3

':__ _ _ _ _ _. . : - - - - - - - - - - - .
-
Quantity of Sanitary Sew
Oge
~

3. l GE!YERAL . waste water from residences and industries. But w

Samtary Sewage includes d water also infiltrates in it due to so hen this
sewage is can-ie~ through sewers, groun h r Flow (D.W.F.) and it flows on! '!1any factors.
Sanitary sewaoe 1s also called as Dry Weat e d. d . Y mone SYstern
of sewerS in s~parate system throughout th e year an m ry sea~on m combined system
Combined system carries both the sanitary a~d st0rm sewag~ durmg monsoo_ns. Sewerag~
svstem requires laroe quantity of water for its proper function, th erefore this systern ~
~nly be provided in°the town or citie~ havin~ good water supply scheme. The quantityo~
water supplied to the town can be easily obt~•~ed from the records of the wa!er-works.
Before <lesioning
::, the sewerage system,
• 1t ts necessary
• to know the quantity of sewage,
which will flo~,Jn it after the completion of the proJect.
3.2-50-lJRCES OF-.SANITARY StWAGE
The following are the main sources of sanitary sewage : . .
(1) Water supplied to the public for domestic purposes by the local authority.
(ii) Water supplied to the va~ious industries for various industrial processes by the
local authority.
(iir) Water drawn from wells by individual houses for their domestic purposes.
(iv) Water supplied by the local authority to various public places such as schools,
cinemas, hotels, railway-stations etc.
(v) Water drawn from wells, lakes, canals etc. by industries for their purposes.
(y,) Infiltration of ground water into sewers through leaky joints.
(vii) Unauthorised entrance of rain water is sewer lines .
. lh every town or ~ity the individual persons using their own water supplies are sma~
against the total quantity of water supplied by the water works hence it may or may notb
account~d fo~ depe~ding o~ the t~tal quantity of it. ' · . usi
Vanous mdustnes havmg their own water supply give lot of waste water and ,tm
?e acc~unted for. Table 3.1 gives the normal water consumption of various.important
mdustraes. ·
l I
T_able 3.1. · !•

S.No. Name of the Indu1try. hod•etlon "'~ t1ty 9/ water ·reti~

• ' . ' I IL ) . ~
' nit Production 1
',✓

1. Cotton bleachifff ~ .J •I • • . .,. - 250-:-:3.00 . .

2 Oil industriee , , ... . ' ,· 700 ., ..
3. Paper . ,. . 't,75,000 ..
4. Rayon • 1 J...:.-2 · .
5. Steel •
6. Soap ' (IJ,(1:/J
7. Wool scourlft • i.soo--s,OOo
12-14
auAf•JTITY OF SANITARY SEWAGE
311
,J pt4CTOR_S AFFE~TING SANITARY SEWAG
3 The quantity of Samtary Sewage is main I afi E .
(i) Rate of water supply. Y fected by the following factors:
(ii) Population.
(iii) Type of area served as residential, indu st . . ..
(iV) Ground water infiltration. nal or commercial.
4 ADDITIONS DUE TO INFILTRATION
3 When the sewers are laid below the water tabl .
•
ercolate in the sewers from the faulty joints and cra~~;i~h~ gr~und.' the ground w~te_r may
P cks may occur due to bad material bad workmans h'1p or t e pipe Imes. The faulty Jomts or
era . ' damage d b th t
one. Y e ree roots.
The nna.ntity of the m~ltration water in the sewers will d
ble above the sewers mvert, penneability of the so·t . .epednd on the height of the water
ta - r It· d'ffi 1 , size an nature of the faults or cracks

in the sdewer t~efi. It tst_veryE t •c~lt to exactly detennine the quantity of water enterino in the
sewer ue to m I ra ton. xpenments done in the u s A h 1 °.
infiltration water_varies from 2?800 to ?,00,000 Iitres·p~rda;;:;ez:fe~!!~~tt~: ~~::tt11n~f
de · f ·
In U.S.A.· follow mg 45 values of mfiltrat1on are taken c.110 r the sign o sewers.
(1) 4.5 to cu.m.lhectare area/day.
(ii) 11 to 225 cu.m.lhectare area/km length of the sewer line.
(iii) 0.7 to 7.2 cu.m./day/cm. diameter of the sewer.
I~ the sewe~s are provided with underdrains for collecting the sewage, no allowance is
made m the design of sewers due to infiltration.
3.5 SUBTRACTIONS ALLOWANCE
The total quantity of water supplied by the water works does not enter the sewer lines
due to the following reasons :
(l) The quantit~ of w~ter use~ in_ drinking, after washing of clothes, quantity
~vap~rated ~n drymg, sprmklmg and gardening of roads, parks, gardens,
md1v1dual kitchen gardens etc. is consumed and does not reach the sewers.
Similarly the quantity of water used in raising steam in locomotives, industries
and consumed in various operations in the industries does not reach the sewer
line.
(ii) Some quantity of water is lost due to wastage and leakage in the pipe line during
distribution. This has been discussed in chapter 20 of water supply in this book.
The total allowance for subtraction in the total quantity of water supplied due to both
the above reasons is taken between 20-30% of the total supply.
3.6 RATE OF WATER SUPPLY
The rate of water supply to a city or town is expressed as so many litres/capita/day. This
can be taken from the office of the water works superintendent. This water is not supplied at
a constant rate to the public, but it fluctuates. The~e tluctuatio_ns may _be s~ason~I, daily and
hourly as described in part one chapter four ofth1s book. While co~s1dermg this fact~r due
allowance should be given for the increase in rate ofwater-suppl7 !" future, because m the .
future the demand of water supply increases as the standard of ltvmg of the people.
J.7 POPULATION . . .
The quantity of sanitary sewage directly depends on ~he on.
populatt_ As the populat1o_n
tho quantity of sanitary sewage also increases. ·The quan~1ty of water s_upply 1s
• of supply multiplied by the population. The population of a _tow~ m future
IIMl!Nllt:811rvoneofthe following methods which have been described m chapter
ofth" ~
....,
medlcfd.

-ti·---
 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGi _
N~E~1~
(e) Graphical method.
(J) Comparative graphical meth0 d·
(g) Master plan method.
(h) The logistic curve method.
(i) The apportionment method.
. hich is supplied to the town does
. The total quTanl ttty ~~ ~~yte~t ~1ould be equal but practically it is notnot go aft
sa!} 1!ary s~ag e. 1eore ,ca , so as dis~r Use in
. ussed in
articles 3.4 and 3.5 above. d
In the developing towns/cities it has been note ha . te det:loom
th t th
op.
the population is in new colonies and suburbs. Th_us t e m ~ma pol -ent of the rnost f
• rt~on of the sewerao
system ,snot much affecte d bYthe deve lopment or mcrea . ses m popu
. at1on · But. th e quantige
reaching the treatment works directly depends on the mcrea ~e m _the population. ty
Fo; the accurate detenn ination of the growth of po~u latton
, ~t w111 be better to collect
details from the master plan of the town and probable increase 111 each
zone of the t
should be taken into account. The sewage quantity which will be produ
ced in the towno;n
to future developments of the town ·and population should be taken into
as possible accurate results should be obtained.
account and as t
ar
3.8 TYPE OF AREA SERVED
The quantity of sanitary sewage also depends on the type of area whether
it is residentia~
industrial or commercial. The quantity of sewage produced in reside
ntial areas directly
depends on the quantity of water supply to that area. This type of sewag
e is expressed as
li,reslcapita/day and the quantity is obtained bv multiolvin2 the
oooulation with this factor.
The quantity of sewage produced by various mdustnes depends
on their various
industrial processes, and it is different for each industry. This quantity
can be determined by
doing a survey of that area and collecting the data.
Similarly the quantity of sewage obtained from commercial places and
public places can
be detennined by studying the development of other such places.
3.9 EFFECT OF GRO WTH OF POPU LATI ON
With the increase of the town population, it has been seen that the per
capita demand
of the town increases, causing increase in the sewage quantity also.
The rise in the water
consumption is due to the raised standard of living. In U.S.A. it has
been seen that the
percentage rise in the water is about 5% of the percent increase in popula
tion. In Indi~ no
such survey has been done so far, but the available data reveals that greate
greater is the per capita demand. r the populat1on 1

. .
For the design purpose, table 3.2 gives the recommended values of water
and the sewage produced for the cities of India... consum ption
·
TabJ , .J,a..
S.No. Population of tl,e
Town/City
~wage pro
capita In l
1. Upto 50,000 Nos. 115
2. 50,000 to 2,00,000 ., 12S
3. 2,00,000 to 5,00,000 135
4. 5,00,000to 10.()(),0fJQ., ..l!"Yl:'.MD - ~,_,... " 160
5. More than 10,()()JlQI
-
3 1~ D~TERHINATIONOF :n1 of
quant111 d
• ~s stated earlier, the quanf •-111C ,ii
walll' Slq>Plied by the water-w l(lditlll'"'
au ll~ do fte inittodetenn
 r,(fln' OF SANITARY SEWAGE \~
:\ • I I 313
0~
') The add"1t1· ons are done due · •" ·· -

(i town generally there are num

to pmvate water suppli·es and · filtrat1·on of water. In
ber of residences and industrie m fr
~ve~ endent we~ls, lakes, ponds, s which ~a w ~ater 0 :
rivers etc. This extra quantity of
itldd:d up in samtary sewage can water ~h1ch will_also b
be correctly determined by field
adenerallY the water drawn by the inspection o~ such places.
G lied of the whole town and
residences is very small as com
can be neglected. But the qua pared with th~ water
suPPous industries is considerable ntity of water required by ' I
v~l . and should be added up
The su~trac~io ~s are do~e due to leakage of
conJum~d ~n dnnkm~, cookm~, water .in pipe lines, and water b.
spr emg
nvertmg mto stearn m locomotives inkling on roads, gardening of lawns and gard~ns,
and for various industrial proces
~:nerally v~ from 20% to 30% ses. These subtractions
down in article 3.S. of the total quantity of water suppli
ed to the town as stated
Therefore, .
Quantity of Sanitary Sewage
.
= (Total _q_uantity of water supplied)
. +. l(Add1tlons due to industries)
Generally, it has been seen tha (Subtractions))
t after doing all the calculations
7s
sewage comes equal to to 80
Other methods which can also
% of the total quantity of water
the quantity of sanitary .
supplied ..
may be as follows: be employed for the determina
. tion of sanitary sewage
(i) Short-term records of
sewer gaugings.
(ii) Long-term records of
sewer gauging.
(iii) Arbitrarily selected per
capita sewage flow rates based upo
(iv) The tributary area and n experience elsewhere.
a unit
upon experience elsewhere. per hectare allowance for the sewage flow based
For the estimation of the future
sewage flows, the present availab
sewage quantities should be use
d for detennining the per capita le records of water of
future population. Sewers must quantities of sewage of
be designed for maximum or pea
3.11 VARIATION IN TH k rate of flow of sewage.
E QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
The quantity of sewage as calcul
demand will be purely hypothe ated by the methods described abo
tical and cannot be used direct ve by the per capita
because practically the average ly for the design purpose,
sew
from hour to hour of the day and age never flows in the sewers, it continuously varies
season to season. The design of
done for the maximum possible the sewers should be
flow which would ever pass thr
case. oug h it in worst possible
3,12 SEASONAL AN D DA
ILY VARIATION
The consumption of water in sum
change in consumption of water mer is more than in _winter or rain
dir ect y seas~n, an~ this
been seen that the ratio of maximum ly affects the quantity. of sewage. Practical\~, 1~ has
to average flow of sewage is betwe
theratioofaveragetominimum en 1.5 to 1.0. Stm1larly
is between 1.2 to 1.0. ~ spe~ia~
be made for it, as in w e ofMelas, Ku cases due all?wance should
mbh Melas and hill stations, where
incroase in population at such occ there 1s tremenduous
asi ons.
, ,~ 1s also change m
'1'1 ..-- •
· the sewaoe quantity if the city .
has seasonal mdustnes .
~ h.
c such as
....... crus. mg,f Icannr
fn it · g brewing etc .
'•~ quant~ty o sewag~ a so 'ha c
nge from day to day. On the clo
sing days of market,
. . . ildustrie~ the q~ ~t ,~ of shall be more due to cloth washi
._ l'blnfore, the vanat1on m the sewage e uantity also depends on ng, house washing
se wq qbetakenas l 30timesofav the local conditions.
1\e seasonal maximwn rate of tlo eragedailyrateof·
w may •
.. . ·
'l\e monthly maximum rate oft\oWffll betaken as 1.40timesth.eaverage~offtow, !
11111. . dally axm. rate of t\ow f'M Y 1 IO times or so of the aven
Y be taken u . ge daily now.
 /
~-----=-------
4
-=
4 1 GENERAL
Quantity of Storm Sezv 0

f; e a part of it percolates into the ground a

~Re

• When rain falls over the ground sur a~n,ing part overflows as stonn or flood W~t Partis
h ·e and the rema1
evaporated in the atmosp et . h er. 1n
ers or drains is very large as compared with sa . e
quantity of ston11 water reach mg t e sew nnary
sewage. . sewage is taken in one set of sewers and the st
In separate _system th e sanitary rs The quantity of storm sewage depends on son-i°nn
sewage is taken m anoth~r set ofdselwter ~n Previously the quantity of storm sewaoe wany
" I ich will be d1scusse a e · . ~ as
,actors _w 1 .· . . . / fiormulae but now-a-days rallona1 method is mo
determmed usmo certam empmca , . . I~ I re
commonly use d.::,Even now fior very large drainage areas empmca ,ormu ae are used for
determining the storm sewage.
4.2 FACTORS AEFECTING STORM SEWAGE
The following factors mainly affect the quantity of storm sewage :
(,) Area of the catchment area.
(it) Slope and shape of the catchment area. . ~.
1
(iii) Nature of the soil and its degree of porosity. .
(iv) Obstructions in the flow of water as trees, fields. gardens etc.
(v) Initial state of the catchment area with respect to wetness.
(v,) Intensity and duration of rainfall.
(vii) Atmospheric temperature, wind and humidity.
(viii) Number and size of ditches present in the area.
4.3 DETERMINATION OF INTENSITY OF RAINFALL
The intensity ofrainfall is the amount of rain falling in unit time. It is usually expressed
in centimetres or.millimetres rai~fall per _hour. . . the
Meteorological observatoraes publish the ramfall data in every country stating
rainfall on every day. But these data cannot be used for determining the quantity of stonn
sewage for a particular area because intensity of rainfall is required for this purpo~e. h' h
For determining intensity of rainfall Sl)CCit1~s of rain-gauges are required, in w 10
continuous ~ainf~II records ca~ be obta~ed. · .. · . as 1,een
Symon s Ram-gauge, which can gw~1-ntsal ~mfall between given period, h ·ofall
described in part one of th is book, but thai is WAfsuitable for determining intensity of rat
required in sewer designs.
Section At Y-Y
Receiver
 TYOfSANITARYSEWAGE ~ - 317
~ 4.1 shows two types of Automatic Recording Rain-gauges, which are most common ly
~! continuous recordin g of intensity of rainfall. In tipping - .f1ucket type rain gauge,
\ISed all bucket is support ed between two compartments. When one compar tment is filled,
one srn ket tips and empties of them the other compartment collects this rain water.. The
the ~uc bucket is connect ed to some recordin g device, which records the intensity of ram fall t I
tiPP111g-
~ighi ng rain-gaug~ contains a pan, supporte d ~n scale. The s a1e we1gns tne ra1_n
which is collected m an exposed funnel. The ram water, so weighed 7 by the scale, 1s
water,atically recorded on a graph paper fixed on a rotating drum by means of a pen which
automthe rainfall on a clockwi se operate d chart.
rraces . . .
for design purposes 1t 1s necessa ry to collect the data of the mean intensity of rainfall
place for 20-25 years. But mostly data for such a long period is not availabl e, therefor e
13
~ desioning may be done by collectin g data of towns having similar
climatic conditio ns or
~;usingempirical formulae directly. .
<..
4.4 QUANT ITY OF STORM -WATE R
Generally there are two method s by which the quantity of storm-w ater is calculat ed:
(1) The Rational method
(ii) Empirical formulae method.
In both the above method s, the qua;,tity of storm water is a function of the area (in
hectares): the intensity ofrainfa ll and the coefficient ofrunof f. The coeffici ent of runoff
or
the maximum rate ofrunof f mainly depends on the surface slope and the estimated conditio
n
ofthedrainage area with referenc e to the proportion of the rainfall that will run.
\
4.5 THE RATIO NAL METHO D
This method is mostly used in determi ning the quantity of storm water.
The storm water quantity is detenni ned by the rationa/forrnula.
·' C.i.A
Q=36 0 ... (4.1)
Where Q = quantity of storm-w ater in m 3/sc.
C = coeffici ent ofrunof f
i = intensity of rainfall in mm/hour.
A = drainag e area in hectares. •
F~om the above fonnula , it is clear that for the application of rational method, the
selection of coefficient C and the rainfall intensity i, are required, which can be obtained by
cstorrect judgement. The area A can be more accurate ly determi ned by the followin g three
eps: ·
sh In.firs! step: the plan of the city is prepare d and tentativ~ arrange ment of sewer lines
is
th:wrn °nat. 1?•-whole area is also divided into zones and the concentration points along
Pl ~ er lines are marked . . .. . .
freq "~ nd step, the selectio n of ramfall frequen cy and the ramfall mtens1ty for ,has
the ~ ~rmined. The time ofconcentralion of storm water includes infet time and
. The inlet time is the time required for the rain in falling on the most remote
tributary area to flow across the ground surface along drains or gutters Ufto the
•The time of travel is the time required by the stonn water in trwetllrig from the
ilet upto the point of concentratiQII. • ' · /'. · •·
step. the proport ion of rainfall which enters the sewer directly as '11'¥>ff• is
t
5
,/1!'< ' '

~-----, \'. \
S GENERAL
-------~==-.::_:== D es ig n of Se w er s

S. After the determination of the quantity , -

of sewage variatio • •t .
esig n the sew er section, which will be economi~al
~to d . 1 in co~s~~~ ~-quant1ty,ltlhe next step
the~uired disc lar~e Ofth e sewage at·se If-c1
that eaning velocity. The descign
ton as we as can take
of sewer is different
fronl of conduit used for the conveyance
. • f t of wa ter in cas e of water
difference 1s ~a t m case O wa er supp1Y, h p Iy. The mam •
t e water flows in pipes under s~p
pressu _
re, whereas
incJSt of samtary_sewers the sewa9e flo
ws under gravitational fi;ce only. For
period the se_wer 1s partly filled with sewage most of the
, whereas in case water supply the
ai--ays remam full. Due to the above rea pipes
sons all the sewers are t be designed
such slopes that they can collect the sewage of and laid at
the town and carry it upto point of dispos
S.2 ESTIMATEOF_SAN,ITARYSEWA al.
GE __ __ _,--
Sanitary sewage 1s mostly the spent wa
ter of the community drainino into the
~~m with some quantity of ground water and sewerage
a part of sto·nn run-off from fhe area dra
mroit The sewer should be capable of rec ining
eiving the maximum expected discharge
of the design period. In the early years atthe end
provision should not be made much in
actual discharge, because otherwise it wil excess of the
l cause depositions in the sewer lines, The
of flow, therefore, requires a very car estimate
eful consideration and should be bas
contributory population and the per cap ed on
ita flow of the sewage, both the factors the
guided by the design period. · · being
The sewers should be designed large _ ·
enough to carry the maximum discharge
flowing two-third full (for large sewers while
i.e. more than 75 cm diameter) ang wh
about half full in case of smaller sewers ile flowing
less than 75 cm diameter. The aboye mar
as factor of safety against the following : g~n is kept
(Q Infiltration of underground water, · . . . ,
storm water or illegal connections thro
cracks or open joints. ugh ·
(ii) Unforeseen increase in the · • .
population or water consumption due . ·
to festivals,
melas, etc. · ·
(ii,) Due to rapid development of ·
the b~g industries and the town or Iow est1· t· f
die maxim ma ion o
um flow.
'
l,J I I LC.V P• IU OD • . um
uaually dcsaped for the max~m exris .cted discharge to m~et the requirements
development of the area, •because I botdah difficult and unec('nomical to
6e capacity of the sewerage ~y stem at ~~a:~ e That is why the population
guided by the anticipated ~lt1matedgrow s w\ich may differ in the different
tame town. The sewer hne1 are es1gne ~ for a design period of 30 years.
•
LA no N ESTIM A'Y',
various methods ot' forecasting the pop lad~n or•
town, have bees, described in
u 'table approach for design of sew ers is
part of this book in chapterftve. The mo
s~ su' , opulation or floor Space Index.
the estimate on anticipatetl ultimate de~
l'hcn the desired infonnation on popula
s~~s
t•~
~J
available in the Master Plan of the, __.
the flowing densities may bo used-
 5.5 AREA tion under consideration should be marked
1
The tributary area for any sewer sf;
-out of buildjngs, legal lin1itations etc. deteon~e
key-plan. The topogr~p~y of the area, Yction. The area for
the tributary area draining to a sewer se designing the sewer• rtnine
ts to be
measured frotn the plan.
5.6 PER CAP ITA SEW AGE FLO W
It has been observed that a small portion of spent wat :r . . .
ts lost tn evaporation, seepaoe
in ground, leakage etc. But for the design of se~ers th e entire
spe~t water_or water suppli;d
per capita may be taken into a~coun~. In some and areas: th
e sewa.,e ~each mg the sewer may
be as low as 40%, while for 1ntens1ty developed area, it
may b~ 901/o. Usually 80% of the
water supply may be expected to reach the se~ers. The sewer
hnes should be designed for
l50 c/d
In the industrial areas, some industries often use the water oth~
supply, from their own tube-wells or other sources and more ofte r than from municipal
n discharge their industrial
waste into corporation sewers. At all such places, proper calculat
ion of extra sewage entering
the sewers should be made separately. When the industrial
waste is· large, it should be 1
segregated and treated suitably before discharge into sewers
..
5.7 GR OU ND WA TER INF ILT RAT ION
/
The quantity of ground water entering th·e sewers dep
ends on the workmanship in _
laying the sewers and height of the ground water table. As the
sewers are designed for the ·
pea k discharges, allowance for ground water infiltration
for the worst conditions should be
made as follo ws : ,
 OfSEVVfRS ~7
i:,es!GN Table 5.2. Ground Water lnflltrat lon In Sewers
Laid Below Water Table

Descriptio11 Quantity of infiltration water ·- -

chment area of the sewer line 5,000-50,000 J.p.d/hectare
1 Cat 1·
,,· Length of sewer me 500-5,000 1. p.d./km ofsewer/cm dia.
:· Manholes 250-500 1.p.dlmanhole
j, ~------:--:-=-:-:-:-:-----~--...,.____ ___ ___ ___ __ ·
___J
S ESTIMA !EOFST ORM ~UNOF F .. _ .
5, In the previous chapter, vanous methods _a~d empirical formulae have been descnbed
_ the estimation of the stonn run-off. The emp1racal formulae that are available for estimation
:ruie stonn water ru~off ~a~ _be used only when comparable conditions to those for which
the equations ar~ d~nved 1~1t_iall_y can be assured. A rational approach, therefore, demands
asrudy of the ex 1st mg pre~1p1tat1on data of the area concerned to permit a suitable-forecast.
,torm sewers are not designed for the peak flow of rare occurrence such as once in l 00
~-ears. It is necessary to provide sufficient capacity to avoid too frequent flooding of the
drainage area. -
5.9 FLOW ASSUM PTIONS
Toe flow in the sewers varies considerable from hour to hour and season to season, but
forthepurpose of hydraulic design of sewers, it is the estimated peak flow, which is adopted. --
The peak factor or the ratio of maximum to average flows,.depends upon the contributory
population and the following values are recommended for design:
. Table 5.3

Contributory population Peak/ac tor

1. Upto 20,000 3.5
2. 20,000 to 50,000 2.5
3. 50,000 to 7,50,000 2.25
4. Above 7,50,000 2.0
 / WAlER SUPPLY ANO SANITARY EtiQIII
330
FLOW \
unts of orgam•c an d"inorganic SOI' ~
5.11 VELOC.n;Tu?e~owns carries large a;:;floWoft_he sewage. If the velotityld~
whic~e;~fla~;;~a~~
small the oatmg
~::;:~::~:!i~: :m ~~ ~=~~~~:f ;:.:1:ief::~th:~;!~i~
b will reduce
will go on accumulating, ther~Y There • · th Will """1
fore while des1 ~~g e ~~wer . ~ ~~i~ in~
obstruction in the flow of sewag~. ets deposited in ~e. s_
ewer. - e mlll!m~ ~
should be kept sucl_1 that ~o ~?lad ; invert of the sewer is
calle? self-cleansing vel ~
which no solids get deposited m ~ velocity for various types
- Table 5.6 gives the self-cleanang of suspended solids Oc"),
ended by Beardmore. Present
in the sewage. These velocities are:ec;:,;.cfeans/ng Velo
cities.
I Tabl • 5. ·
Nature oftl,e solid particle presen t in the Self-cleaning veto .
city
sewage
1. Rounded pebbles ( 12 mm to 25 mm di.a) 0.5--0.6 mlsec.---........
0.3 mlsec.
2. Fine e:ravel
.... O·-1 . ,
3. Coarse sand nvsec.
LO mlsec.
4. Angular stones
5. Fine sand and clay 0.15 mlsec.
6. Fine clay and silt o 075 ti.·
· n sec.
Table 5. 7 gives the self-cleansing velocity for various diam
eters of the sewe~ piper
Tt1bk ,. 7. seIJ-t.:ua,utng ~tloc lly
·
Diameter of the sewer · 1111 ~loclty
1. 15 to 25 cm.
1.00 ml.'ie<.'.
2. 30to60cm.
0.75 m.~'ie<.'.
3. Above 60 cm.
0.6011,ltec:.
'1Jie self c~ansing velocity of the sewage depends upon
flowing sewage. The minimum velocity to cause the scou the scouring action of the
ring of the suspension of solids
heavier than t_ · sewage or liquid which carry them is deter
fonnula, mined by the following Shied
·

,,. /at(ppr-p) g.d~ ...(5.8)

Where
Y = Ve l~~ o flow
K • Cllan.ctpt.istic;1.Clf.t)e •ids flowing in the sewage in
suspenst~. 1ts values in metric units are between 0.06 to O.04
for organic solids. _
/• Darcy'scoeffic
P, • Specific gravityiento
0~
f•I " tt.. 1
;..,,C:0' '!'N"' value 15· o•03 ·
Its v~lue is betw ~..... ,.._ ~ mdle sewage. ;
P • Spe_cafic gravity O • •• • water
havmg p ::c l. -1
• mm VI sewage it" IS
g • Gravitational
d. • diameter oftbe&eeelllllli
f~u la (S.I) it ia.
orqioviqg

esystem
cgravity
l.2may
organic
ity of tlo
the organ·
notrem
mwhere
• oESIGN OF SEVVERS
331
5.12 VEL (!~I TY AT MIN IMU M FLO W
.
For avoidmg steeper gradients which will require deep
to desig~ sewers for the s~lf:cleansingvelocity at ultim er excavations, it is the practice
ate peak flow. This is done on the
assumption that although siltmg might occur at mini
mum flow, the slit would be flushed out
during the peak flow. But even the problem of silting
may have to be faced in the early years,
particulartr for smaller sewers which are designed
to flow half-full, as the actual depth of
flow then_1s only a small fraction of the full depth.
In the same way the upper reaches of
laterals will pose a pr~blem as they flow only partially
· because of the necessity for adopting the minimum full even at the ultimate design flow,
size sewer.
It has been recorded that for sewers running parti
ally full, for a given flow and slope,
velocity is little influenced by pipe diameter. It is reco
mmended that upto 30./.p.s. present
peak flows, table 5.8 may be used, which would ensure
early years. mini mum velocity of0.60 m.p.s. in the

- Pres ent peak jlow in J.p.s.

Tab le 5.8.
Slope of sewer per 1000
2.0 6.0
3.0 4.0
5.0 3.1
10.0 2.0
15.0 1.3
. 20.0 12
30.0 1.0
5~M INI MU M SEW ER SIZ E
The min1mum size of public sewer should not
be less than 150 mm. However,
recommended practice is to provide 200 mm size. In hilly
available it may be 100 mm. areas where the maximum slopes are
5.14 SEW ER GRA DES
The sewage flows in the sewers under gravitational
laying the sewers on slope or grade. The velocity of force only, which is obtained by
the flow directly depends on the grade
of the sewer, by hydraulic mean depth and the cond
ition of the sewer with respect to
roughness. The designer has to determine the optim
um slope or grade at which the sewers
are to be laid so that self-cleaning velocity is develope
d in the sewage flow .
' Tab le 5. 9. Min imu m Gra des in Circ ular Sew ers.

S.No. Diam eter of tl,e Grades in the sewer line

II sewe r in cm
For developing For developing For developing
75 cm/sec. 90 .cm/sec 105 cm/sec.
Velocity Velocity Velocity.
1. 15.0 1 in 150 1 in 105 1 in 78
2 22.S 1 in265 1 in 180 1 in 135
3. 30.0 1 ir. 385 1 in270 I in 195
4. 37.S 1 in520 1 in 355 1 in265
s. 1 4S.O 1 in660 1 in460 1 in340
4 52.5 1 in820 1 in570 1 in 415
7. 60.0 1 in970 I in680 1 inSOO
a. 67.5 1 in 1100 I in790 1 in580
9. 75.0 I in 1300 I in 910 1 in670
10. 90.0 1 in 1650 I in 1200 I in 850
11. 10.0 1 in2100 I in 1450 I in 1050
-- 12. 120.0 ' Jia ~
. .,
I in 1780 I in 1250
"'
c,es1GN OF 51:v.JERS 3~3.
,J1 MET_HOD OF D_ESIGN OF SEWER . ,I .
5
follow mg method ts followed for the design of sewers :
(a) Zon~ for!11a!i~n. ~he whole town or city in which sewerage system i~ to be
provided ts d1v1ded mto different zones. The layout of sewers is plotted along the
roads, and the each zone is marked separately. The sewer which will carry the
sewage and the storm water of a particular zone is also marked. .
(b) Sewer Network. The proposed arrangement or network of sewers for different
zones is then worked out and marked on the plan. The low lying areas are marked
separately ~nd are isolate~ (rom the main sewerage syste~, ,bec~~s~pJJmping-is- ·
to be done m that case and pumps are to be installed at suit,ible places. As the
sewage flows under gravitational force only, the sewage starts from the high
level zones to the low level zones and finally flows to the point of disposal.
(c) Sewage Quantity. The quantity of sewage (maximum as well as minimum)to be
carried by each sewer is worked out. The variation factors are also determined
and the actual quantity of sewage for which the sewer is to be designed is
detennined. 1
.

(d) Flow Velocity. The suitable velocity of flow between the setf..cleansing velocity
and limiting velocity is chosen for the design purpose. 1 ·he value can also be
detennined by the empirical fonnulae.
(e) Sewer Section. Now the sectional area of the sewer is determined by the relation

V . From the area the section of .sewer is determined.

A= Q

· (/) Grade of Sewers. Now the slope of the sewer line is determined and the
longitudinal section of each sewer line is drawn to a suitable scale. These sections
show invert levels and all sewer appurtenances. Now keeping suitably the depth
of the sewer from the ground level at the highest point' or point of disposal, the
laying of sewers can be started. ·
r.
 \" .. , . -
Lir) By soil absorption system.
The soil absorption system has the follcwing method for the absorption of effluent:
(a) Soakage Pit. This is also known as
seepage pit. These are circular pits more than 90cm min

one metre in diameter and 1 m in depth below 00000;0

00000 00
the invert of the in let pipe. These pits are ,lined m:m:~1//A 00000 o Aggregate
with dry bricks or stone and are filled with
0
~~~ioc filling
Brick
brick-bats or coarse aggregate more than 7.5 chamber
c:m, size. In the case of large pits the top portion with dry joints
is reduced in size for the reduction in the size
of the R.C.C. cover Fig. 21.8 shows the section 30cm thick
I1 ~ 000000000 sand casting
irough a soakage pit. , 0000000000
(6) Leachina Cesspool • Cesspool has ~ ~•}· 00000000000 ~~
i..... __ et
Ul.7CII described in article 21.5. The same
1 -~~ 00000000000 .. 4
..", 00000000000 ,. •,
er IJ9!l can be used. for soaking the effluent Fig. 2J.8.. soal<a~e pit.
!'lepttc tanks. In this cesspool the bottom . sed into the surrou~ding soll. The open
~!'1~! water-tight to retain the _efflue~!~~tg~,•,~!':!ate of 4.5 cm in siz~ and_?".~~~~...:~~~~~g
JS.:13 SEPTIC TANKS
In this tank, the sludge di~estion and the sedimentation tanks place in the same chamber.
These tan~s are ~~ctangular_ m plan. In these tanks anaerobic action takes place, due to
which septic cond1t1ons_pre~a1l, there~ore it is called septic tank. In municipal sewage treatment
it is not used, therefore it will not be discussed here. Septic tank is most suitable for residential
building, institutions and factories· where sewer lines are not available. This has been
d~scribed in detail in the next chapter.
JB.:14 IMHOFF TANKS . ~

Th<:se tanks are the improvements over the septic tanks. These tanks derive the name
'Imhoff tank' after its inventor Karl Imhoff of Germany. Imhoff tanks are two-storeyed tanks
which have large settling tanks and below it are sludge digestion chambers. Fig. 18.6 shows
the essentials of an Imhoff tank. Number of inter connected hoppers are provided below the
settling tanks. First the sewage enters the upper sedimentation tank whose bottom has
sharp inclinations. The solids are allowed to settle in the upper tank from where they slip in
the lower hoppers thr.o ugh the slots. In the hoppers the settled solids remain store~ for a
long period~ about 30-45.days. During this period, they are acted upon by the bacterias and
are converted into stablfs·oti<l.S, organic acids and ~ases. The gases are allowed to escape
510
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITA

. . d solids are taken out by means of ~l~tt

......
~y<li l
in the atmosphere. The st abi 1,ze f solids in the lower hoppers is regu~ sludge p· ~1~
h~drostatic pressure. The tl~w oer is filled up with the solids its top is ated by ni'Pe ~Od
triangular beam. When o_ne op~o er digestion starts. closed by eansortr
the triangular beam and tn th at PP ~ Scum b lllea0, 4
Oard •or
Free board
In\~ ~~--4r---:_-:-_:-_~_-~-=--=-:-:-~_-:_-::-:(:"-::-=-:=rO.:.:::utlet
- -S~~i~i:,ntation chamber

Sludge
Fig. 18. 6 . (a) Longitudinal section through an Imhoff tank.
The effluent of Imhoff tank is similar to the scum board Shce . 'tal
P rimary settling tank. The
•
organi~_ matters
digested in the lower compartments. Th e d'1gested
•
1
are Gas vent
tI
1for op ~
"./ sludgepi11t
erating
sludge has black colour and has no odour. The ......
moisture contents of this sludge is 90-95%, Settling
therefore it can easily flow in the pipes. This ot opening
moisture can be removed by· passing it through
sand beds and sun-drying.
These tanks are simple in operation and the Digestion
process is automatic, uniform and continuous. The
sludge can be easily removed under hydrostatic
· pressure, therefore no pumping is required. The Opening -&:::ll::C-=/J--.J
disadvantage of these tanks being more depth (8-
10 m), on operational control and the fouling of the
atmosphere due to the developed gases, which Fig. 1.8.6. (b) Cross-section of
are allowed to escape in the atmosphere. an Imhoff tank,
The slope of the septum side walls of the lower portion should have steep slope me«
than 55° to the horizontal to prevent adhesion of solids to them.
The design of the upper flow tank is done on the basis of the plain sedimentati~ntanl
with 1.5 hour to 2.5 hour detention period. The depth of the upper flow chamberis ke~
about 2.5 m. The minimum total depth of the tank is kept 5.0 m. The design ofthes~~e
storage capacity is done on the basis of 0.05 to 0.02 cu.m per capita. The surfaceove °:
rate is kept less than 30,000 litreslsq.mlday. The gas vent area is provided betweend't20'on
25% oft_he tot~I plan area. lf_th_e sufficient gas vent space is not provided, very badc~:r~~r
of foam mg will develop. Mm11num slope of 30° is provided to the hopper bottom sludl'
removal of sludge through the sludge outlet. The vertical distance between the upper
· level and slot which is known as neutral zone is kept more than 45 cm. ventinl
. These tan~~ require dai_ly ~ttention ~Q[ obt4,.ining high efficiency and
uns1ghty cond1t1ons and obJect1onable 000~ 1he .scum collected at the su lids~
forJ:~
of~
liquid should be removed daily with sometype o(sJdmmc;r. If care isnottaken~:coine~
adhere to the septum walls and become s e p t i c ~ by gas, break off 11¢pij.
with the effluent. It is better to seed the tankw' WFll-digestedsludgefro:~eslj

population. The suspended solids in the i

lmhoff:ilE~ge/rOIII
The long handled squeegee run down in the . _ . from the upper tbroU with 40~
Example 1B.6. Design an a tow:O,er'°,
,.,._. Qfe J50 p.p.111, 1~,, the ,J
ofthe sludge is 5%. If the rate ofsewage capita/day, desl.S
two months storage.