1

1 Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride is an important industrial process.

(a) What is meant by the term electrolysis?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Name the products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction at the cathode.

Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

2 This question is about electrolysis.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolysed using the apparatus shown.

wire

+ – carbon electrodes

concentrated
hydrochloric acid

(a) Chloride ions are discharged at the anode.

(i) Complete the ionic half-equation for this reaction.

Cl–(aq) (g) + e–

[2]

(ii) State whether oxidation or reduction takes place. Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
 2

(b) Describe what is seen at the cathode.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

3 Molten zinc chloride is electrolysed.

The incomplete apparatus is shown.

+ –

(a) Complete the diagram by:

• completing the circuit to show the wires and power pack
• labelling the anode.

[2]

(b) Name the products formed at each electrode.

positive electrode ............................................................................................................

negative electrode ........................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

4 Chloroethene (CH2=CHCl) can be manufactured from 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl).

The equation can be represented as shown.

Cl H Cl H

H C C Cl ® C C + H Cl

H H H H

(a) Some bond energies are given.

 3

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−C 350

C=C 610

C−Cl 340

C−H 410

H−Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the reaction.

Use the following steps.

(i) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = ............................... kJ [1]

(ii) Calculate the energy released when bonds form.

energy = ............................... kJ [1]

(iii) Calculate the energy change of the reaction.

energy change of the reaction = ........... kJ / mol [1]

 4

(b) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

5 The reaction of sodium with water is exothermic.

What is meant by the term exothermic?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 Magnesium oxide is used as a catalyst in some reactions.

State the purpose of using a catalyst.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

7 (a) Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Complete the energy level diagram for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate by
writing these words on the diagram:
• reactant
• products

energy

progress of reaction

[1]
 5

(b) Explain, using information on the energy level diagram, how you know that this reaction is
endothermic.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

8 Ethene is an alkene which reacts with bromine as shown in the equation.

C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

Part of the energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Br2
energy

progress of reaction
The reaction is exothermic.

Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction.

Include:

• the position of the products

• an arrow to show the activation energy, labelled as A
• an arrow to show the energy change for the reaction. [3]

[Total: 3]
 6

9 Ammonia is made in an industrial process starting with nitrogen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

The forward reaction is exothermic.

State the effect, if any, on the position of the equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.

temperature is reduced ............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

pressure is reduced .................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

10 Ethanol is made industrially by the reaction of ethene with steam.

The reaction occurs at a temperature of 300 °C and a pressure of 60 atmospheres.

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ C2H5OH(g)

A catalyst is used in this reaction.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) State what is meant by the term catalyst.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield of C2H5OH(g)

increasing the temperature

decreasing the pressure

[4]

[Total: 6]
 7

11 The structures of seven compounds or elements, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H
P
H C C H N N Cl Cl
Cl
H H

E F G
H H H H H H
O
H C C O H H H C C C C H

H H H H H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents a compound that turns anhydrous

copper(II) sulfate blue.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

12 Ammonia is made in an industrial process starting with nitrogen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

(a) Name the industrial process used to make ammonia.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the raw material from which nitrogen is obtained.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State what is meant by the symbol ⇌.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the temperature and pressure used in this industrial process.

temperature = ............................°C

pressure = .............................. atm [2]

(e) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
 8

13 Deduce the charge on the iron ion in each of these compounds.

FeF3 ........................................................................................................................................

Fe(NO3)3 ................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

14 Displacement reactions are redox reactions.

On the following equation, draw a ring around the reducing agent and an arrow to show
the change which is oxidation.
2+ 2+
Zn + Pb → Zn + Pb

[2]

[Total: 2]

15 Hydrogen peroxide reduces sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, to sodium chloride.

H2O2 + NaClO → NaCl + H2O + O2

Describe how this equation shows that sodium chlorate(I) has been reduced.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

16 Lead is formed when red lead oxide, Pb3O4, is heated with carbon.

Pb3O4 + 4C → 3Pb + 4CO

Explain how this equation shows that Pb3O4 has been reduced.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Indigo is a blue dye.

When an alkaline solution of indigo undergoes reduction, it turns colourless.

(a) What is meant by the term reduction?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(b) A piece of white cloth is soaked in the colourless solution.

When the cloth is left in the air it turns blue.

What type of chemical reaction occurs?

Draw a circle around the correct answer.

decomposition fermentation oxidation polymerisation

[1]

[Total: 2]

18 The main ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS.

(a) The ore is heated in the presence of air to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide.
Write the equation for this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Give a major use of sulfur dioxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

19 The following formulae represent different substances.

Al Ag CaCO3 CH4 Cl2 Cu SO2

State which of these substances is added to a blast furnace to remove impurities during the
production of iron.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 10

20 Complete these sentences about the extraction of iron from iron ore in a blast furnace using words
from the list.

air decomposed dioxide hydrogen iron

monoxide oxidised reduced slag

The raw materials put into the blast furnace are iron ore, limestone and ...................................... .

Carbon monoxide reacts with iron(III) oxide to produce iron. In this reaction iron(III) oxide is

........................................ .

Limestone decomposes to produce calcium oxide and carbon ........................................ .

Calcium oxide reacts with impurities in the iron ore to form ........................................ . [4]

[Total: 4]

21 Name the main ores of:

zinc ...........................................................................................................................................

aluminium ................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

22 The table shows the rates of reaction of four metals with steam.

metal rate of reaction

magnesium fast

nickel slow

sodium very fast

tin very slow

Put the four metals in order of their reactivity.

Put the least reactive metal first.

least reactive most reactive

[2]

[Total: 2]
 11

23 The table shows the rates of reaction of four metals with air.

metal rate of reaction

chromium reacts very slowly only when heated strongly

silver does not react at room temperature or when heated strongly

sodium reacts quickly at room temperature

uranium reacts slowly at room temperature

Put the four metals in order of their reactivity.

Put the least reactive metal first.

least reactive most reactive

[2]

[Total: 2]

24 Place these metals in order of their reactivity with oxygen.

copper
magnesium
potassium
zinc

Put the least reactive metal first.

least reactive most reactive

[2]

[Total: 2]

25 Zinc chloride reacts with water as shown.

ZnCl2 + 2H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl

State the meaning of the symbol ⇌.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 12

26 Aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous sodium iodide.

Cl2 + 2NaI → I2 + 2NaCl

(a) How does this reaction show that chlorine is more reactive than iodine?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What colour is iodine in aqueous solution?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]