Literature

● Latin word “Litera” meaning acquaintance with letters.

● Written artworks, especially those with high and lasting artistic value.

Canon
● A collection or list of sacred books accepted as genuine.
● The works of a particular author or artist that are recognized as genuine.

Canonical Literature
● It refers to works divided into different categories representing different periods, authors,
geographical locations, and cultural influences.

Canonical Authors
● Highly esteemed and well-respected writers whose published works have contributed
greatly to the field of literature.

Historical Periods
● Spanish occupation/conquest
● Japanese occupation
● World War II
● American Period

National Artist Award

● Represents the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have made distinct
contributions in the field of arts and letters.
● Executive Order No. 435, s. 2005 amended Section 5 (IV) of EO 236
● Conferred by means of a Presidential Proclamation

Canonical Authors
Carlos Quirino
● Maps and Views of Old Manila / The Great Malayan
Ramon Muzones
● Si Tamblot Kandidato Man / Ang Bag-ong Maria Clara / Dama de Noche
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales (NVM)
● Born on September 8, 1915 in Romblon
● The Bread of Salt
Edith Tiempo
● Poet, fiction writer, teacher, and literary critic was a Filipino writer in the English
language.
● Born in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
● The Little Mormoset and Bonsai
Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin
● Quijano de Manila
● The Woman who had Two Navels
Alejandro Roces
● The champion of Filipino culture as he was instrumental in popularizing local fiestas like
the Moriones and Ati atihan
● My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken
Francisco Arcellana
● He is an important progenitor/originator of the modern Filipino short story in English
● The Mats
Jose Garcia Villa
● He is considered one of the finest contemporary poets.
● Footnote to Youth
Virgilio S. Almario
● He revived and reinverted traditional poetic forms.
● The Turtle and Monkey
Manuel Arguilla
● He secretly organized a guerilla intelligence unit against the Japanese
● How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife

Other writers
José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
● Born on June 19,1861 in Calamba,Laguna
● Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
Aurelio Tolentino
● A revolutionary playwright, poet and journalist
● Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
Lualhati Torres Bautista
● Known for historical fiction and feminism novels
● Dekada ‘70 and Bata, Bata Pano ka Ginawa?
Juan Chrisostomo Soto
● Father of Pampanga Literature
● Alang Dios
Zoilo Galang
● Novels, Philippine legends and folk tales, essays, short stories, encyclopedias
● A Child of Sorrow (1921)
Richardo De Ungria
● He graduated with a BA Literature, cum laude, degree from the De La Salle University
● Walking Ice
Ernesto Lariosa
● Bachelor's degrees in law and in education major in English and history
● 2003 Gawad Pambansang Alagad in Balagtas for poetry and story from the Unyon ng
mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas, anɗ National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Miss Phathupats
Setting
● Set During American Occupation in Pampanga
Characters
Yeyeng
● Kapampangan lady
● Born in a poor family
● Sells Kakanin to earn a living
American Soldier
● Encouraged Yeyeng to study English.
● A regular customer of Yeyeng
Group of Readers
● They read the Kapampangan news paper during fiesta
● Judged Yeyeng according to her looks
Plot Summary
● Yeyeng known as Miss Phatuphats was a pure Kapampangan full of accessories,
cosmetics on her face
● Yeyeng is selling kakanin especially at the gambling house
● Yeyeng met an American, the American is a regular
customer of Yeyeng, but they don’t understand each
other because she speaks Kapampangan and doesn’t
understand the English language.
● The American approached yeyeng to come with him to study English language
● after 8 months of learning, she is now very good in English language and she suddenly
forgot Kapampangan
● An occasion she attended at bayang X, she uttered that she never know how to speak
in Kapampangan anymore
● All of the crowds judged her and everyone laughed at her
● Yeyeng cried and when she wiped her tears the realcolor of her skin was revealed

Literary Contexts
Writer’s Context
● Involves knowing about a writer's life, values, assumption, gender, race, sexual
orientation, and political and economic issues related to the author.
Reader’s Context
● Involves the reader’s previous reading experience, values, assumptions, political and
economic issues.
Text’s Context
● Involves the work’s publishing history
Social Context and Socio-cultural
● Feature the society in which the characters live
Literary Criticism - analysis of a literary text through various lenses
Independent Critique - a critical evaluation of the item under consideration

How to critique a literary work?

● Describe the writer’s purpose/intent
● Interpret the significance of each part
● Analyze the text structure and language
● Assess/judge the work’s value or worth

Approaches in Independent Critique

● Structuralism/Formalism
● Sociological/Marxist Criticism
● Moralism
● Gender Criticism
● Biographical Criticism
● Reader-Response
● Historical Criticism