Fernandez, Katherine A.

Homework 2
#2Grade 11 - STEM Technical Drawing

Elements of Design

SHAPE - We acquire a shape when a line encloses a region or when additional components are
put together. A shape can be either organic or geometric. The organic shapes are related to the
natural world, while the geometric ones are exact.

FORM - Form describes the feature that dominates your design's space in a favorable way. It
generates a 3D effect when combined with space. The use of shadows, color, and layered designs
can create a 3D illusion.

COLOR - Any of the other aspects can use color to add individuality and a distinct sense to your
piece. Color may definitely stand alone on its own, in addition to being a significant complement
to the other components of design.

LINE - One of the fundamental components of a point-based design is the line. It joins any two
dots in a pattern and, depending on their texture, direction, appearance, and weight, can inspire a
range of moods.

TEXTURE - A surface's look and quality, which imply its composition, are referred to as its
texture. It gives the pieces in your design a sense of realism and aesthetic value, and it can even
give them a 3D impression.

TYPOGRAPHY - It serves as both the real messenger and the mood-maker for your message. By
directing the reader's attention in a design, it establishes a visual hierarchy.

SPACE - The empty space surrounding a shape is known as space, negative space, or white space.
It is beneficial to draw attention to the key components of your design, make it easier to
understand, and make it visually appealing without going crazy.

LESSON 1: Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction

DISASTER
• disaster is a sudden event that causes great harm to people and destruction of property
• the serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental
losses, which exceed the ability of the affected communities to cope using their own resources.
• It occurs when the negative effects of the hazards are not well managed.

DISASTER IN ONE PARAGRAPH

• a "sudden or great misfortune" or simply "any unfortunate event." More precisely, a disaster is "an event
whose timing is unexpected and whose consequences are seriously
destructive."
• event that includes 4 elements: Suddenness. Unexpectedness, significant destruction and/or
adverse consequences, lack of foresight or planning

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT (DRM)

• Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies
• The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from
disasters.
• Annotation: Disaster management may not completely avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on creating
and implementing preparedness and other plans to decrease the impact of disasters and “build back
better”. Failure to create and apply a plan could lead to damage to life, assets and lost revenue.
• emphasize its objectives in order to avoid, reduce or transfer the adverse impacts of disaster hazards on
people, property and the environment through its activities and proactive measures
• It is the systematic process of using standard directives and operational skills as well as capacities in
implement strategies, policies and improved coping mechanism capacities in order to lessen the
adversative impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.
• Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new
disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the strengthening of
resilience and reduction of disaster losses.
• Annotation: Disaster risk management actions can be distinguished between prospective disaster risk
management, corrective disaster risk management and compensatory disaster risk management, also
called residual risk management.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE DRRM?

• prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the
strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses.
DRR ACTIONS PROSPECTIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
• activities address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks. They focus on
addressing disaster risks that may develop in future if disaster risk reduction policies are not put in place.
• e.g. better land-use planning disaster-resistant water supply systems.

DRR ACTIONS CORRECTIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

• activities address and seek to remove or reduce disaster risks which are already present and which need to
be managed and reduced now.
• e.g. the retrofitting of critical infrastructure or the relocation of exposed populations or assets.

DRR ACTIONS COMPENSATORY DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

• activities strengthen the social and economic resilience of individuals and societies in the face of residual
risk that cannot be effectively reduced.
Include:
1. preparedness,
2. response and
3. recovery activities,
4. mix of different financing instruments, (national contingency funds, contingent credit, insurance and
reinsurance and social safety nets.)

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)

• is the preparation and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize
vulnerabilities and hence disaster risk throughout society.
• It conceptualizes standard and innovative best practices of reducing disaster risks through systematic and
organized efforts.
• Also, it evaluates and manages the underlying factors of disasters, including through reduced contact to
hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, efficient and effective management of land and
the environment, and enhanced preparedness for adverse events.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the implementation of policies and procedures that lower the
likelihood that you will be harmed by a disastrous event.; disaster risk reduction assesses the causes,
Whereas

• Disaster Risk Management (DRM) goes further; it focuses on implementing disaster risk reduction
programs. It prescribes the actions and describes the activities needed to lower disaster risk.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• The policy objective of anticipating and reducing risk is called disaster risk reduction (DRR). Although
often used interchangeably with DRR, disaster risk management (DRM) can be thought of as the
implementation of DRR, since it describes the actions that aim to achieve the objective of reducing risk.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT
1. Better preparedness: Comprehensive planning helps communities and organizations identify potential
hazards and assess their vulnerability, allowing them to take steps to reduce the impact of disasters.
2. it helps individuals, communities, and organizations understand the potential hazards and risks associated
with natural and human-made disasters, and take steps to reduce or manage those risks. (This can include
measures such as emergency planning, hazard mapping, and infrastructure improvements. ) Additionally,
disaster risk reduction and management can help to promote sustainable development by reducing the
likelihood of disasters and the associated costs.
3. It can help create awareness about disaster risk (people can be better prepared for potential disasters, and
may be able to reduce the impact of those disasters on their lives and communities.
4. disaster risk reduction and management can help to promote sustainable development by reducing the
likelihood of disasters and the associated costs.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for, preparing and responding to disasters and
refers to the management of the consequences of disasters and includes all the pre and post disaster
interventions.

MAIN OBJECTIVE OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT

• aims to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks and to contribute to strengthening resilience.
• Disaster risk reduction (DRR) protects the lives and livelihoods of communities and individuals who are
most vulnerable to disasters or emergencies. Whether the crisis is caused by nature or humans (or a
combination of both), DRR limits its negative impact on those who stand to lose the most.

WHY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS EVERYONE’S BUSINESS

• In order for development activities to be sustainable they must also reduce disaster risk. On the other hand,
unsound development policies will increase disaster risk - and disaster losses.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR STUDENTS TO LEARN ABOUT DISASTER MANAGEMENT?

• Education for disaster preparedness can provide life saving and life-sustaining information and skills that
protect in particular children and young people during and after emergencies.
 LESSON 2: Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction

EMERGENCY
• A serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action.
• It is an emergency if waiting to get care could be dangerous to your life or a part of your body.
• A bad injury or a sudden serious illness can be an emergency. Severe pain and active labor pains (for
pregnant women) are also emergencies.
• An emergency is an URGENT, UNEXPECTED, and usually DANGEROUS situation that poses an
immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment and requires immediate action.
• Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation.
• In some situations, MITIGATION may not be possible; and responders may only be able to offer palliative
care for the inevitable aftermath.
• The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.

ACCIDENT
• An accident is a physical happening.
• There was a bad car accident on the highway.
INCIDENT
• An incident is a situational happening.
• We had a huge disagreement with our customer. The boss said he will handle this incident.

An incident or event, TO BE AN EMERGENCY, conform to one or more of the following, if it:

➢ Poses an immediate threat to life, health, property, or environment;
➢ Has a high probability of escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property, or
environment.
➢ Has already caused loss of life, health detriments, property damage, or environmental damage;

STATE OF EMERGENCY
• In the event of a major incident, such as civil unrest or a major disaster, many governments maintain the
right to declare a state of emergency.
• A declaration of a state of emergency gives governments extensive powers over the daily lives of their
citizens, and may include temporary curtailment on certain civil rights, including the right to trial.
• For instance, to discourage looting of an evacuated area, a shoot on sight policy, however unlikely to occur,
may be publicized.
CRISIS
• Wikipedia says that crisis is any event or period that will lead, or may lead, to an unstable and dangerous
situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society.
• Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affairs, especially when they occur abruptly,
with little or no warning. More loosely, a crisis is a testing time or an emergency.
• Crisis is an “an emergency situation” arising out of natural or human activity which poses a threat to
human life, property, or a business organization and which may lead to a large-scale disruption of normal
life.

CATEGORIES OF CRISIS
➢ PERSONAL CRISIS
• if an event or situation causes the disruption or breakdown in a person’s or family’s normal or usual pattern
of function it could be considered a personal crisis.

➢ ORGANIZATION CRISIS
• Crisis is part and parcel of all organizations’ business risks be they in the private or public sector.
• In Crisis Management, the serious threat a crisis brings is the potential damage it can inflict on an
organization, its stakeholders, and an industry.
• Crisis is part and parcel of all organizations’ business risks be they in the private or public sector.
• An organizational crisis is a low- probability, high-impact event that threatens the organisation's
survival.
• It is characterized by ambiguity of cause, effect and means of resolution, as well as by a belief that
decisions must be made swiftly.

➢ GLOBAL CRISIS
• Events such as war, economic decline, pandemic, extreme natural events that affect all countries in their
economic, social, cultural, political spheres...
And many other issues:
• Food Insecurity
• Refugees
• Climate Change
• Child Marriage/Gender Discrimination
• Child Labour and Trafficking.
• Child abuse.
• COVID-19.
• Global Economic / Financial crisis
DISASTER
• According to World Health Organization (WHO) “A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that
cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a
scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community
or area.”
• According to The United Nations Disaster Management Training Program (UNDMP) “A disaster
is a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources.”
• According to American Red Cross “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either natural or manmade
that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without
assistance.”
• A DISASTER is a sudden, calamitous* event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or
society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or
society's ability to cope using its own resources.
• Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.
• *catastrophic or disastrous.
• A serious disruption of the functioning of a community, or society causing widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected business,
community or society to cope using its own resources.
• Disaster a sudden or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life.
• A disaster causes serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.

AFTERMATH (July 27, 2022 ; Magnitude 7.3 earthquake ; Northern Philippines)

• Immediate normalcy is one of the most important mandate of the proposed DDR. It shall be a highly
specialized agency that will be tasked with ensuring adaptive, disaster-resilient and safe communities.
• The measure establishes the National Disaster Operations Center and Alternative Command and
Control Centers to monitor, manage and respond to disasters. There will also be a Disaster
Resilience Research and Training Institute which will offer training and collect, manage, and
share information to improve the country’s resilience.
• Senator Bong Go on Thursday, July 28, renewed his call for the creation of the Department of Disaster
Resilience (DDR) to ensure quick response and more pro active and holistic approach to preparing for
calamities and other natural disasters.
• Once established, we will have a Cabinet secretary-level department whose primary tasks are not limited to
extending immediate assistance but also making sure the rapid recovery and rehabilitation of affected
communities, said Go.