What is the smallest structure in an organism's body?; Cell.

What is the most important characteristic of living things?; Carrying all the
biological processes that life needs.
Who made a simple single-lens microscope with 275x magnification?; Anton van
Leeuwenhoek.
What did Robert Hooke observe in the cork of a plant?; Tiny boxes or pores that
look like the rooms in a monastery, where he got the term "cell".
Who proposed that all organisms are composed of cells?; Theodore Schwann and
Matthias Schleiden.
What did Theodore Schwann propose about animals?; All animals are composed of
cells.
What did Rudolf Virchow observe about cells?; Cells produced new cells through cell
division.
What is the Cell Theory?; One of the fundamental theories unifying biology that
states all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells came from pre-
existing cells, and the cell is the structural and functional unit of living
things.
What are the two basic cell types?; Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.
What is the main difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?; Prokaryotic
cells have no definite nucleus, while Eukaryotic cells have a definite nucleus.
What are the two types of cells?; Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.
What are the organisms that have prokaryotic cells?; Bacteria.
What are the organisms that have eukaryotic cells?; Animals, Plants, Algae,
Protists, and Fungi.
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?; Eukaryotic
cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have a false nucleus.
What are the three basic parts of a cell?; Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?; It covers and protects the cell,
separates cells from the external environment, and controls the moving of materials
into and out of the cell.
What is the fluid mosaic model?; It is a model that describes the plasma membrane
as a semi-permeable membrane that contains various materials or molecules, such as
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?; It is the living substance of the cell
containing the chemical elements and tiny structures or organelles that are
responsible for the cell's metabolism.
What is the function of the nucleus?; It is the control center of the cell,
contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell, and is responsible for cell
division and replication.
What are organelles?; They are basic cell parts that perform the physiological
activities of the cell.
What is the function of the cell membrane?; It covers and protects the cell,
separates cells from the external environment, and controls the moving of materials
into and out of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?; It is the living substance of the cell
containing the chemical elements and tiny structures or organelles that are
responsible for the cell's metabolism.
What is the function of the nucleus?; It is the control center of the cell,
contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell, and is responsible for cell
division and replication.
What is the fluid mosaic model?; It is a model that describes the plasma membrane
as a semi-permeable membrane that contains various materials or molecules, such as
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
What is the difference between free and attached ribosomes?; Free ribosomes are not
attached to any organelles, while attached ribosomes are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of mitochondria?; It is responsible for producing energy in
the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
What is the difference between binary fission and mitosis/meiosis?; Binary fission
is a type of cell division in prokaryotic cells, while mitosis and meiosis are
types of cell division in eukaryotic cells.
What are chloroplasts?; They are organelles found in plants and algae that are
responsible for photosynthesis.
What is the function of ribosomes?; They are responsible for protein synthesis.
What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotic cells?; Mitosis and Meiosis.
What are the two types of nuclei in cells?; True nucleus and false nucleus.
What are the structures found in the cytoplasm?; Tiny structures or organelles that
are responsible for the cell's metabolism.
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?; Polar molecules have
a positive and negative end, while nonpolar molecules do not have a positive and
negative end.
What is the function of the nucleolus?; It is responsible for producing ribosomes.
What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?;
Unicellular organisms are composed of only one cell, while multicellular organisms
are composed of many cells.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?; It is responsible for protein
and lipid synthesis.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?; It is responsible for modifying,
sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport.
What is the function of lysosomes?; They are responsible for breaking down and
recycling cellular waste and debris.
What is the function of peroxisomes?; They are responsible for breaking down fatty
acids and detoxifying harmful substances.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?; It is responsible for maintaining cell
shape, providing support, and facilitating cell movement.
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?; Hydrophilic
molecules are attracted to water, while hydrophobic molecules repel water.
What is the function of the centrosome?; It is responsible for organizing
microtubules during cell division.
What is the function of microfilaments?; They are responsible for maintaining cell
shape and facilitating cell movement.
What is the function of microtubules?; They are responsible for maintaining cell
shape, facilitating cell movement, and organizing chromosomes during cell division.
What is the function of intermediate filaments?; They are responsible for
maintaining cell shape and providing mechanical strength.
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?; It covers and protects the nucleus
and controls the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nucleoplasm?; It is the living substance of the nucleus
containing the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
What is the function of the nucleoid?; It is the region in prokaryotic cells where
the genetic material (DNA) is located.
What is the function of the cell wall?; It provides support and protection to the
cell.
What is the function of the vacuole?; It is responsible for storing water,
nutrients, and waste products.
What is the function of the flagella?; They are responsible for cell movement.
What is the function of the cilia?; They are responsible for cell movement and
facilitating the movement of substances across the cell surface.
What is the function of the centrioles?; They are responsible for organizing
microtubules during cell division.
What is the function of the spindle fibers?; They are responsible for separating
chromosomes during cell division.
What is the function of the kinetochore?; It is a protein structure that attaches
to the centromere of a chromosome and facilitates its movement during cell
division.
What is the function of the centromere?; It is a region on a chromosome that
attaches to spindle fibers during cell division.
What is the function of the chromatin?; It is the material that makes up
chromosomes and contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
What is the function of the nucleosome?; It is a structure that helps to package
DNA into a compact form.
What is the function of the histones?; They are proteins that help to package DNA
into a compact form.
What is the function of the nuclear pore?; It is a protein-lined channel that
allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?; It is responsible for
protein synthesis and modification.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?; It is responsible for
lipid synthesis and detoxification.
What is the function of the perinuclear space?; It is the space between the two
layers of the nuclear envelope.
What is the function of the nucleoplasmic reticulum?; It is a network of tubules
and cisternae that extends from the nuclear envelope into the nucleoplasm.
What is the function of the nuclear matrix?; It is a network of protein fibers that
helps to organize the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
What is the function of the nuclear lamina?; It is a network of intermediate
filaments that helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?; It is a large protein complex
that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear localization signal?; It is a sequence of amino
acids that targets proteins to the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear export signal?; It is a sequence of amino acids
that targets proteins for export from the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear localization sequence?; It is a sequence of
amino acids that targets proteins to the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear export sequence?; It is a sequence of amino
acids that targets proteins for export from the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear envelope breakdown?; It is the process by which
the nuclear envelope disassembles during cell division.
What is the function of the nuclear envelope reformation?; It is the process by
which the nuclear envelope reforms after cell division.
What is the function of the nuclear pore basket?; It is a structure that helps to
regulate the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear basket?; It is a structure that helps to
regulate the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of the nuclear basket protein?; It is a protein that helps to
regulate the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.
What is the function of;
What is cytoplasm?; The living substance of the cell containing the chemical
elements and tiny structures or organelles that are responsible for performing the
metabolic activities of the cell.
What is the cytosol?; The gel-like material that makes up 70% of the cytoplasm and
is a mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved materials, and water.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?; A system of membranous tubules and sacs that is
considered as the "circulatory system" of the cell and allows molecules to move
from one to another.
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?; Rough ER, which is lined with
ribosomes and is for the distribution of proteins and transport, and Smooth ER,
which is for the transportation of materials other than proteins, like
carbohydrates and lipids.
What is the Golgi complex?; A packaging and secretory vesicle of the cell that
collects materials from the organelles that are needed to be disposed of through
secretory vesicles.
What is the function of the Golgi complex?; It is involved in the distribution of
lipids around the cell, acts as a transport agent, and is a protein collector and
dispatcher.
What is the function of lysosomes?; Lysosomes are tiny sacs produced by the golgi
body that secrete enzymes, called lysozymes, which are for digestion and keeping
the cell clean.
What is the function of ribosomes?; Ribosomes are spherical, non-membranous
organelles for protein synthesis and are the sites for protein synthesis.
What are polysomes/polyribosomes?; Polysomes/polyribosomes are a group of 80s
ribosomes working together to translate mRNA to polypeptides.
What is the function of vacuoles?; Vacuoles are for the storage of materials.
What is the function of centrioles?; Centrioles play a role in the production of
microtubules and are considered as organizing centers of microtubules.
What is the function of the nucleus?; The nucleus is the control center of the cell
and contains the genetic material of the cell.
What is the function of the centrosomes?; They are responsible for the formation of
spindle fibers which are important in cell division.
What is the nucleus?; It is the "brain of the cell" which controls all the
metabolic activities of the cell.
What is nucleoplasm?; It is the cytoplasmic content of the nucleus.
What is the nuclear envelope/membrane?; It is a double membrane lining with many
pores that control movement in and out of the nucleus.
What are chromosomes?; They contain the genetic materials, the DNA, and are located
in the nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?; It is the spherical body for the formation of ribosomes and
is also found in the nucleus.
What is the function of mitochondria?; They are the "powerhouse of the cell" and
are responsible for the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as the energy
source.
What is the function of ATP?; It is the energy source of the cell.
What is the function of mitochondria in aerobic respiration?; They act like a
digestive system to break down nutrients to produce energy-rich molecules.
What is the structure of mitochondria?; They are semi-autonomous organelles that
have their own DNA and can produce itself by dividing.
They are double membrane organelles with a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner
membrane with cristae, which are infoldings of mitochondria.;
What is the Cell Cycle?; A series of events that takes place in a cell leading to
its division and DNA replication.
What are the two main processes of the Cell Cycle?; The Interphase and the M-Phase.
What are the three phases of the Interphase?; G1, S phase, and G2.
What happens during the G1 phase of the Interphase?; The organelles are busy
performing their metabolic activities and at the same time duplicating or
increasing in number, so that the cell is also increasing in size.
What happens during the S phase of the Interphase?; In this phase, there is DNA
synthesis where the genetic materials replicate.
What happens during the G2 phase of the Interphase?; This is a checkpoint to
determine if the cell is ready for the next process, which is cell division, either
mitosis or meiosis.
What are the four main stages of the M-Phase?; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase.
What happens during the Prophase stage of the M-Phase?; Centrioles separate and
move to opposite poles, spindle fibers are formed by the centrioles, nuclear
envelope disintegrates, and the nucleus disappears, and chromosomes become visible.
What are mitochondria?; Double membrane organelles with a smooth outer membrane and
a folded inner membrane with cristae, which are infoldings of mitochondria.
How does a cell produce itself?; By dividing.
What is the function of spindle fibers during mitosis?; Spindle fibers are formed
by the centrioles and help to move chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
What happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis?; The nuclear envelope
disintegrates and the nucleus disappears.
What is the arrangement of chromosomes during metaphase?; Chromosomes are arranged
at the equator of the cell.
How do sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers during metaphase?; Each sister
chromatid is attached to the spindle fibers.
What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?; Chromosomes separate and move to
opposite poles.
What happens to chromosomes during telophase?; Chromosomes reach the opposite
poles, spindle fibers break, and the nuclear envelope begins to appear and form the
nucleus.
What is the cleavage furrow in animal cells during cytokinesis?; Invagination at
the cell membrane starts to appear, which eventually forms the two daughter cells.
How are daughter cells separated in plant cells during cytokinesis?; The cell plate
is formed to separate the two daughter cells.
How many daughter cells are produced during mitosis and meiosis?; Mitosis produces
two daughter cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells.
What are the stages of meiosis I?; The stages of meiosis I are Prophase I,
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
What happens during Leptotene in meiosis I?; Leptotene is the beginning of the
condensation of chromosomes.
What happens during Zygotene in meiosis I?; Homologous chromosomes pair.
What happens during Pachytene in meiosis I?; Complete condensation of chromosomes
is observed.
What happens during Diplotene in meiosis I?; The complex of paired homologous
chromosomes begins to separate.
What is Zygotene?; It is when homologous chromosomes pair.
What is Pachytene?; It is observed with the complete condensation of chromosomes.
What is Diplotene?; It is the completion of the crossing-over of chromosomes.
What is Diakinesis?; It is with the formation of the four(4) sister chromatids.
What is Metaphase I?; It is with tetrad chromosomes attached to the spindle fibers,
and aligned at the equator.
What is Anaphase I?; It is the separation of homologous chromosomes.
What is Telophase I?; It is the formation of two(2) diploid daughter cells.
What is Meiosis II?; It is exactly the same as mitosis, where both the two(2)
daughter cells produced in Meiosis I divide and each forms (two)2 haploid daughter
cells.
What is DNA?; It is a molecule that contains the genetic code of organisms, and is
thus considered as the genetic material.
What is a nucleotide?; It is the structural unit of DNA, composed of a sugar
molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
What is a double helix?; It is two twisted strands of DNA, described as a twisted
ladder, with the sides made up of alternating molecules of phosphate and sugar
(deoxyribose), joined by covalent bonds.
ation
●
What are the sides of the DNA ladder made up of?; Alternating molecules of
phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose).
●
What type of bonds join the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the
next nucleotide?; Covalent bonds.
●
What are the nitrogenous bases that compose the DNA?; Adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and thymine.
●
What is the difference between the purine and pyrimidine groups of nitrogenous
bases?; Purine group has two rings, while pyrimidine group has one ring.
●
What is antiparallel orientation in DNA?; The two strands of the double helix run
in opposite directions, wherein the 5' end of one strand matches with the 3' end of
the other.
●
What is the importance of antiparallel orientation in DNA?; It permits base pairing
by providing complementarity between the two bases, which is important for DNA
replication.
●
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?; It refers to the processes
involved in how the genetic information of the DNA is converted into gene products,
RNAs, and proteins.
●
What is the function of DNA?; It stores, copies, and transmits genetic information
for the development and reproduction of organisms.
What is DNA replication?; DNA replication is a biological process in which DNA
makes a copy of itself.
What is fork formation in DNA replication?; Fork formation is the split of the two
strands of DNA, and each of the single strands becomes the template of the new
strand of complementary DNA.
What is primer binding in DNA replication?; Primer binding is the binding of
primers to DNA template by complementary base pairing to start the replication.
What is elongation in DNA replication?; Elongation is the lengthening of the DNA by
the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesized strand.
What is the termination phase in DNA replication?; The termination phase is the end
of DNA synthesis, which happens when the two replication forks meet, DNA is
unwound, and gaps are filled.
What is transcription?; Transcription is the process by which DNA makes new RNA.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?; Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA molecule that is
copied from the DNA segment and leaves the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in
the cytoplasm.
What happens to thymine in transcription?; Thymine is not present in RNA, and it is
replaced by uracil.