google-map/
Or contact your Geomatics / Topo department.
Recommendations in Geodesy use
UTM projection method is widely used in the E&P business as it has the advantage to have a
world-wide definition.
The Lambert projection method is seldom used.
The transformation of
Geographical Coordinates (Longitude and Latitude coordinates) to
Grid Coordinates (Easting and Northing coordinates)
implies the projection of the reference Ellipsoid Coordinate Reference System onto a PLANE.
It can only be done knowing all the parameters of the subject:

•Earth Ellipsoid model, and
•Its position (the Geodetic Datum) to solid Earth.
The overall process:

•may not even be direct and could require geodetic datum, and or
•ellipsoid transformations involving to
measure and calculate the displacements, rotations and scale differences between them.
Hence:
The Management of Spatial Data belongs to the exclusive competency of:
Qualified Geodesists and/or Land Surveyors
i.e.:
pdsi.pertamina.com
Drillers, Directional Drillers and Wellbore Surveyors @pdsi.pertamina
are NOT QUALIFIED geodesists or geomatician!.
There are three sets of depth
references used during the life
of a well:
-The vertical reference datum
(VRD) used as a depth reference
for the field or an area.
-The zero measured (ZMD) depth
or zero true vertical depth (ZTVD)
used as a drilling or working
depth reference.
- The well reference point (WRP)
used for work-over or well
servicing.
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
BASIC MATHEMATICS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR
Curve – Arc Length - Angle
WELL PLAN & SURVEY CALCULATION
The Basics
Relationship between Circumference, Radius & π
We know that :
Circumference = 2π Rc = πD = 360° ARC
Diameter 360 = 2π Rc
Radius 360 / 2 = π Rc
Therefore: 180 = π Rc
180 / π = Rc
1RA
1 unit of Radius = 1 Radian (Ra)
180 / π = Ra = 57.2958°
Build Up Rate
Where does the equation for Build Up Rate come from?
Build Up Rate is the Arc of a circle divided

by the Circumference:
360° / Circumference = BUR
360° 360 / (2 x π x Rc) = BUR
180 / (π x Rc) = BUR
Because we prefer to work in whole numbers, we need to
multiply this value by the unit length.
For feet we use a 100’ length as a unit (i.e. degrees per 100’)
This now makes our BUR equation:

BUR (in °/ 100’) = 180 x 100 / (π x Rc)
For Metric (unit length is usually 30m)

BUR (in °/ 30m) = 180 x 30 / (π x Rc)
Hence Radius of Curvature (Rc ) for a known BUR:

Rc = 180 x 100’ / (π x BUR)
Arc Lengths & Angles
Given that we know :
To find the Arc AB Circumference = 2πr = 360° Arc
Arc AB will be a fraction of the Circumference,

the ratio of this fraction will be the Arc angle
A divided by the Circumference Arc (360°):
Arc AB = 2π Rc x θ / 360°
θ Arc AB = π Rc x θ /180°
B With:
BUR (in °/ 100’) = 180 x 100 / (π x Rc)
We can derive:
Arc AB = θ x 100’ / BUR
Radius of Curvature Projection
We need Radius of Curvature Projection primarily when we are landing
horizontal wells. This gives a relationship between Inclinations, BURs and
either LITVD or LIDisplacement.
If we consider the Arc AD we know that:
CD = Rc (radius of curvature)
We can find LITVD:
LITVD = BD = Rc x Sin 8
And the LIDisplacement
LIDisp = AB = Rc - Rc x Cos 8
= Rc(1 – Cos 8)
Radius of Curvature Projection
This gives a relationship among:

Inclinations, BURs and either ∆TVD or ∆Displacement.
If we consider the Arc AD we know that:

CD = Rc (radius of curvature)
We can find ∆TVD:

∆TVD = BD = Rc x Sin θ
And the ∆Displacement

∆Disp = AB = Rc - Rc x Cos θ = Rc(1 – Cos θ)
Radius
If two points on the curve are
of Curvature Projection
compared
Referring to Arc DF ΔTVD = XF
= EF – BD
= Rc * Sin I2 – Rc * Sin I1
= Rc (Sin I2 – Sin I1)
= 180 * 100 / π(Sin I2 - Sin I1) / BUR
∆Displacement = ∆Disp
= DX = CB – CE
= (Rc x Cos I1) - (Rc x Cos I2)
= Rc(Cos I1 - Cos I2)
= 180 x 100 / π (Cos I1 - Cos I2)/BUR
Consider the Arc DF we know that:

Arc DF = θ * 100’ / BUR
θ is the difference between the two inclinations so:

Arc DF = I2 - I1 * 100’ / BUR
WELL DESIGN CALCULATION
pdsi.pertamina.com
Basic Directional Well Design
Basic Directional Wells Profile:
· Straight · Slant type
· “S" type · Horizontal
Kick-off Point
A point in the wellbore at a given vertical depth below the surface location where the
well:
• to be started deviating from vertical
• in a given direction up to a given inclination
• at a given build rate.
Kick-off point selection considerations:
geometrical well-path and well geological characteristics
Well (optimum) inclination is a function of: Common Optimum

• Maximum permissible build rate (and drop rate if applicable) build/drop range rates
• Target location in conventional wells
Determining Factors Build and Drop Rates:
• Well total depth. 1.5° to 3° per 100 feet
• Maximum Torque and Drag limitations. (30m).
• Well formations characteristic, ie:formation hardness.
• Mechanical limitations of the drill string or casing.
• Mechanical limitations of logging tools and production strings.
pdsi.pertamina.com • Formation of “Key-seats" in the Kick-off arc. @pdsi.pertamina
Basic Directional Well Design – Slant Well
INITIAL INFORMATION
RC > D2 • Wellhead coordinates RC < D2
• Target coordinates
Horizontal Displacement
Surface – Target Location
• Target TVD, V3
DEFINE
Based on well GSR information:
• Build up rate, BUR
• KOP Kick-off point.
BUR equation :
Imperial Unit: BUR (in °/ 100’) = 180 x 100 / (π x Rc)
Imperial unit length usually is 100’
Metric Unit: BUR (in °/ 30m) = 180 x 30 / (π x Rc)
Metric unit length usually is 30m
Hence Radius of Curvature (Rc ) for a known BUR:

Rc = 180 x 100’ / (π x BUR) or
Rc = 180 x 30 m / (π x BUR)
Basic Directional Well Design – Slant Well
RC > D2 RC < D2
V1 TVD of straight section/surface to KOP.
V2 TVD of end of build up.
V2 - V1 TVD of Build up section with BUR corresponding to radius of curvature R.
V3 - V2 TVD of Tangent section to total depth.
D1 Displacement at end of build up.
D2 Total horizontal displacement of target.
Φ Maximum inclination of well.
BUR equation :
Imperial Unit: BUR (in °/ 100’) = 180 x 100 / (π x Rc)
Imperial unit length usually is 100’
Metric Unit: BUR (in °/ 30m) = 180 x 30 / (π x Rc)
Metric unit length usually is 30m
(R1 + R2) < D3 (total target displacement)
Hence Radius of Curvature (Rc ) for a known BUR/DOR:
Rc = 180 x 100’ / (π x BUR) or
Rc = 180 x 30 m / (π x BUR)
V1 TVD of straight section/surface to KOP.

V2 TVD of end of build up.
V3 TVD of start of drop.
V4 TVD of end of drop.
V2 - V1
TVD of Build up section with BUR ~ R1
V3 - V2
TVD of Tangent section.
V4 - V3
TVD of drop section ~ R2
D1 Displacement at end of build up.

D2 Displacement at end of tangent
D3 Total horizontal displacement of target.
Φ Maximum inclination of well.
END OF BASIC DESIGN & CALCULATION
WELL PATH UNCERTAINTY
pdsi.pertamina.com
WELL PATH UNCERTAINTY
Sources of Errors While Measuring
A. Errors due to the position of the tool while measuring
B. Errors due to the measuring equipment itself
C. Errors due to human factors
D. Errors due to the type of calculations
Ellipsoid and Ellipse Of Uncertainty
ELLIPSE OF UNCERTAINTY DESCRIPTION
High_Side : ½ High Side axis
Lateral : ½ Lateral axis
Along_Hole: ½ Along-Hole axis
Hor_Maj_Azim : Horizontal Major axis azimuth
Hor_Minor : ½ Horizontal Minor axis ellipse
Hor_Major : ½ Horizontal Major axis ellipse
Vertical : ½ Vertical axis ellipse
Confidence level
In an operational point of view
the confidence level to be

used for drilling aspect must
be 3σ 3D = 97%
ISCWSA model
Typical 1/2 axis Vertical x Lateral uncertainty / 1000 mHD
at 1σ
MWD ISCWSA IFR corrected ± 4 x 10 m
MWD ISCWSA Standard ± 4 x 20 m
High Accuracy Gyro ISCWSA ± 0.75 x 3.5 m
MWD ISCWSA IFR/SAG corrected ± 1 x 10 m
ISCWSA - Industry Steering Committee for Wellbore Surveying Accuracy

is a modern Well Positioning Uncertainty Model
Target sizing
In addition to the identification of well proximity issues, one of the

major purposes of the survey program is to calculate the drilling
target size.
The drilling target is established by the reduction of the geological

target, by an amount representing the survey errors
The geological target must indeed also have been reached and
the well objectives based on position achieved.
Target definition
In addition to the identification of well proximity issues, one of the major

purposes of the survey program is to calculate the drilling target size.
Targets are generally defined as plane surfaces (or tunnel for horizontal
wells):
 Circle : defined by its radius and center
 Ellipse : defined by its axes, major axe’s direction and its centre
 Square: defined by the 4 coordinates points
 Polygon: defined by the tops coordinates
A vertical tolerances can be added to defined the target in 3D Or
it can be consider as a volume like a sphere or ellipsoid
Target Sizing & Direction
EOU at 2σ
Driller Target
Geological target @ 2σ
The first step of any plan to correct the azimuth of a well should always be
consulted with the Geology Department.
In well drilling execution, as soon as reservoir is identified by formation
evaluation log; the depth to be compromised between Drilling & GSR
(regardless of uncertainty)
Target sizing for an horizontal well
Geometrical landing constraint:
Landing inclination calculation:Inc = ArcSin [1 - (e . π . BUR)/5400]
Required target radius calculation:L = ∆ . tg(Inc)
∆ = vertical depth uncertainty of the top reservoir
Theoretical Reservoir Top Lowest Critical Drain Position

=> Near Reservoir base
=> Near WOC, etc...
Target Inc.
Survey Prgm Uncertainty
Drain
Driller’s Target
Geological Target
END OF
BASIC DD DESIGN & CALCULATION

2 - Basic DD Design & Calculation - Pdsi

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pdsi.pertamina.

3. Menggunakan SF (separation factor) minimum 1.5.

Reference depth = The origin of length measurements

Well Trajectory is the path from surface location to target

Inclination or drift = The angle of the well measured from vertical

Azimuth = The direction of the well

Measured Depth = The length of the hole

J well S well Double build well

Extended reach well

Re-entry well Sidetracks

Geographic or Polar coordinates

Horizontal Plane Projections

The Earth Topography

The referencing is achieved through a Geodetic Datum.

When coordinates are used to describe a position on the Earth

Equator West East

South (-) Greenwich meridian

The coordinates alone,

UTM Zones Designators

NO letters "I" and "O“

Bands "A" and "B" western and

Bands "Y" and "Z western and

UTM Transverse Projection every 6° of Longitude

pdsi.pertamina.com Zone 29 Zone 30 @pdsi.pertamina

Magnetic poles are moving constantly approximately 10 kilo-meters per year

International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network:

Most of the instruments used to determine the position of a well

North References – Courtesy of OGP

It is expressed as an angle oriented East or West

West Declination West Declination East Declination

It depends on the location of the well head (used as origin)

Mag N orth G ri d N ort h True N ort h

Az [GN] = Az [MN] + Declination - Convergence

Magnetic Declination and Grid Convergence correction examples

It can only be done knowing all the parameters of the subject:

The overall process:

WELL PLAN & SURVEY CALCULATION

Circumference = 2π Rc = πD = 360° ARC

Build Up Rate is the Arc of a circle divided

This now makes our BUR equation:

For Metric (unit length is usually 30m)

Hence Radius of Curvature (Rc ) for a known BUR:

Arc AB will be a fraction of the Circumference,

If we consider the Arc AD we know that:

We can find LITVD:

And the LIDisplacement

This gives a relationship among:

If we consider the Arc AD we know that:

We can find ∆TVD:

And the ∆Displacement

Consider the Arc DF we know that:

θ is the difference between the two inclinations so:

Well (optimum) inclination is a function of: Common Optimum

Hence Radius of Curvature (Rc ) for a known BUR:

V1 TVD of straight section/surface to KOP.

D1 Displacement at end of build up.

A. Errors due to the position of the tool while measuring

B. Errors due to the measuring equipment itself

C. Errors due to human factors

D. Errors due to the type of calculations

the confidence level to be

MWD ISCWSA Standard ± 4 x 20 m

High Accuracy Gyro ISCWSA ± 0.75 x 3.5 m