Pichaya Kumarnsit

Materials Characterization Homework No.2

Asst. Prof. Dr. Kittichai Sojiphan

Homework 2
RVIE Materials Characterization Course

Due in Class 08/09/2023

Problem 1 : From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)-1/2 for a 70 Cu-30 Zn cartridge brass,
determine values for the constant 0 and ky using Hall-Petch Equation. Also predict the yield strength of
this alloy when the average grain diameter is 2.0 × 10-3 mm.

fromHall Mtch
50 ๔อ ky21 N
175 6g
ky1121 H
at d 0 Gy 25
12.5A Determine 5yatd 2 อ า มา
25 ะ 0 Ky12 rsky
N that has beeni colddworked and one15mm
Problem 2 : Briefly cite the differences between the recovery and recrystallization processes. Also
anktitute grain structure forin
Rit inMPa1mm
ky
explain the differences a metal that has been
cold worked and then recrystallized.
from Hall Petlh'S gives
50 ะ Go 1125 12
Gy 2TMอา 12.5Mtam 15mW
Go 25 MPa Am ะ 212.5 MPa
i Gy AM
 very some of
Rea ะ stress is relived withinthe materialas dislocations

mare aroundanddisappear However thereare no significantchanges in

thegrainarrangementandmainanieal iharaeteristi

Recrystallization A new set of small strainfreegrainsformy and

the material beames softerand more ductile

1 Cold.workedmetal After undergoingcoldworking themeta s originalgrain

structurebecomesstretchedand distorted f aแommedatcthedefamation

Consequentlythemetalbecome harder but lessductile

2 ะ recrystallisationtriggersthe formation ofnewgrain

thataresmallerand more uniformly shapedcompared to theoriginalgrains

 Materials Characterization Homework No.2
Asst. Prof. Dr. Kittichai Sojiphan

Problem 3 : Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid
composition in Figure below, specify the nature of the final microstructure of a small specimen that has
been subjected to the following time-temperature treatments. In each case assume that the specimen
begins at 760oC and that it has been held at this temperature long enough to have achieved a complete
and homogenous austenitic structure.

(a) Cool rapidly to 350oC, hold for 103 s, then quench to room temperature.

(b) Rapidly cool to 625oC, hold for 10 s, then quench to room temperature.

(c) Rapidly cool to 600oC, hold for 4 s, rapidly cool to 450oC, hold for 10 s, then quench to room
temperature.

a เออitofAustenite transformed
to เออ bainite
transformed to50
เb 50 ofAustenite
pearlite andthan another50
transformed to Martensite

transformedto 50k
H5อ ofAmtenite
pearlite thenanother50 Austenite
transform
ta 25 Bainite 25 Martensite

Problem 4 : Name the microstructural products of 4340 alloy steel specimens that are first completely
transformed to austenite, then cooled to room temperature at the following rates:

(a) 0.005oC/s F P Ans

(b) 0.05oC/s
M B P FAM
(c) 0.5oC/s
M Bt F Ans
(d) 5oC/s
Mt B Ans
 Materials Characterization Homework No.2
Asst. Prof. Dr. Kittichai Sojiphan

Problem 5 : Briefly explain why the hardness of tempered martensite diminishes with tempering time
(at constant temperature) and with increasing temperature (at constant tempering time).

Problem 6 : Describe in your own words the three strengthening mechanisms discussed in this chapter
(i.e., grain size reduction, solid-solution strengthening, and strain hardening). Explain how dislocations
are involved in each of the strengthening techniques.

Problem 7 : What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack
having a radius of curvature of 1.9 x 10–4 mm (7.5 x 10–6 in.) and a crack length of 3.8 x 10–2 mm (1.5 x

10–3 in.) when a tensile stress of 140 MPa (20,000 psi) is applied?
 1 Tempering Time lat constanttemperatureเ ะ Longer tempering times
allow for morerecovery andrecrystallization whichresult in larger

mereregulargrainsize This reduces the hardness as the

material becomes less strained andmoreductile

2 Increasing temperature lat constanttemperingtime Higher

temperatures duringtempering Cause more diffusion of

carbon within the mavtenaite leading f a decreaseirhavdnep
Thecarbon diffuses out of the martensitestructure forming carbide
which are softer and reduce thematerials overall hardness

GrainsizeraduHim ะ 9mn11ย grains mean movegrain boundaries

where dislocation getstuck makingthe material stronger

2 Solid SolutionStrengthening Foreign atoms disruptthe crystal latliee CE.r.eeamp1eCavbonatom

harderingdisloiation movement andincreasingmaterialstrength

3 StrainHardening i Deformation creates a tangleofdislocations

thatoesistfuvthardefamation makingthematerialstranger
 from
given = 140 MPa
A = 3.8×102mm = 3.8×า M

f = 1.9×1 4mm = 19×1 m

×|3.8แ 1m
substitute 6m = 2 140 MPa
1.9 า0 m

i. 6m = 24.4 MPa Aก5

 Materials Characterization Homework No.2
Asst. Prof. Dr. Kittichai Sojiphan

Problem 8 : A large plate is fabricated from a steel alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of
82.4 MPa√𝑚 (75.0 ksi√𝑖𝑛.). If the plate is exposed to a tensile stress of 345 MPa (50,000 psi) during
service use, determine the minimum length of a surface crack that will lead to fracture. Assume a value
of 1.0 for Y.

from a m i d 18.15mmAn

Problem 9 : Cite two reasons why martensite is so hard and brittle.

1 RapidCooling atomhavenotimeforarrangementinto amoreorderedandlessdensestructure

2 Highinternalstress becauseofvapidtransformation moredislocationswhichcreatestressandbri

Alene

Problem 10 : Is it possible to produce an iron–carbon alloy of eutectoid composition that has a minimum
hardness of 200 HB and a minimum ductility of 25%RA? If so, describe the continuous-cooling heat
treatment to which the alloy would be subjected to achieve these properties. If it is not possible, explain
why.
Microstructure HB A Possibility

i
notpossible ductilitylowevthan25
260 22
Finepearlite Possible An
µµµµ µ HBLowerthan2ออ
Spheroiditc n 180 µg notpossiblei

อ
Heispossible to pnduaanivonueavbon alley oftheeutectoidcomposition
i Conrsepaarl