BASI

D
C IREC TIONAL
DRILLING

INTRODUCTION

pdsi.pertamina.co
m
RULES &
REFERENC
ES
 RULES & REFERENC ES
This course reflects some of the basics and based
on:
PDW  PERTAMINA DRILLING WAY

1.1.2 System Management (SM) HSSE

Point 2.b. Major Risk:

1. Well Control
2. Anti Collision
3. Well Integrity
4. Rig Stability

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 RULES &
REFERENC ES

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 RULES &
REFERENC ES

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
DD
HISTORY
 DEFINITION
•Along a predetermined:
Directional Drilling is the science of controlling or correcting a wellbore
trajectory,
To
• One or more underground targets
or locations,
At
• given horizontal displacements
(HD), and
•true vertical depths (TVD)
From the point of origin.

Directional Drilling involved:

• maintain well-bore
verticality (used to be),
• construct curves
(inclination builds and/or
drops), and
• maintain tangents all in a
specific direction.

The techniques have been

pdsi.pertamina.com compared to vertical wells @pdsi.pertamina
integral parts of the oil and gas
industry since the 1920s.

Main advantage of directional well:

significantly more production formation
is exposed to the well,
 HISTOR
InitiallyY
all wells were considered as vertical.

In 1920s the industry first aware wellbore deviated from vertical.

Subsurface geologists found an extreme difficulties to develop logical contour
maps correlation on the oil sands or other deep key beds.
Then bottom well locations were suspected.

Using acid bottle technique inclinometer*, followed by TOTCO

mechanical drift recorder; found almost all the holes were crooked,
having as much as 50° inclination (un-known direction).

Deviation tendencies were caused by formation dips, faults, bedding planes,

etc.,
acting on the drill bit causing the well path drift away from vertical.
Due to un-known direction deviation, well path “suspiciously” drifted to
lease border.

* Developed in late 1800s in South African diamond mines

• Glass bottle filled with acid was lowered into the borehole
• The acid would settle at an angle in the bottle lying parallel to the angle of
inclination.
pdsi.pertamina.com • After some time, the acid etched the glass, which allowed inclination @pdsi.pertamina
calculation
 HISTOR
Y
Among those leaseholders
possessing enabling control of well drift
technology,
some could not resist the temptation
to produce oil from an unaware
neighbor.

George Maas in 1912, used

acid-etch test tube in parallel with a compass needle
would lock into cooling gelatin
recording both inclination and direction.

A vacuum flask was used

to protect the gelatin from external heat in the
pdsi.pertamina.com
borehole. @pdsi.pertamina
 HISTOR
Y AND DIRECTION
INCLINATION
MEASUREMENT
1926, Sun Oil ordered Sperry Corporation
to use gyroscopic-based technology survey.
1929, H. John Eastman developed first magnetic single-shot and
multi-shot instruments.
Simple camera recorded the survey on photographic film.
As consequences:
• Intentionally deviating wells to precise bottom hole
locations;
• restricting vertical wells to at most a few degrees in
inclination; and
• limiting the resultant well-bore drift.

1st deviated wells were drilled in the late 1920s.

• Hardwood wedges were used, pushing the bit to one
side of the hole, and
pdsi.pertamina.com
• producing a deflection to direct the wells from vertical toward an@pdsi.pertamina
intended
direction.
 HISTOR
Y1930’s the first controlle d dire ctional we ll
was drilled in Huntington
Beach,California:
• drilled from an onshore location into
offshore oil sands
• using whipstocks*, knuckle joints and
spudding bits.
•Orientation using early single shot survey tool version.
Beginning 1932, directional wells were regularly drilled
along the beachfront.
1933,
In Signal Hill field development, several wells were drilled across the street
to tap a productive zone under the Sunnyside Cemetery.
*The orientation of directional tools, including whipstocks, was accomplished by using a visual
pdsi.pertamina.com
surface reference
and maintaining the tool facing while it was lowered into the hole. @pdsi.pertamina
Another method entailed running in a survey instrument so that it landed in a special mule-shoe
key designed to align it with the tool facing.
 HISTOR
Y Eastman, using whipstocks and surveying
1934, H. John
instruments, drill a directional relief well close
enough, killing the blowout** on the first attempt.

1960, O & G wells were kick-off with “jetting method”

1960, O & G wells were drilled directionally by:
Kick-off using mud motor followed by rotary
stabilized assembly; 3 main types are:
• holding inclination (locked/packed),
• building inclination (fulcrum ) and
• dropping inclination (pendulum).

** MadeleyNo.1 Well owned by Humble Oil Company of Conroe, Texas

After many months and attempts to bring the fire under control, other nearby rigs had to b e
closed down and the entire field was threatened.
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 HISTOR
Jetting Technique developed in the mid-1950s. Valid and inexpensive
Y in: soft formations & anti collision matter
deviation method

1958,
First down-hole drilling mud motors were designed and manufactured by
Dyna-Drill
Based on positive cavity pump principle invented by
French inventor René Moineau.

1980s Steerable mud motor in combine with MWD

In 1990s
RSS
Develop
ment

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 HISTORY Survey
YEARS Tools Tool INCL DIR RECORD ON
1912 Acid-etch Test Tube Yes No Chemical tube

-
1920
By George Maas
Inclinometer - Yes No Celluloid Film
TOTCO 1926 Gyroscopic Yes Yes Celluloid Film
Sun ordered Sperry
1929 Yes Yes Celluloid Film
Magnetic/Compass
single &
multi – shot By H. Yes Yes Surface Read out
John Eastman - cable
1969 gyro
1970s Free Magnetic-
– Rate Gyro Yes Yes Electronic
steering
1980 MWD tools Yes
initial by Yes Surface Read
The Analyst / Schlumberger out
followed by others competitors –
mud
pulse

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
In 1980s
MWD -LWD
Development
 HISTO
RY

Courtesy: IADC Drilling Manual Copyright © 2015

Well Directional Information Data Acquisition method revolution when MWD was invented in 1980s.

The down-hole information was transmitted to the surface using mud-pulse.

LWD, With advancement of IT information most of formation data acquisitions
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
can also been sent to the surface real time.
 APPLIC ATIO
• drilling to difficult-to-access locations and at river crossings

Side
N:•• drilling relief wells, sidetracking,
drilling multiple wells from one surface location
tracking
• multilaterals (multiple wells from main wellbore)
• drilling with wellbores having inclinations up to and exceeding 90°.

High-inclination (horizontal) wells (80° incl)

are considered and have significantly augmented production
Inaccessible locations by increasing reservoir exposure if compared to the low-angle well.
Extended-reach (ER) wells
push the horizontal limits of directional drilling even further.

High press Fault controlling

Salt Multiple exploration
dome Onshore drilling

Multiple sands
Horizontal wells
Intercepting a high pressure zone
Offshore multiwell

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 DIREC TIONAL DRILLING
APPLIC ATIONS

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 Directional drilling applications

Become!!

pdsi.pertamina. com @pdsi.pertamina

 EOR (ENHANC ED OIL
REC OVERY) STEAM FLOOD EOR (ENHANC ED OIL
INJEC TION REC OVERY)
Steam-Assisted Gravity Side track from existing
well To utilize slot in the
Drainage platform
Slot rec overy

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
 END OF
BASIC DIREC TIONAL
DRILLING

pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina