1 - Basic Directional Drilling - Pdsi

BASIC
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
INTRODUCTION
pdsi.pertamina.com
RULES &
REFERENCES
RULES & REFERENCES
This course reflects some of the basics and based on:
PDW  PERTAMINA DRILLING WAY
1.1.2 System Management (SM) HSSE
Point 2.b. Major Risk:

1. Well Control
2. Anti Collision
3. Well Integrity
4. Rig Stability
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
RULES & REFERENCES
RULES & REFERENCES
DD HISTORY
DEFINITION:
Directional Drilling is the science of controlling or correcting a wellbore
• Along a predetermined trajectory,
To
• One or more underground targets or locations,
At
• given horizontal displacements (HD), and
• true vertical depths (TVD)
From the point of origin.
Directional Drilling involved:

•maintain well-bore verticality (used to be),
•construct curves (inclination builds and/or drops), and
•maintain tangents all in a specific direction.
The techniques have been

integral parts of the oil and gas industry since the 1920s.
Main advantage of directional well:

significantly more production formation
is exposed to the well,
pdsi.pertamina.com compared to vertical wells @pdsi.pertamina
HISTORY
Initially all wells were considered as vertical.
In 1920s the industry first aware wellbore deviated from vertical.

Subsurface geologists found an extreme difficulties to develop logical contour
maps correlation on the oil sands or other deep key beds.
Then bottom well locations were suspected.
Using acid bottle technique inclinometer*, followed by TOTCO mechanical

drift recorder; found almost all the holes were crooked, having as much as
50° inclination (un-known direction).
Deviation tendencies were caused by formation dips, faults, bedding planes,

etc.,
acting on the drill bit causing the well path drift away from vertical.
Due to un-known direction deviation, well path “suspiciously” drifted to
lease border.
*Developed in late 1800s in South African diamond mines

• Glass bottle filled with acid was lowered into the borehole
• The acid would settle at an angle in the bottle lying parallel to the angle of
inclination.
pdsi.pertamina.com • After some time, the acid etched the glass, which allowed inclination calculation @pdsi.pertamina
HISTORY
Among those leaseholders
possessing enabling control of well drift
technology,
some could not resist the temptation
to produce oil from an unaware neighbor.
George Maas in 1912, used

acid-etch test tube in parallel with a compass needle
would lock into cooling gelatin
recording both inclination and direction.
A vacuum flask was used

to protect the gelatin from external heat in the
borehole.
HISTORY
INCLINATION AND DIRECTION
MEASUREMENT
1926, Sun Oil ordered Sperry Corporation
to use gyroscopic-based technology survey.
1929, H. John Eastman developed first magnetic single-shot and
multi-shot instruments.
Simple camera recorded the survey on photographic film.
As consequences:
•Intentionally deviating wells to precise bottom hole locations;
•restricting vertical wells to at most a few degrees in inclination; and
•limiting the resultant well-bore drift.
1st deviated wells were drilled in the late 1920s.

•Hardwood wedges were used, pushing the bit to one side of the hole, and
•producing a deflection to direct the wells from vertical toward an intended
direction.
HISTORY
1930’s the first controlled directional well
was drilled in Huntington Beach,California:
• drilled from an onshore location into offshore oil sands
• using whipstocks*, knuckle joints and spudding bits.
• Orientation using early single shot survey tool version.
Beginning 1932, directional wells were regularly drilled
along the beachfront.
1933,
In Signal Hill field development, several wells were drilled across the street
to tap a productive zone under the Sunnyside Cemetery.
*The orientation of directional tools, including whipstocks, was accomplished by using a visual
surface reference and maintaining the tool facing while it was lowered into the hole.
Another method entailed running in a survey instrument so that it landed in a special mule-shoe
key designed to align it with the tool facing.
HISTORY
1934, H. John Eastman, using whipstocks and surveying
instruments, drill a directional relief well close enough,
killing the blowout** on the first attempt.
1960, O&G wells were kick-off with “jetting method”

1960, O&G wells were drilled directionally by:
Kick-off using mud motor followed by rotary
stabilized assembly; 3 main types are:
• holding inclination (locked/packed),
• building inclination (fulcrum) and
• dropping inclination (pendulum).
**Madeley No.1 Well owned by Humble Oil Company of Conroe, Texas

After many months and attempts to bring the fire under control, other nearby rigs had to be
closed down and the entire field was threatened.
HISTORY
Jetting Technique developed in the mid-1950s. Valid and inexpensive
deviation method in: soft formations & anti collision matter
1958,
First down-hole drilling mud motors were designed and manufactured by
Dyna-Drill
Based on positive cavity pump principle invented by
French inventor René Moineau.
1980s Steerable mud motor in combine with MWD

In 1990s
RSS
Development
HISTORY - Survey Tool
YEARS Tools INCL DIR RECORD ON
1912 Acid-etch Test Tube Yes No Chemical tube
By George Maas
1920 Inclinometer - TOTCO Yes No Celluloid Film
1926 Gyroscopic Yes Yes Celluloid Film
Sun ordered Sperry
1929 Magnetic/Compass Yes Yes Celluloid Film
single & multi – shot
By H. John Eastman
1969 Magnetic-steering tools Yes Yes Surface Read out
- cable
1970s Free gyro – Rate Gyro Yes Yes Electronic
1980 MWD Yes Yes Surface Read out
initial by – mud pulse
The Analyst / Schlumberger
followed by others competitors In 1980s
MWD -LWD
Development
HISTORY
Courtesy: IADC Drilling Manual Copyright © 2015

Well Directional Information Data Acquisition method revolution when MWD was invented in 1980s.
The down-hole information was transmitted to the surface using mud-pulse.

LWD, With advancement of IT information most of formation data acquisitions
can also been sent to the surface real time.
APPLICATION:
• drilling to difficult-to-access locations and at river crossings
• drilling relief wells, sidetracking,
Side
tracking
• drilling multiple wells from one surface location
• multilaterals (multiple wells from main wellbore)
• drilling with wellbores having inclinations up to and exceeding 90°.
High-inclination (horizontal) wells (80° incl)

are considered and have significantly augmented production
Inaccessible locations by increasing reservoir exposure if compared to the low-angle well.
Extended-reach (ER) wells
push the horizontal limits of directional drilling even further.
High press Fault controlling

Salt Multiple exploration
dome Onshore drilling
Multiple sands
Horizontal wells
Intercepting a high pressure zone
Offshore multiwell
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING APPLICATIONS
Directional drilling applications
Become!!
EOR (ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY)
STEAM FLOOD INJECTION EOR (ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY)
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Side track from existing well
To utilize slot in the platform
Slot recovery
END OF
BASIC DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

1 - Basic Directional Drilling - Pdsi

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BASIC

PDW  PERTAMINA DRILLING WAY

1.1.2 System Management (SM) HSSE

Point 2.b. Major Risk:

Directional Drilling involved:

The techniques have been

Main advantage of directional well:

In 1920s the industry first aware wellbore deviated from vertical.

Using acid bottle technique inclinometer*, followed by TOTCO mechanical

Deviation tendencies were caused by formation dips, faults, bedding planes,

*Developed in late 1800s in South African diamond mines

George Maas in 1912, used

A vacuum flask was used

1st deviated wells were drilled in the late 1920s.

1960, O&G wells were kick-off with “jetting method”

**Madeley No.1 Well owned by Humble Oil Company of Conroe, Texas

1980s Steerable mud motor in combine with MWD

Courtesy: IADC Drilling Manual Copyright © 2015

The down-hole information was transmitted to the surface using mud-pulse.

High-inclination (horizontal) wells (80° incl)

High press Fault controlling

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