What is homoeostasis?

; Homoeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal

environment.
What is the ultimate control of homoeostasis?; The nervous system is the ultimate
control of homoeostasis.
What is the integumentary system?; The integumentary system is a series of organs
and organ systems that function in homoeostasis.
What is the function of the integumentary system?; The function of the
integumentary system is to protect the body against physical, mechanical, chemical,
and biological injury.
What are the skin derivatives?; The skin derivatives are nail, hair, sebaceous
glands, ceruminous glands, and sweat glands.
What is the largest organ in the body?; The skin is the largest organ in the body.
What is the Latin word for integument?; The Latin word for integument is "to cover"
or covering (skin).
What are the examples of integumentary system?; The examples of integumentary
system are hair, feathers, scales, claws, hoofs, skin, skin glands, hooves, digital
pads, and horns.
What is the function of the skin?; The function of the skin is to function as a
protective layer against physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological injury,
body temperature regulation, reception of external sensory stimuli, secretion, and
absorption.
What are the functions of the skin?; The functions of the skin include protection
against physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological injury, body temperature
regulation, reception of external sensory stimuli, secretion, immune responses,
vitamin D synthesis, and body surface pigmentation.
What are the two layers of the skin?; The two layers of the skin are the epidermis
and the dermis.
What is the epidermis?; The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin that is
derived from ectoderm, does not have any blood vessels within it, and is composed
of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the dermis?; The dermis is the layer of the skin that develops from
mesenchyme, is vascular, contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other
structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands, and is made of two layers of
connective tissue that compose an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous
fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
What is the hypodermis?; The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer or
superficial fascia, is the layer of tissue below the dermis that connects the skin
to underlying muscle or bone.
What is the hypodermis?; The hypodermis is a layer directly below the dermis that
serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia of the bones and muscles.
What is the hypodermis made of?; The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized,
loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of
fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument.
What are sweat glands?; Sweat glands respond differently to heat and nervous state
and respond to emotional and sensory stimuli.
What are sebaceous glands?; Sebaceous glands, also known as oil glands, are found
in the skin of mammals and secrete sebum.
What are ceruminous glands?; Ceruminous glands are involved in skin problems such
as acne and keratosis pilaris.
What are mammary glands?; In the female mammary gland, it produces milk for the
sustenance of the young.
What are nails?; Nails act as protective plates over the fingertips and toes, and
the area under your nail has many nerve endings, which allow you to receive more
information about objects you touch.
What are hoofs?; Hoofs are found in ungulate mammals and are a cylinder of horny
material that surrounds and protects the distal phalanx of the digit.
l
layers:
Epiderm is:
stratified
epiderm is
w ith
thin
stratum
corneum
and
very
little
keratin; Leydig
cells.
What is the structure of hair?; Hair consists of the shaft and root.
What are hoofs?; Hoofs are found in ungulate mammals and are a cylinder of horny
material that surrounds and protects the toe tips.
What is the difference between horns and antlers?; Horns are made of an outer
keratinized layer, while antlers are made of bone.
What are the characteristics of tetrapods' integument?; Tetrapods' integument is
highly keratinized, with a cornified layer as covering that forms the stratum
corneum.
What are the two layers of amphibians' integument?; The two layers of amphibians'
integument are the epidermis and the dermis.
What are the characteristics of reptiles' skin?; Reptiles' skin is scaly and
composed of two principal layers: the epidermis and the dermis.
What is the purpose of chromophores in amphibians' integument?; Chromophores are
pigmented-bearing cells for camouflage in amphibians' integument.
What is the purpose of poison glands in reptiles' integument?; Poison glands in
reptiles' integument produce toxins.
What is the purpose of mucous glands in amphibians' integument?; Mucous glands in
amphibians' integument produce watery substances that make them slimy and protect
them against predators.
What are the two principal layers of reptile skin?; The two principal layers of
reptile skin are the dermis and the epidermis.
What is the epidermis made up of in reptiles?; The epidermis in reptiles consists
of up to seven sublayers of closely packed cells.
What are the types of scales found in bony fishes?; The types of scales found in
bony fishes are cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid, placoid, and cosmoid scales.
What is the skin of cartilaginous fish covered with?; The skin of cartilaginous
fish is covered with horny teeth-like scales called placoid scales or dermal
denticles.
What is the simplest of all fish and vertebrates?; The simplest of all fish and
vertebrates is jawless fish, such as lampreys and hagfish.
What does the integumentary system consist of in birds?; The integumentary system
in birds consists of feathers, scales, and beaks.
What is the unique feature of lampreys and hagfish among all vertebrates?; They
have no jaws.
What are the components of the integumentary system in birds?; The skin, feathers,
and appendages (claws and beak).
What is the function of the integumentary system in birds?; It provides protection
to the bird.
What are the two layers of the epidermis in birds?; Cornereum and basale.
What are the two types of tissues that make up the skin in birds?; Connective
tissue of the dermis and hypodermis, and cellular stratified epithelium of the
epidermis.
What are the five layers of the epidermis in mammals?; Corneum, lucidum,
granulosum, spinosum, and basale.
What are the two layers of the dermis in mammals?; Outer papillary layer and deeper
reticular layer.
What is the function of the skeletal system?; It provides support and protection,
gives the body shape and form, allows for body movement, stores minerals, and
serves as a site for the formation of blood cells.
What are the three types of skeletons?; Hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and
endoskeleton.
What is a hydrostatic skeleton?; A water-based skeleton/fluid-filled internal body
that provides the structure necessary for movement in worms.
What is an exoskeleton?; An exoskeleton is a hard external skeleton, a thick, outer
covering made of protein and chitin.
What are arthropods?; Arthropods are invertebrate animals that have jointed limbs,
a segmented body, and an exoskeleton.
What are the three kinds of skeletons?; The three kinds of skeletons are
hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.
What is the function of the skeleton?; The functions of the skeleton are storing
minerals and serving as a site for the formation of blood cells.
What is an arthropod?; An invertebrate animal that has jointed limbs, a segmented
body, and an exoskeleton.
What is the exoskeleton in arthropods made of?; Chitin.
What is the exoskeleton in mollusks?; A hard, protective outer covering.
How are wings usually attached in arthropods?; By muscles in the hard body surface,
which provides a foundation for the muscle contractions.
How do muscle contractions affect flight in arthropods?; They raise and lower the
wings, allowing flight.
What is an endoskeleton?; An internal skeleton of vertebrates.
What is the function of an endoskeleton?; Protection, support, and movement.
What is cartilage?; A specialized connective tissue that consists of chondrocyte
cells, fibers, and a cellular matrix.
What is the function of cartilage?; Provides a site for muscle attachment, aids in
movement at joints, provides support, and transmits the force of muscular
contraction from one part of the body to another during movement.
What is bone or osseous tissue?; A tissue that provides a point of attachment for
muscles and supports the body.
What is the function of bone or osseous tissue?; It provides a point of attachment
for muscles and transmits the force of muscular contraction from one part of the
body to another during movement.
What are tetrapods?; Tetrapods are four-limbed vertebrates that lift themselves to
walk on land.
What is the function of the endoskeleton in tetrapods?; The endoskeleton in
tetrapods became modified for support on land.
What are osteoblasts?; Osteoblasts are bone cells that produce the inorganic
materials (fibers and matrix) of bone.
What is the Haversian system?; The Haversian system is a unit comprised by the
combination of bone cells and bone tissue.
Blood vessels and nerves also exist within it. Bones come together to form a joint,
which allows movement and flexibility.;
What is a joint?; Bones come together to form a joint, which may be immovable or
movable.
What is the function of synovial fluid in a movable joint?; A capsule of synovial
fluid provides lubrication in a movable joint.
What are ligaments?; Ligaments are tough, fibrous tissues that link bones to one
another.
What are tendons?; Tendons are connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.
What is a muscle?; A muscle is a band or bundle of fibrous tissue that has the
ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of body
parts.
What is the muscular system?; The muscular system is the biological system of
animals (including humans) that allows them to move internally and externally.
What are the functions of muscles?; The functions of muscles include mobility,
stability, posture, circulation, respiration, digestion, urination, childbirth,
vision, organ protection, and temperature regulation.
What percentage of total weight do muscles make up?; Muscles make up approximately
40% of total weight.
What is the hardest-working muscle in the body?; The heart is the hardest-working
muscle in the body.
What is the body's largest muscle?; The gluteus maximus is the body's largest
muscle.
What is the strongest muscle by weight?; The masseter in the jaw is the strongest
muscle by weight.
What is the smallest muscle in the body?; The ear contains the smallest muscles and
smallest bones.