DAV INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Class X (Economics)
Resourcce Material
Q1. Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than
India?
a) Bangladesh
b) Sri Lanka
c) Nepal
d) Pakistan
Ans. Sri Lanka
Q2. …………….. is the total income of the country divided by its total population?
a) Per Capita Income
b) Gross Income
c) Net Income
d) Total Income
Ans. a)Per Capita Income
Q3.What will be the top priority in the developmental goal of a landless labourer?
a) Expansion of rural banking
b) More days of work and better wages
c) Metal roads for transportation
d) Establishment of a high school
Ans b) More days of work and better wages
Q4. A Report is published by UNDP to compare countries on the basis of following three different attributes.

What is the name of the Rank which is analysed to prepare that report.
a) Human Resource index
b) Human Developmental index
c) Human Development Index
d) Human development of India.
Ans. c) Human Development index
Q5. Nutrition scientists have given a measure to find out, if a person is undernourished, called Body Mass Index.
What is the formula to calculate the same.
a) Height in meters/ weight in kg
b) weight in kg/Height in metres
c) Weight in kg/square of Height in metres
d) square of Height in metres /Weight in kg.
Ans. c) Weight in kg/square of Height in metres

Q6. Since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that…………
a) Health and nutrition is declining
 b) per capita income is unstable
c) Levels of resources are not sustainable
d) levels of development are not sustainable.
Ans. d) levels of development are not sustainable.
Q7. Find the odd one out:
A. Teacher
B. Dairy farming
C. Fishing
D. Animal husbandry
a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (D)
d) (C)
Ans. a) (A)
Q8. Read the given data and find out which country has most equitable distribution of income. Monthly income of
five families in a country A and country B are given.

Monthly income of five families of country A and Country B

country I II III IV V
A 9500 9600 10000 10400 10500
B 3000 2000 5000 4000 36000

a) Country A
b) Country B
c) Country A and B
d) None of these
Ans. a) Country A
Q9 The total number of children attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group
is called
a) Net Attendance Ratio
b) Literacy Rate
c) Gross Enrolment Ratio
d) Level of Education
Ans. a) Net Attendance Ratio
Q10. Which sector has less share in the GDP but still continues to be the largest employer?
a) Primary Sector
b) Secondary Sector
c) Tertiary Sector
d) Both a and b
Ans. a) Primary Sector
Q11.
 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2018. P.12.
a) Middle East
b) United States of America
c) World
d) None of these
Ans. c) World
Q12. Which of the following profession belongs to the Tertiary Sector of economy?
a) Fisherman
b) Farmer
c) Factory worker
d) Teacher
Ans. d) Teacher
Q13.Those activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the
production process, are called……….?
a) Primary
b) Private
c) Industrial
d) Tertiary
Ans. d) Tertiary
Q14. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources it is called……..?
a) Tertiary sector
b) Primary sector
c) Service sector
d) Public sector
Ans. b) Primary Sector
Q15. The secondary sector is also called……..?
a) Organised sector
b) Service sector
c) Industrial sector
d) Public sector
Ans. c) Industrial sector
Q16. What is the secondary sector?
a) Production of a good by exploiting natural resources
b) Activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing
c) Activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process.
d) Mineral excavation
Ans. b) Activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing

Q17. The sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the …………. of a country?
a) Gross income
b) Gross Domestic Product
c) Net Domestic Product
d) Net income
Ans. b) Gross Domestic Product
Q18.There is a new area on which scientists, philosop hers , economists and other social scientists are working.
Identify that new area among the following :
a) National Development
 b) Economics Development
c) Planned Development
d) Sustainable development
Ans. d) Sustainable development
Q19. Development of an individual refers to
a) Mental Development
b) Physical Development
c) Spiritual Development
d) Overall Development
Ans. d) Overall Development
Q20. The Human Development Report (HDR) published by UNDP compares countries based on literacy rate, health
status and ……….. .
a) National Income
b) Per Capita Income
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Ans. b) Per Capita Income
Assertion and Reason Questions
Q21. Read the statements and chose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Kerala has low infant mortality rate.
Reason (R): It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct but R is wrong.
d) A is wrong but R is correct.
Ans. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q22. Assertion (A) Suppose the literacy rate in a state is 78% and the net attendance ratio in secondary stage is 47%.
Reason (R) More than half of the students are going to other states for elementary education.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false but (R) is correct.
Ans. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q23. Assertion (A) Sustainable development is a crucial step for the development of a country.
Reason (R) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judicious and maintain ecological balance.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false but (R) is correct.
Ans. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q24. Assertion (A) A country at present has very high national income due to surplus oil resource. However it is
essential to look for alternative sources of income also.
Reason (R) Oil is a natural resource that is non-renewable in nature. If it is not used judiciously then it will get
exhausted soon.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false but (R) is correct.
Ans. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q25. Assertion (A) Different people having different development goals.
Reason (R) People want freedom, equality, security and respect.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false but (R) is correct.
Ans. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q26. Assertion (A): Developmental goals that people are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life.
Reason (R): A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false but (R) is correct.
Ans. b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Q27. Read the statements and chose the correct option:
Assertion (A): An individual who manufactures flour from wheat is engaged in primary sector.
Reason (R): When some process of manufacturing is used the product is a part of secondary sector.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true. .
Ans. d) A is false but R is true.
Short & Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development?
Ans.(i) Development means change for the better/ progress over a period of time.
(ii) It comprises social, political, economic, cultural elements or issues.
(iii) All economies whether developed or developing aim at development i.e. quality education, medical care, nutritive
food and better living conditions so as to improve the quality of life of people.
Two aspects of development are:
 Different persons can have different developmental goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It might be destructive for other.
Q2. ‘People have conflicting developmental goals.’ Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Ans. (i)Two persons, or group of persons, at times may seek things which are conflicting.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
(iii) For example, A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the
household work. Her brother may not like this.Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more
dams. But, this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribals. They
might resent this and prefer small check dams to irrigate their land.
Q3. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under national development?
Ans. National development is the capacity of the country to raise the standard of living of its residents. It can be achieved
by providing individuals with basic livelihood requirements and supplying them with employment, etc. Development
is a process that creates growth, brings in progress and positive change. Development is a healthy sign. Two aspects
of development are:
Economic growth or increase in people’s income.
Social progress includes literacy, health and the provision of public services.
Components of national development
The components of national development are as follows
 Development of rural areas
  Increasing agricultural outputs
 Enlargement of economic knowledge
 Handling of growth in urban areas
 Eradication of poverty
Q4. For development, people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement giving suitable examples.
Ans. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in
life like respect of others, equal treatment, freedom, security, affectionate behavior etc. For example,
(i) Women who are engaged in paid work gets more respect in the household and society. As a result, there would be more
sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment, as desired
by women, may encourage more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
(ii) Before accepting a job, people may consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for family, working
atmosphere, job security, opportunity to learn, scope for promotion, work timings etc.
Q5. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to
development.
Ans. 1. Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries. Since countries have different populations,
comparing total income does not tell what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we use average income which is
total income of the country divided by total population.
2. The defect of average as a measure is that it does not show the distribution (dispersion) of income between the rich
and the poor.
3. Two countries may have the same average income but in one country almost every family may enjoy more or less
the same kind of income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich and others very poor. The disparity between
rich and poor is an important feature that the average measure (per capita income) does not consider. Example: In
terms of development, we can take the example of India, where the metro towns are full of high-rise buildings and
shopping malls while some villages have not yet been provided with a basic necessity like electricity.
Q6. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Ans. Sustainable Development means development should take place without damaging the environment. Development in
the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.
Importance
1. Limited resources: The stock of natural resources is limited. Thus, the growth of all countries of the world in future
is likely to be endangered if the limited resources are completely exhausted e.g. if we continue using crude oil at
present rate, then the future generations will have no oil reserves after 53 years.
2. Concern for environment: The process of development has led to environmental degradation and pollution adversely
affecting the quality of life in present and future generations.
Hence, sustainable development aims at raising the quality of life of both present and future generations without
threatening natural resources and environment.
Q7. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank is classifying different countries? What are the limitations
of this criterion, if any? In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in
the following ways.
 The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross
enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares
the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.
 On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second,
third… whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are
divided into three categories:
1. Rich or developed or high-income countries
2. Middle-income or developing countries
3. Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries
 The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept
of development.
Limitation: Limitation of this criterion is that average or per capita income is not the only factor
important for development. This factor hides the other important factor—distribution of income,
which also affects development. Higher average income, along with equitable distribution of
income is considered favourable for development.
Q8. Why is groundwater a highly overused resource?
Ans. Groundwater is a highly overused resource because of the following reasons:
I) Groundwater is a freshwater source and used for drinking purpose and it is actually over-exploited in an urban area
for domestic purpose and drinking purpose
II) Due to a large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it.
III) To facilitate higher food grain production for a large population, water resources are being overexploited to expand
irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
IV) In the housing societies or colonies in the cities, there is an arrangement of own groundwater pumping devices to
meet water needs.
V) After the toxication and pollution of rivers and many lakes, groundwater becomes the practically only source of
fresh water used directly without treatment .
Q9. “There are several things needed by the society as a whole”. In the light of this statement explain as to who can
provide them at a reasonable cost, the private or the public sector and why?
Ans. Society as a whole needs several things which the private sector will not be able to provide at a reasonable cost.
Reasons for this are:
 Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits and not welfare of the people.
 There are several services needed by the society which the private sector cannot provide at a reasonable price.
Activities like construction of roads, bridges, railways, irrigation through dams, etc., require huge amounts of
money which is beyond the capacity of the Private sector. Private sector charges high rates for the use of these
services.
 It is difficult for the Private sector to collect money from thousands of people who use these services.
 The Private sector sometimes ignores regional balanced development, equality of income and development of
basic industries.
 Private sector charges include profit margins whereas the government will charge a reasonable price for services.
It is the primary duty of the government to ensure the provision of public facilities with a service motto.
 The Private sector sometimes ignores regional balanced development, equality of income and development of
basic industries.
 Private sector charges include profit margins whereas the government will charge a reasonable price for services.
It is the primary duty of the government to ensure the provision of public facilities with a service motto
Q10. State the three factors other than human income, that are important in life.
Ans. Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level
of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to
time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth
to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.The organization
that measures the HDI is the United Nations. Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows
Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be
able to provide basic facilities to its people.
Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a
quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be
considered developed.
Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to
provides its citizens a sense of security
Q11. What are final goods and intermediate goods? How do they help in calculating (GDP) Gross Domestic Product?
Ans. Final goods are the finished products that are ultimately consumed by the consumer rather than used in the production
of another good. Intermediate goods are goods used as inputs in the production of final goods and services. For
example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; components such as a tyre sold to the car manufacturer is an
intermediate good. The value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate goods that are used in
making the final good. The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides
the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during
a particular year.
Q12. Explain the importance of the service sector.
Or
Explain reasons for the rising importance of the tertiary sector in India.
Ans. Tertiary sector or service sector plays a very significant role and its importance is rising day by day:
Greater the development of primary sector and secondary sector more would be the demand for Services.
 Basic Services: Tertiary sector has become the largest producer in India because various kinds of Services such as
hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices,
transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required.
 Even development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade and storage,
etc.
 With the rise in income, demand for more services is rising. For example, eating out in restaurants, tourism, malls and
shopping complexes, schools, professional training, etc.
 New services like Information Technology and outsourcing have become very important for modern day trade and
industry. Unfortunately, the rapid growth of the service sector in India has not yet shown the expected corresponding
increase in employment.
Q13. Define tertiary sector. Describe about the different kinds of people employed in this sector in India.
Ans. Tertiary sector Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as aid and
support to the primary and secondary sector. Services like administration, police, army, transport, hospitals, educational
institutions, post & telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, banking & insurance, storage, trade and communications
are examples of activities in the tertiary sector. This sector is also known as the Service Sector.
The first kind of people are the highly skilled and educated people providing specialised services. E.g., doctors,
lawyers, accountants, etc. There are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers and
offer big salaries.
There are also a very large number of workers engaged in services, such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport
persons. These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services because no alternative
opportunities for work are available to them.
Hence, only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
Q14. What is meant by Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? How is GDP measured in India?
Ans. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the value of all the final goods and services produced in each sector i.e.
Primary, secondary and tertiary sector within a country during a particular year. This indicates how big the country’s
economy is. GDP is measured by the Central Government Ministry. This Ministry, with the help of all the Indian States
and Union Territories, collects information relating to the total volume of goods and services and their prices and then
makes an estimate of the GDP.
Q15. Classify the economic sectors on the basis of nature of activities. Mention the main feature of each.
Ans. On the basis of nature of activities, economic sectors are classified into:
 Primary sector
 Secondary sector
 Tertiary sector
Primary sector forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products
we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called the sector for agriculture and related
activities (stone quarrying, animal husbandry, etc.).
 Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing. It can take place in a factory, workshop or at home.
Examples:
(a) Spinning yam from cotton fibre from plants.
(b) Making sugar from sugarcane.
It is also called the Industrial sector.
Tertiary sector Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as aid and
support to the Primary and Secondary sectors. Services like administration, police, army, transport, hospitals,
educational institutions, post and telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, insurance companies, storage, trade
communication and banking are some of the examples of activities of the Tertiary sector. This sector is also known as
the Service sector.
Q16. With the example of sugarcane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of the economy.
Ans. The primary sector involves production at the most basic level, i.e., through exploitation of natural resources.
Cultivation of sugarcane is an agricultural activity which comes under the primary sector.
Raw materials from the primary sector are converted into processed goods through manufacturing in the secondary
sector. Using sugarcane as raw material, jaggery and sugar is made in the factories.
The Tertiary or service sector provides support to the process of production. It includes transportation, storage,
marketing and sale of products. For instance, transportation of sugarcane from the fields to the sugar mills. Further
on, the transportation of jaggery and sugar from factories and sugar mills to the markets.
The farmer (Primary sector) also needs fertilisers and seeds which are processed in some factories (Secondary sector)
and which will be delivered to his doorstep by some means of transportation (Tertiary sector).
In this way, for every little process there is interdependence of the three sectors of the economy on each other.

Q17. Explain how the public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Ans. In the public sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is under the government. The government spends
huge amounts of money in providing various services to the public at reasonable costs.
The government thus contributes towards the economic development of the nation:
 By development of infrastructure, i.e.,Construction of roads, national highways, flyovers, metro-rails, railway lines,
irrigation through dams, etc.
 The government provides an impetus to industrial growth by supplying electricity at affordable rates.
 By running schools and providing good quality of education, the government is trying to remove illiteracy and take the
nation forward.
Q18. How can we create more employment in secondary and tertiary sectors in rural India?
Ans. 1. Investing in basic agricultural infrastructure like construction of dams and canals for irrigation can lead to a lot of
employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.
2. If the government invests some money in the storage and transportation of crops, or makes better rural roads so that
mini-trucks reach everywhere, several farmers can continue to grow and sell these crops throughout the year. This
activity can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport
or trade.
3. Providing credit at a reasonable rate of interest to help farmers buy seeds, fertilisers, agricultural equipment,
pumpsets etc. can generate employment in rural banking.
4 .The government/banks can provide loans at cheap rates to the small farmers to improve their irrigational facilities
like constructing a well so that they can irrigate their land well and get two to three crops a year instead of one.
Thus more people can be employed in the same field.
5. Another way is to promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people
may be employed. For example, setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey
collection, etc.
Q19. What is the criterion to classify an economic activity as secondary sector activity? Explain.
 Ans. A. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways
of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
B. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made by some process of manufacturing.
C. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using sugar canes as raw material we make sugar.
Q20. Explain with suitable examples how the public sector contributes to the economic development of the nation.
Ans. Role of the Public sector in economic development. The Public sector is that sector of the economy in which the
government owns most of the assets and provides all the services, e.g., railways, post and telegraph.
It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
The public sector provides various services and facilities like construction of roads, bridges, railways, irrigation
through dams, etc. where heavy spending is required.
A large number of activities are a primary responsibility of the government like schools, hospitals, housing, safe
drinking water, etc.
Certain activities are meant to be supported by the government, like providing electricity to small scale industries at
low prices, supply of food to the poor, etc. It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.
It ensures availability of goods and services at moderate rates and also contributes to community development through
creation and expansion of infrastructure.
Q21. ‘Tertiary sector is different from other sectors.’ Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans. (i) Tertiary sector is basic service sector whereas primary and secondary are the sectors that
produce goods
(ii) Tertiary sector support and help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors
(iii) Tertiary activities are an assistance for the production process.
(iv) Tertiary sector provides services like transport, banking, communication, etc.
(v) It generates more employment than other sectors.
Source Based Questions/Case Studies
Q1. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite developed. We would certainly like this level of development to
go up further or at least be maintained for future generations. This is obviously desirable. However, since the second half
of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not
sustainable. Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of
crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more
than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.Consequences of environmental
degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked
together. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists,
philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
1.1. Write one cause of environmental degradation.
Ans. Allowing an increase in the level of exhaust fumes emited by cars, buses trucks etc.
1.2. What do you mean by sustainable development?
Ans. The present generation fulfills its needs while considering the needs of the future generations as well.
1.3 What kind of development should be achieved by making a sincere attempt to preserve the environment and
resources.
Ans. Sustainable Development
1.4. The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation. Give Reason.
Ans. Resources are being overused by present generation, which will make them exhausted.
Q2. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call it BMI. This is easy to calculate.
Let each student in the class find out his or her weight and height. Take the weight of each student in kilograms (kg). Then,
take the height by drawing up a scale on the wall and measuring accurately with the head straight. Convert the height
recorded in centimeters into meters. Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number you get is called BMI.
Then, look at the BMI-for-Age tables given on pages 90–91. A student’s BMI could be within the normal range or less than
that (underweight) or more (obesity). For example, if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2, then
she is undernourished. Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged 15 years and 6 months is 28, then he is overweight. Discuss the
life situation, food and exercise habits of students, in general, without body shaming anyone.
2.1 What is BMI?
Ans. Body mass index.
2.2 Write the formula to calculate the BMI.
Ans. Weight in kg/square of Height in metres
2.3 Rahul is 5 ft 6 inches tall and he weighs 82 kilos. Calculate his BMI.
Ans. 29.2
2.4 According to Rahul’s BMI, he is ____________.
Ans. Overweight
Q3. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
“There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get
are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sectors. The secondary sector
covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. This could be in a
factory, a workshop, or at home. For example, using cotton fiber from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Since this
sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called the industrial sector.
After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under the tertiary sector and are different from
the above two. These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by
themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. For example, goods that are
produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and
retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are
some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also
called the service sector. The service sector also includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production
of goods. For example, we require teachers, doctors, and those who provide personal services such as washermen, barbers,
cobblers, lawyers, and people to do administrative and accounting work.”
3.1 What do you mean by Secondary sector?
Ans. The Secondary Sectors cover activities in which natural products are changed into other forms (finished product
through ways of manufacturing).
3.2 Name the sectors which are classified on the basis of nature of activities?
Ans. The Sectors classified on the basis of nature of activities are primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector.
3.3. Give two examples of tertiary sector.
Ans. Teachers, Doctors.
Q4. Read the following passage on “Groundwater in India‟ given on Textbook Page 14 and then answer the questions
that follow:
Groundwater in India: “Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of
the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters during the past 20 years. Nearly one-
third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25 years,60 per cent of the country would be doing
the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally
prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and
the rapidly growing urban settlements.
(i) Why is groundwater overused?
(ii) Can there be development without overuse?
Ans. (i) Groundwater is used for the purpose of agriculture.
(ii) Yes. There can be development without the overuse of groundwater. Since this natural resource is easily available,
we don’t value it much and use it recklessly for our selfish purposes. We must stop overusing it so that it may be
there for our future generations.
Q5. Read the following passage on “Exhaustion of Natural Resources‟ given on Textbook Page 15 and then answer
the questions that follow:
Exhaustion of Natural Resources: Look at the following data for crude oil.

Table 1.7 Crude Oil Reserves

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2014
The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column 1). More important, it also tells us for how many years the stock
of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves would last only 53 years more. This is
for the world as a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India depend on importing
oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for
everyone. There are countries like USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or economic
power. The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process
of development.
Questions:
(i) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
(ii) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the
country looking at the above situation?
Ans. (i) Yes, crude oil plays an important role in the development process in a country. It can generate heat, drive machinery
and fuel vehicle and airplanes. Its components are used to manufacture almost all chemical products, such as plastics,
detergents, paints and even medicine.
(ii) The future is bleak because the reserves of oil would last only 53 years more. It is high time to think collectively.
It will be in favour of all.

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