Literature Survey

1. TITLE – A STUDY ON OPTIMISATION OF THE INTEGRATED MODE OF TRANSPORT USING

AN INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND
POLLUTION

2. Synopsis –
Intelligent transportation is the confluence of advanced technologies of communication, sensing,
computation, and control mechanisms in transportation systems to improve coordination, safety, and
facilities in traffic management with real-time information sharing. With the improvement of
infrastructure and correct installation of ITS system we can improve multimodal transport network,
traffic pollution and carbon emission. But many hardships and challenges can be faced while applying it
in developing countries since the system is comparatively new.

3. Scope of Study:
By Integrated transport system we refer to a multi-
modal transport system where different modes of
transport are efficiently linked with each other while an
Intelligent Transportation System is one which, in
general, is an application which will make the passenger
better informed, safer, more coordinated and smarter
while using public transportation networks. ITS is an
integrated system that implements a broad range of
communication, control, vehicle sensing and electronics
technologies to help in monitoring and managing traffic
flow, reducing congestion, providing optimum routes to
travellers, enhancing productivity of the system, and
saving lives, time and money. For the past several years
the growth rate of vehicles has increased
rapidly, which results in several problems like traffic
congestions, increased rate of carbon emission,
increased rate of fuel consumption etc.
ITS technology makes it possible to: • Use a navigation
system to find the best route based on real-time
conditions. • Alert drivers of potentially hazardous
situations in time to avoid crashes. • Be guided to an
empty parking space by a smart sign. • Ride
a bus that turns traffic lights green on approach. • Detect
and respond promptly
to a traffic incidents. • Reroute traffic in response to
road conditions or weather emergencies. • Give
travellers real-time traffic and weather reports. • Allow
drivers to manage their fuel consumption. • Adjust
speed limits and signal timing based on real-world
conditions. • Improve freight tracking, inspection,
safety and efficiency. • Make public transportation more
convenient and reliable. • Monitor the structural
integrity of bridges and other infrastructure.
The best example I can quote is having a metro station
in Airport. Metro helps an airlines passenger to travel
seamlessly. After flying to her destination, if the
passenger uses a bus to go to the office, then it is an
Integrated Transportation Network, which has
integrated Train, Bus and Flight.
Again, the components in the Integrated Transport
System may be using Intelligent Transport Systems. For
example, an SMS may be fired by the Airlines,
reminding me my boarding time. At Metro Station I
may find the arrival time of my train on a display board
taking the feedback from the Metro train itself and
updated real time. The Bus I board may be fitted with
GPS and it may even show me how congested or how
traffic free is the road and may even display the
estimated time to reach my destination in real time.
So Intelligent Transportation System is the application
pertains to one Transport System where as Integrated
Transportation System is the multi modal transport.
4. Objective of Study:
This study is basically for finding the best possible
approach to combine both these system for seamless
movement of public and freight from origin to
destination and also to improve the different modes of
transport network through smarter and most efficient
way. Our main focus area is - How in recent years
research and development have been made in
introducing new technologies like IoT, Machine
Learning, Deep Learning, Data Analytics, computing
hardware’s and building smarter infrastructure with
CCTV, radar, wireless sensors networks, to do away
with the everyday problem of heavy traffic congestion,
poor connectivity and lack of information-based system
which will facilitate both public and vehicle to travel
timely and safely.
5. National Status of the problem –
1.Bhupendra Singh; Ankit Gupta (April 2015):
This study was carried out to get to know the recent
trends in Intelligent Transportation Systems. The study
of the ITS has been sub-divided in four main branches
based of their implementation in different aspects of
transportation management i.e., ATIS, APTMS, ATMS
and EMC.
Advanced Traveller Information System (ATIS)
implements a wide range of technologies, such as
internet, telephones, cellular phones, television, radio,
etc. to assist travellers and drivers in making informed
decisions regarding trip departures, optimum routes,
and available modes of travel. ATIS provides the
drivers both en route and pre-trip information which is
advantageous in many ways. Pre-trip information
availability enhances the self-belief of the drivers to use
freeways and allows commuters to make better-
informed transit choices
Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is
used by traffic police department and traffic regulation
authorities as a tool to manage and control traffic by
monitoring the flow of traffic and making appropriate
decisions in a timely manner. Traffic management
systems optimize the movement of vehicles, by using
real-time information to intervene and adjust controls
such as traffic signals to improve traffic flow.
Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) is
concerned with increasing operational efficiency of all
public transportation modes and increasing ridership by
making the transportation system more reliable. With
the help of APTS the way public transportation systems
operate is transformed, and the nature of the
transportation services that can be offered by public
transportation systems is changed.
Emergency Management System (EMS) is the newest
research field in intelligent transportation system. EMS
is mainly concerned with the application of different
intelligent transportation system technologies to
develop a transport system which can provide help in
the emergency conditions. EMS can provide great help
in reducing the fatality rate in the accidents.
Most of the ITS studies have been based in the
developed countries. In developing countries still much
work is needed in this field to solve the emerging traffic
related problems. Most of the ITS systems have been
developed on the GIS or WWW platforms. Both the
platforms have their own advantages. While GIS
platform provides very powerful spatial analysis
techniques whereas WWW platform prove to be very
useful in providing real time information. Some
developed systems used integration of both GIS as well
as WWW platforms which makes it possible to use the
advantages of both the platforms. Most of the developed
systems are based in the urban areas. There is a great
scope of work to be done in rural areas. The GPS is very
useful in all the ITS systems. GPS data is 50% more
efficient in terms of manpower. It was found in the
literature that with the use of ATMS technology the
travel time was reduced around 1.9% - 29.0% and
average stop speed reduced around 14.8% - 55.9%.
With the use of EMS the responding speed applied to
system is increased around 50% and the total time
needed to handle the emergency event was decreased
around 40% than the other traditional method. In the
development of ITS, integration of the different modes
of transportation is very necessary. Hence, the work
should be done in this field. In ITS real time information
is a very important factor. GPS is one technology which
can help in this direction so the work needed to be done
towards making GPS more accurate and economical. In
all the developing countries Bhupendra Singh, Ankit
Gupta (2015). Journal of Transport Literature, 9(2), 30-
34, Apr. ITPS, Manaus, Brazil. ISSN 2238-1031. 34
mixed traffic conditions prevail, so in the development
of the ITS mixed traffic conditions should also be
considered in order to make it applicable in developing
countries also. In implementation of the ITS especially
in developing countries its installation and operating
cost are very big factors. Hence, the work should be
done in the direction to make the ITS more economical.
New emerging technologies like Zigbee and RFID can
be helpful in this direction. The reach of ITS till now is
limited to few persons so the work should be done in
order to make it more accessible and user friendly. The
use of mobile phones can be really helpful in this
direction as mobile phones are most commonly used
electronic gadget all over the world.
2.H. Varun Chand, J. Karthikeyan (September
2018):
This study is based on the survey on the role of IoT in
Intelligent Transportations Systems. The traffic system
will be benefited if ITS can be integrated with Internet
of Things. In the future applications, IoT will play
crucial role in the case of normal operation of ITS. The
various applications of IoT in ITS includes, theft vehicle
detecting system, prioritized vehicle scheduling, non-
stop toll collecting system, traffic violation monitoring,
etc. Traffic flow prediction based on historical data,
various Multivariable Phase Space Reconstruction
methods etc helps in reducing traffic congestions [3]. In
the future, we can envision the connection between
automobiles and people, then between roads and
vehicles as a big system to resolve a lot of traffic
congestions, air pollution and providing safe and secure
transportation.
Clustering and Control System Clustering
process starts by selecting a cluster head (CH), which
sends clustering information from one vehicle to
another vehicle. By this way, it provides lesser cost and
ease transportations. The CH combinations act as a
communication point among different vehicles and
among memberships of other groups.
To adopt the new technique, user's privacy violations
were introduced with some security concerns. To
emerge security in ITS, some privacy-preserving
mechanisms were used for the reliable transportation in
ITS. Privacy protection is more important than anything
else for the emergence of Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS) applications, such as transportation
managing and highway security. These applications
need systematic communication of messages between
various automobiles or between automobiles and back-
end servers. The received messages should be verified
so that messages from harmful or crashing entities can
be recognized and that must be removed.
The IoT generates a prospect for the internet-
based facilities, there by augmenting the profitable and
communal possible future of IoT. The growth of IoT
saves successfully onward along the scale, combined,
and smart. Encouraged
through knowledge, calibration, and request
experiences, IoT requests would enlarge the measure in
the dissimilar productions, and additional originalities
would be involved to come in. By the growth of
intelligent data holding ability, IoT organizations will
identify ample access over data sharing and its
association. The growth of an ideal scheme would
inevitably take internet of things (IoT) focused on
regular life. The IoT produces a prospect for internet-
based provision, expanding the success
and communal possible destiny of IoT.
3.Ravi Sekhar Chalumuri, Rejitha Nath (April 2017)
This is a case study of Delhi for development and
evaluation of an integrated transportation systems.
Integrated public transport systems involve the
combination of two or more modes and are widely
recognised as a major contributor to improving public
transport operations. The objective of such integrated
systems is to provide travellers with seamless transport
opportunities with multiple destination choices through
a convenient, accessible, safe and affordable public
transport system (Luk and Olszewski, 2003; Ülengin et
al., 2007). These systems allow various modes of
transport to complement each other and not compete
with each other. Thus, to contain the explosion of
personal vehicle movement on the roads of Delhi, the
development of integrated transport has been identified
as a solution.
Four-stage travel demand modelling expresses the
transportation needs of passengers from origins to
destinations. In this study, transport models were
developed as an efficient tool to predict travel patterns
within Delhi city by simulating the realworld scenario
as accurately as possible. The major inferences drawn
from an analysis of household survey data indicated that
the largest share of commuters came from those aged
between 31 and 50 years, who largely chose private cars
as their mode of transport. Single-vehicle ownership
was notably high (61%), while 19% of households
reported no vehicle ownership, implying that these
households are wholly dependent on public transport or
walking. This paper further outlined the development of
integrated transport systems as travel demand models
using macrosimulation. Analysing the trip profiles of
private and public modes to identify the probability of
modal shift from private vehicles to the metro helped to
gain understanding of the potential benefits that could
be obtained through the provision of an integrated
transport system. A comparative evaluation of the
performances of the existing transportation system
against two scenarios for integrated transportation
systems was also presented. This analysis revealed that
the introduction of feeder modes and P&R facilities as
separate variances of mode choice would increase the
metro share from 3·2% in the existing scenario to a
maximum share of 16·4%. A quantitative comparison
of P&R alternatives indicated that providing such
facilities with parking charges of 5 INR/h (as compared
with 10 INR/h or higher) would yield the maximum
benefits at the network level of integration.
4.S. Muthuramalingam, A. Bharathi, S. Rakesh
kumar, N. Gayathri, R. Sathiyaraj and B.
Balamurugan (2019)
This is a case study on IoT based Intelligent
Transportation System for global perspective. The
paper proposes a new system which integrates Internet
of Things with the proposed intelligent transportation
system so as to provide better transportation. The
system [9, 10] uses the sensors to monitor the
environment which is then used by the monitoring
system for 282 S. Muthuramalingam et al. informing the
drivers regarding the positioning of the device and
details pertaining to it. Thus, the data is displayed as the
current bus route to the passengers. This system
determines the number of tickets obtained as it decides
the efficiency of the proposed technique.
integrators, independent software vendors (ISVs),
service providers, and other solution providers.
For an efficient Intelligent Transportation System, the
components such as Central Server, RFID device,
Sensors, Lighting control unit and EBOX II. Central
Server plays a major role in providing resilience during
any mis-functioning of the system. RFID helps in
communicating in data flow information between the
cars to EBOX II. This RFID device has tags, antennas
to communicate information and readers to decode the
data.
The emerging paradigm namely Bigdata and IoT plays
a major role in day-to-day applications. The
technologies of bigdata aid in easy preprocessing and
thereby providing pre-processed data to be processed in
the next level. The traffic data which is processed is then
subjected to IoT and bigdata techniques and a
framework namely s-ITS is obtained. The proposed
framework helps in location tracking of vehicles, smart
parking and applying bigdata technology for designing
efficient transportation system. The system helps in
monitoring the vehicle’s motion thereby determining
the traffic in the particular area. The proposed system is
evaluated for its performance in terms of packet

Internet of Things (IoT) links the objects of the real

world to the virtual world, and enables anytime,
anywhere connectivity for anything that has an ON and
OFF switch. It constitutes to a world where physical
objects and living beings, as well as virtual data and
environments, interact with each other. The notion of
IoT is to take a broad range of things and convert them
into smart objects —anything from cars, watches,
fridges and railway tracks large amount of data is
generated as large numbers of devices are connected to
the internet. So this large amount of data has to be
delivery, network delay and it is found that the proposed
controlled and converted to useful information in order
s-ITS system performs better than existing conventional
to develop efficient systems. Big Data Analytics plays a
systems. It is also exhibited through MAPE and RMSE
major role in generating useful information from the
values. The energy efficient mechanisms could be
generated data.
implemented in the ITS system and the system
efficiency could be made more promising for dealing
with the current road scenario. This could be the future
The Internet of Things (IoT) is fundamentally
work targeting the decrease in energy for effective
transforming the transportation industry. Next
transportation system which is smart and robust.
generation intelligent transportation systems will
optimize the movement of people and goods, improving 5.Subeh Chowdhury (2016) –
economics, public safety, and the environment. Smart
A study based on users’ willingness to ride an
transportation systems will automate our roadways,
integrated public-transport service. Integration of
railways, and airways, transform passenger
multimodal transport systems has received particular
experiences, and reshape the way cargo and
interest in recent years to promote mode switch. Hull
merchandise are tracked and delivered, creating
(2008) emphasized the importance of maintaining
substantial business opportunities for system
interoperability and interconnectivity across service
providers to optimize an intermodal PT system. The
main purpose of an integrated system is to provide PT
users with a “wide spectrum” of destination choices and
also with a convenient, accessible, comfortable, safe,
speedy and affordable transport system (Luk and
Olszewski, 2003, Ulengin et al., 2007). The five main
categories of integration are: (a) network integration, (b)
fare and ticketing integration, (c) information
integration, (d) physical integration of stations, and (e)
integrated timed-transfers. One definition of network
integration is a fully multimodal integrated system that
optimizes the resources available, and therefore reduces
wasteful duplication of services, while still maintaining
an adequate coverage area (Hidalgo, 2009). An
integrated time-transfer is to connect the multimodal
networks such that the transfer times are minimized.
Information integration is when information on services
are presented in a similar fashion; this helps facilitate
multimodal trip planning (Zografos et al., 2008).
Integrated fare and ticketing systems must satisfy two
main requirements to become fully integrated (a) no
additional cost for transfers, and (b) all modes and
services use the same ticketing system (Sharaby and
Shiftan, 2012). Matas (2004) investigated the
significant (440%) increase of PT use in Madrid, Spain
and found the reason to be integration. The study
discussed that integrated fare system and network
integration had the most impact on ridership. De Grange
et al. (2013)
Buehler (2011) conducted a comparison study between
USA and Germany and showed the ridership of
sustainable transport in Germany to be greater; 40% of
German travelers used sustainable modes (8% for PT)
while only 11% of American travelers used sustainable
modes (2% for PT). One of the reasons given was better
integration of PT services in Germany.
Behavioral factors and model 3.1.1. General attitude of
users and non-users Literature analyzing the general
attitude of travelers towards PT use has shown that,
although improvement in service quality is likely to
increase ridership, the level of increase can be limited if
travelers’ hold prejudices towards the image of PT and
of becoming users (Murray et al., 2010). One of the
strategies used by the government to amend travelers’
misconceptions is mass media information campaigns
on the benefits of PT use (Tertoolen et al., 1998). The
aim of the campaigns is to induce positive attitudes
about PT use in society.
. The role of transfers in an integrated PT system is two-
fold. First, transfers increase the accessibility of various
destinations for users. Second, interchanges that
facilitate transfers need to be provided in the network at
strategic locations to reduce duplication of the PT
routes; thus improving the reliability of the network.
6.Sandeep Verma, Satnam Kaur, Ajay Kumar
Sharma, Ankit Kathuria and Md. Jalil Piran(2020)
This study is based on Dual Sink-based Optimized
Sensing for Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as one of the
nonnegligible components of the Internet of Things
(IoT) have proven to be a pillar of the Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS). The tasks of collecting,
processing and fusing the information related to traffic,
accidents, congestion and also the detection of
pavement distress on roads, are efficiently handled and
monitored by WSNbased IoT. However, the energy
constraints of the sensor nodes deployed along the
roadside, create a perturbing concern for their
realization in architecture. Therefore, to address this
concern, in this paper, we have proposed an optimized
sensing technique that employs two sinks. We term it as
Dual sink-based Optimized Clustering Architecture
employing Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA), i.e.,
DOCAT in short. The fitness function of DOCAT
integrates the novel fitness parameters for Cluster Head
(CH) selection. The parameters are: 1) Residual and
initial Energy, 2) Distance of the node from sink, 3)
Intra-Cluster Average Distance (ICAD), 4) Network’s
average energy, and 5) Energy threshold. DOCAT is
anticipated to be employed for accident prone roads,
from where the critical accidental information is
transmitted to healthcare venues through the IoT
platform. The simulation results reveal that DOCAT
acquires the proliferated performance compared to
several similar algorithms in terms of the network
reliability, network lifetime, throughput, and energy
efficiency.
7.Mahima Nama, Ankita Nath1, Nancy Bechra,
Jitendra Bhatia, Sudeep Tanwar, Manish
Chaturvedi, Balqies Sadoun, 2015
This study is focused on Machine learning-based traffic
scheduling techniques for intelligent transportation
system: Opportunities and challenges
Technological advancement in traffic management and
real-time traffic police scheduling will shift police focus
from enforcement to proactive work and eventually
reduce the wastage of time, money, and fuel of the
general public at long traffic jams. This review focuses
on scheduling and reallocation of traffic police
uniformly based on the real-time traffic density at major
and minor crossroads to reduce the traffic jams and
enable smooth traffic flow throughout the city. The
review encompasses five significant sections. The first
section describes the TPS architecture and its three
planes, namely the infrastructure plane, control plane,
and application plane. The next section discusses the
taxonomy that explains every stage of police
scheduling, including various ways to collect and
analyze the data to frame scheduling configurations for
traffic police based on the appropriate constraints. The
next section illustrates the suitability of this work on
different applications through multiple use cases,
followed by a quick discussion about the work as a
whole. Finally, issues and challenges involved in data
collection, data analysis, and scheduling algorithms are
highlighted at the end.
8.Ar Anuj Jaiswal, Dr. Ashutosh Sharma
(July,2012)
A case study on optimisation of Public Transport
Demand in Bhopal
Rapid growth in vehicles population has put enormous
strains in all urban roads in all million plus cities in
India, due to high vehicle ownership and poor
supporting public transport facilities specially in the
cities where the population is between 1 to 2 million.
The major factor is very low ridership in public
transport due to poor service quality and more traveling
time. This study is concerned of assessment of public
transport demand for Bhopal and identifies the major
factors for poor ridership with estimation of the
probable shift of personal vehicle users to bus due to the
increase in its level of service also identifies ways to
account for qualitative factors in the public transport
project evaluation by adjusting travel time values to
reflect comfort and convenience.
In the Indian context, the larger is the city size, the
higher is the percentage of urban trips served by public
transport. Thus according to this, 30 percent of urban
trips are served by the public transport in cities with
population between 1 and 2 million, whereas it’s 42
percent for cities with populations between 2 and 5
million, and 63 percent for cities with populations over
5 million (Source: Census 2011). Thus, the especially
rapid growth of large cities suggests a further rise in
future demands for public transport in India.
Study of Travel Time: Travel time is an important factor
in the mode choice analysis. It includes egress and
access time, waiting time, and journey time. Many of
the factors that affect perceived travel time and unit
travel time costs have significant implications for transit
project evaluation. More accurate analysis tends to
increase the relative value of transit improvements over
a period of time.
Study of Trip Length: It basically means identifying the
minimum trip length above which the traveler will opt
public transport over the private mode. It’s only up to a
certain extent, that the private mode remains the
preferred choice for the user, above which the user

prefers or can afford the public transportation system
even on the costs of other parameters. Thus, a properly
considered trip length can hugely affect the observed
demands for the public transport services for an area &
if managed properly, can significantly increase the
efficiency as well as trustworthiness of the public
transportation.
6. International Status of the problem-
1. Andreas Richtera , Marc-O. Löwnerb ,
Rüdiger Ebendta,⁎ , Michael Scholza (2020)
This research is centred towards an integrated urban
development considering novel intelligent
transportation systems Urban Development
Considering Novel Transport
Traffic itself needs to change in order to keep up with
increasing traffic demand and with the aging society's
changing transport needs. Traffic will be automated by
further developments of current assistant systems to
automated driving systems. Before that, transport will
become connected where participants are
interconnected in a so-called Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
environment and also connected to the traffic
infrastructure (a so-called Vehicle-toInfrastructure
(V2I) environment) to enhance traffic efficiency and
safety (Kerner, et. al., 2010), (Weiß, 2011). It is
expected that connected and automated vehicles
(CV/AV) will mitigate the aforementioned problems
(i.e. higher traffic demand, lack of space, and increase
of emissions and pollution): firstly, the number of
shared cars and rental services will grow, and new
vehicle-sharing schemes will spread (Yang, 2013),
(Ross, 2014). Automated cars could be called on-
demand and leave when the driver is done with it, thus
parking problems will vanish (Ross, 2014). Secondly,
road capacity will increase (Pau, 2013), and therefore
streets will narrow and cities will bulk up (Ross, 2014).
Finally, CV/AV will help to reduce emissions. E.g. this
could be achieved via a closed loop control system
driven by bidirectional navigators using a vehicular
cloud service (Pau, 2013). Moreover, CV/AV will
improve safety and traffic flow because there will be
less interruptions in traffic flow and less accidents (Pau,
2013), (Soubra, 2013), (Yang, 2013), (Ross, 2014).
Additionally, other communication participants such as
connected fellow vehicles, in-vehicle so-called Internet-
of-Things (IoT) devices (Guerrero-ibanez, et al., 2015),
smart infrastructure elements like road side units (RSU),
or the backend of a traffic management center could
approach as well, which one may call Vehicle-to-X
(V2X).
On the technical side, this all is stimulating further new
approaches to efficiently improve travel quality (e.g. by
aiming at optimum speed to ensure passage through the
signals on green) while reducing the risk of collisions at
the same time (Gora and Rüb, 2016). Additionally, they
research for flexible control and management of
transportation systems in real time to improve overall
system performance (Sumalee and Ho, 2018).
Moreover, connected transport will enable an
intensified penetration of mobility as a service to
request bigger and faster transport entities only on-
demand. Thus, communication infrastructure needs to
be deployed, either cable-based or wireless.
Urban transportation space is of interest for many
stakeholders, which pursue very different and
sometimes conflicting objectives. Diversity in
stakeholders’ rules and goals is directly reflected in data
requirements and, therefore, data formats, quality
demands and application software. However, the overall
integrating concepts are a common space and
transportation. Sharing data about shared space and
topic areas is impossible due to missing interoperability
between formats, application and due to heterogeneous
spatial and temporal quality. Additionally, often data of
built environment still is digitalized from blueprints and
updated at irregular intervals. In doing so, semantic data
is not collected or not appropriate for conversion into
more specialized data formats. The latter also refers to
budget for gathering the data and, more important, for
keeping the data up to date. The spending of multiple
efforts applies also for the further development of
database schemas as well as data formats to represent
new features and attributes that might be needed for
upcoming use cases. Therefore data can hardly be
interchanged and reused. Simulations and calculations
done on different representations (regarding spatial,
temporal and accuracy differences) of the same location
are hard to compare,
The challenges of urbanization, automatization and
digitalization are more topical than ever. Partial aspects
of these challenges are already addressed by working
concepts such as the "Virtual World" project. It shows
that there is enough potential for solving the remaining
issues in future by applying and adapting the concepts
to other domains and therefore can be seen as a pioneer
project. Additionally, various mentioned projects are
successfully dealing with big spatial data,
multistakeholder platforms and comprehensive data
modelling. It is important to note that our concept does
not consider a monolithic solution, which is aiming to
solve all issues at once. It rather suggests the agile
adaption and utilization of current technologies and
methodologies to achieve this purpose.
2.Krzysztof Małeckia , Stanisław Iwanb *, , Kinga
Kijewskab (2014)
This study is focused on Influence of Intelligent
Transportation Systems on reduction of the
environmental negative impact of urban freight
transport based on Szczecin example
The ever-growing demand for transport results in more
and more attention paid to systems that enable efficient
management of traffic flows and of the overall
functioning of the transportation system. Due to its
complexity, city administrators consider using
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solutions as
the basis for designing intelligent
transport networks. The significance of state-of-the-art
technologies has been emphasised in one of the classical
definitions of the city logistics, proposed by E.
Taniguchi, R. G. Thompson and T. Yamada, stating that
“city logistics is the process for totally optimising the
logistics and transport activities by private companies
with the support of advanced information systems in
urban areas considering the traffic environment, its
congestion, safety and energy savings within the
framework of market economy” (Taniguchi,
Thompson, Yamada 2001). The objective of applying
telematics in city logistics is optimising the access to
logistic nodes and linear infrastructure, leading to
reduction of the adverse impacts of human activity on
the natural environment. Telematics systems are
capable of supporting all areas of transport, vehicles,
infrastructure, transport organisation and management,
and any intermediary areas between them. Therefore,
they are considerably effective and constitute an
important element that functionally integrates
individual subsystems. The effects of telematics
solutions applied in urban freight transport include
(Taniguchi et al. 2001): reducing freight distribution
costs increasing productivity of local delivery vehicles
increasing reliability of commercial vehicle operations
increasing safety increasing the capacity of urban
freight systems (without providing additional traffic
infrastructure). The need for telematics solutions to
support goods transport and distribution in cities is
mainly due to, on the one hand, the complexity of the
processes taking place in urban transport systems, and
on the other hand, the interweaving and often
conflicting expectations of the particular groups of road
users and other stakeholders of urban freight transport
(city administrators, inhabitants, entrepreneurs and
shippers) Here, the main objective is optimising
transport operations via ensuring adequate availability
of linear and point infrastructure, while reducing the
adverse impacts of the transport system on the
environment. Application of such systems has a direct
impact on the functioning of the transport system and its
effect on the urban environment. Due to effective
transport management and traffic flows control it is
possible to reduce congestion and shorten the
completion times of transport tasks. This in turn results
in decreased consumption of petrol and consequently
less pollution. Since a vast majority of urban freight
transport is done by road vehicles, this translates
directly into developing an energy-saving, more
environmentally friendly system.
As the example of the city of Szczecin shows,
application of ITS solutions enables a significant
reduction in negative impacts of road transport on the
city environment. Due to increasing the traffic flow and
limiting the congestion it is possible to significantly
reduce fuel consumption, and consequently pollution.
The usefulness of this kind of system is enhanced by the
fact that there are more and more solutions using mobile
devices. The application intended for mobile devices
makes it possible to plan the route much more in
advance and to select, early enough, the route that will
make the journey time shorter. In view of the fact that
mobile equipment is widely used, the applications are
comfortable to use and do not require the application of
any additional technical solutions. It must be stressed
that combining the systems based on using typical
telematics solutions, such as traffic detectors, variable
message signs, and real time road incidents data
processing systems, with solutions focused on mobile
technologies, considerably extends their capabilities
and usefulness.
3.NAWAF O. ALSREHIN, AHMAD F. KLAIB,
AND AWS MAGABLEH (March, 2019)
Predicting traffic and dealing with it has taken a great
attention and became a vital issue in big and smart cities.
Cities municipalities, governments, companies, and
researchers have proposed many solutions to solve the
traffic jam problem. Some of these solutions are using
adaptive traffic signals, vehicle-to-infrastructure smart
corridors, autonomous vehicle technology, real-time
traffic feedback, tracking pedestrian traffic, car sharing,
and multi-modal solutions. Most of these solutions are
based on the concepts of Internet of Things (IoT), using compressive sensing or heterogneous learning. D.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), and Data Analytics Data fusion, which requires processing many sources of
(DA) approaches. Other partial solutions were offered data. More details about data collection and
including: 1) construction of new roads, bridges, preprocessing can be found in [7]. 3. Analysis: Data
tunnels, flyover, and bypass roads, 2) creating rings and analysis includes using different analysis tools to
performing road rehabilitation provide useful information such as estimation of the
total number of vehicles using a specific segment of
roadway at any given day of the year. Meaningful
GENERAL STEPS FOR DEVELOPING
information may lead to a resolution of a problem or
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION AND
improvement of an existing situation. Identifying
CONTROL SYSTEMS Figure 2 shows the general
erroneous data elements and measuring the impact of
phases for developing intelligent transportation and
various data-driven processes might also be done to
control systems, these phases are [7], [8]: 1. Collection:
ensure the quality of the analyzed data. Cloud
Traffic data are collected using different methods, such
computing and advanced data processing techniques
as: A. Image- or video-based methods. Surveillance
and tools could be used to analyze big traffic data to
cameras are used to visually observe road traffic
create more effective real-time traffic decisions. In
VOLUME 7, 2019 49831 N. O. Alsrehin et al.:
addition, it uses some learning tools to learn systems
Intelligent Transportation and Control Systems Using
how to control the traffic lights, lane signals, visual
Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques
message system (VMS), and traffic information. These
FIGURE 2. General steps for the development of
approaches are generally based on machine learning,
intelligent transportation and control systems. in a
data mining, and artificial intelligence algorithms. 4.
specific area and record or stream the captured
Storage: The rapid growth in the volume of traffic data
images/videos to control rooms. It is widely used in the
leads to great demands of cost-effective storage
area of managing road traffic due to efficiency and ease
technologies. Cloud storage could be used to store and
of maintenance. However, video and image contents
secure big traffic data to create more effective real-time
require lot of storage, network bandwidth, and
traffic decisions. When data is secure and appropriately
computation complexity. B. Sensor-based methods,
structured, there is greater trust and confidence in its use
such as ultrasonic sensors, RFIDs, photoelectric
[8]. 5. Communication: Data communication includes
sensors, lasers, radar, and vehicle probe data. C. Vehicle
using and sharing traffic data. Traffic data is used to
to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I)
study, plan, design, construct, operate, and monitor
Communications using WiFi, GPRS, WiMax and
traffic systems. Traffic data communication helps
Bluetooth. D. Hybrid-based methods that combine two
researchers, policy makers, government, planner, and
or more of the above methods together. 2.
departments of transportation and many others to
Preprocessing: Collected raw data from any of the
understand traveler behavior and pattern and identify
above methods are subjected to noise, missing values,
ways to make their systems more efficient and cost-
and inconsistent data due to sensor failures,
effective. The usage of this data depends on the goal to
measurement errors, and data link errors or huge size
be achieved and how it is originally collected,
[7]. Therefore data manipulation is required, some of
processed, analyzed, and stored. Sharing traffic data
these approaches are: A. Data cleaning, which includes
obtained from a wide variety of resources, both
noise removal, malfunction detection, recover missing
internally and externally, can help agencies/researchers
data. B. Dimensionality reduction in which the
to obtain a more comprehensive picture that improves
dimensionality of the data is reduced using manifold
their decisions to be clear with high quality. However,
learning, non-negative matrix factorization, or kernel
sharing and communicating public traffic data has
dimension reduction. This improves the performance of
several concerns, such as transparency, privacy,
learning driven tasks under the reduced dimensional
security, liability, coordination with different agencies
space. C. Sparsity Analysis, which includes remove
some redundant features from the original feature space
and partners, maintenance cost of shared data, etc. 6.
Maintenance and Archiving: Data maintenance is the
process of continual improvement and systematic
checks that includes ongoing correction and
verification. Higher levels of maintenance insure the
good functioning of all the requirement systems. Data
archiving includes moving and storing less common use
data out of active systems and databases in specialized
archival systems to optimize the performance, achieve
the cost-effective strategy, and allow for future
retrieval.
7. Suggestive Methodology –
Stage 1 of methodology
Objective of this stage of the methodology is to
determine a reference ITS architecture by selecting
some of the revised proposals, identifying (as a
complement) relevant aspects of other reference
architectures.
Analysis of the city context
In Figure 2, the context analysis stage is presented.
Outputs from previous stage are used as inputs to this
stage. Context of the city, other entry in this stage,
should be analyzed in a broader sense.
Figure 2 Stage 2 of methodology
In addition to the aforementioned review of
services of the reference architecture, a context
analysis tool should be used in this stage.
Authors recommend PESTLE 19. PESTLE
allows evaluation of political, economic, social,
technological, legal and environmental aspects
of the city, related to mobility, transport
infrastructure, means of transport used and
related normative documents. As a result of
stage, the special considerations of the city
context must be obtained.
Determination of architecture components
In Figure 3, determination of architecture components
stage is presented. Outputs obtained in stages 1 and 2
are used as inputs in this stage. Additionally, specific
components that must be identified to present ITS
architecture of the city, should be considered as input to
this stage. Some components, which make up the views
of ITS architecture of the city, vary depending on the
architecture that was taken as a reference. Stakeholders,
their needs and services provided are common
components in revised reference architectures, while
other elements are particularly used by one or another
architecture.
Figure 3 Stage 3 of methodology
For the identification of stakeholders, it is
recommended to review documents such as: history of
projects related to mobility and transport in the city, ITS
architecture documents in other similar international
cities and information provided by local government
entities. Once the stakeholders have been identified, it
is recommended to evaluate them by analyzing their
level of influence and position on a possible ITS for the
city, to determine whether or not it is taken into account
for the needs analysis.
When determining the stakeholders to consider for the
ITS architecture, their needs are determined through
interviews, surveys and the help of the previously
mentioned documents. Then the needs with the largest
number of involved stakeholders and high or medium
level of influence will be considered.
With the determined needs, we proceed to identify the
specific services (of the areas used in the matrix) that
will be taken into account for ITS architecture. The
selected services will be a subset of services that the
reference architecture has, adding relevant services of
other architectures. These selected services must meet
the specific needs of the stakeholders. Finally, once the
specific services to be provided in the ITS architecture
have been determined, the components required in ITS
architecture are identified. The specific components to
be identified will depend on the ITS architecture
selected as a reference.
Design of the views of the ITS architecture
In Figure 4, the final stage of methodology is presented.
Outputs of stage 3 are presented in this stage as inputs.
A design tool should be used to present the views of ITS
architecture. These views can use the type of diagram
that uses reference ITS architecture or can use a
standard language of systems description.
Figure 4 Stage 4 of methodology
In addition to views of the general ITS architecture, ITS
architectures detailed by each of services must be
implemented. The detailed architecture of each services
employs a subset of that components.
An integral flow chart of the methodology (with
four stages, inputs, and outputs), is presented
in Figure 5.
At the point of discussion of this document, it is
specified the specific contribution of the work
done with our proposed methodology and the
application case.
Figure 5 Integral flow chart of methodology
8. Discussion on Results/Outcome (Challenges)
–
• The deployment of ITS in the developing world
faces some
significant obstacles that must be overcome if
ITS is to be widely applicable in developing
countries. However, the lack of adequate
research on cost effectiveness
is a global challenge. Lack of definite
guidelines and regulations and difficulties in
physical implementation.
Interoperability. The various client agencies in
a multiagency
project may not have a mandate to share data,
and the data to be exchanged may
not conform to standardized formats.
Data analysis. Even when data systems are
integrated and
standardized, editing the raw data so that it can
yield useful results often
challenges the capacity of agencies in
developing countries.
Documenting effectiveness. The connection between
ICT and transport benefits experienced anecdotally has
not received enough systematic research (see
Connections Notes #16 and #17). Also needed are case
studies to highlight the technological and
institutional conditions required for success.
9. Concluding Remarks –
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a set of
strategies for addressing the challenges of assured
safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating
the growth in transit ridership and freight movement.
ITS improve transportation safety and mobility, and
enhance productivity through the use of advanced
communications, sensors and information processing
technologies. When integrated into the transportation
system’s infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves,
these technologies relieve congestion, improve safety,
and enhance Indian productivity.
10. References –
Bhupendra Singh1; Ankit Gupta2,+ Recent trends in intelligent
transportation systems: a review, April 2015
Varun Chand, Survey On The Role Of IoT In Intelligent
Transportation System, September 2018
Ravi Sekhar Chalumuri, Rejitha Nath, Development and
evaluation of an

integrated transportation system: a case study of Delhi, April 2017

S. Muthuramalingam, A. Bharathi, S. Rakesh kumar, N. Gayathri, R. Sathiyaraj and B. Balamurugan, IoT Based Intelligent
Transportation System (IoT-ITS) for Global Perspective: A Case Study, 2019

Subeh Chowdhury,
Users’ willingness to ride an integrated public-transport service: A literature review, March 2016
Sandeep Verma, Satnam Kaur, Ajay Kumar Sharma, Ankit Kathuria and Md. Jalil Piran,

Dual Sink-based Optimized Sensing for Intelligent Transportation System,2020

Mahima Nama, Ankita Nath1, Nancy Bechra, Jitendra Bhatia, Sudeep Tanwar, Manish Chaturvedi, Balqies Sadoun, Machine learning-
based traffic scheduling techniques for intelligent transportation system: Opportunities and challenges, January 2021
Ar Anuj Jaiswal, Dr. Ashutosh Sharma (July,2012), A case study on optimisation of Public Transport Demand in Bhopal

Andreas Richtera , Marc-O. Löwnerb , Rüdiger Ebendta,⁎ , Michael Scholza

Towards an integrated urban development considering novel intelligent transportation systems Urban Development Considering Novel
Transport

Krzysztof Małeckia , Stanisław Iwanb *, , Kinga Kijewska

Influence of Intelligent Transportation Systems on reduction of the environmental negative impact of urban freight transport based on
Szczecin example

NAWAF O. ALSREHIN , AHMAD F. KLAIB , AND AWS MAGABLEH, Intelligent Transportation and Control Systems Using Data
Mining and Machine Learning Techniques: A Comprehensive Study, 2018