1

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 When dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

A current of x A is passed through the solution for 14.0 minutes. 462 cm3 of hydrogen are produced
at the cathode, measured under room conditions.

(a) Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules produced during the electrolysis.

number of hydrogen molecules = .............................. [2]

(b) Calculate the total number of electrons transferred to produce this number of hydrogen
molecules.

total number of electrons = .............................. [1]

(c) Calculate the quantity of charge, in coulombs, of the total number of electrons calculated in (b).

quantity of charge = .............................. C [1]

(d) Calculate the current, x, passed during this experiment.

x = .............................. A [1]

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(e) The standard entropies, S o, of three species are given in the table.

species S o / J K–1 mol–1
H2O(l) +70
H2(g) +131
O2(g) +205

(i) Calculate ∆S o for the reaction 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g).

 ∆S o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(ii) ∆H o for the reaction 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) is +572 kJ mol–1.

Calculate ∆G o for this reaction at 298 K.

 ∆G o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Predict the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of this reaction.
Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

[Turn over
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For
2 (a) The diagram below shows an incomplete experimental set-up needed to measure the Examiner’s
Ecell of a cell composed of the standard Cu2+/Cu electrode and an Ag+/Ag electrode. Use

copper electrode B
electrode

saturated
solution
solution A of AgCl
solid AgCl

(i) State the chemical composition of

solution A, ..................................................................................................................

electrode B. ...............................................................................................................

(ii) Complete the diagram to show the whole experimental set-up.

[4]

(b) The above cell is not under standard conditions, because the [Ag+] in a saturated solution
of AgCl is much less than 1.0 mol dm–3. The Eelectrode is related to [Ag+] by the following
equation.

equation 1 Eelectrode = E oelectrode + 0.06 log[Ag+]

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E ocell if the cell was operating under standard
conditions.

E ocell = .......................... V

In the above experiment, the Ecell was measured at +0.17V.

(ii) Calculate the value of Eelectrode for the Ag+/Ag electrode in this experiment.

....................................................................................................................................

(iii) Use equation 1 to calculate [Ag+] in the saturated solution.

[Ag+] = .......................... mol dm–3

[3]

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3 The electrolytic purification of copper can be carried out in an apparatus similar to the one For
shown below. Examiner’s
Use

impure copper anode pure copper cathode

anode ‘sludge’ CuSO4 (aq)

The impure copper anode contains small quantities of metallic nickel, zinc and silver, together
with inert oxides and carbon resulting from the initial reduction of the copper ore with coke.
The copper goes into solution at the anode, but the silver remains as the metal and falls to
the bottom as part of the anode ‘sludge’. The zinc also dissolves.

(a) (i) Write a half equation including state symbols for the reaction of copper at the
anode.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use data from the Data Booklet to explain why silver remains as the metal.

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) Use data from the Data Booklet to predict what happens to the nickel at the anode.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) Write a half equation including state symbols for the main reaction at the cathode.

..................................................................................................................................

(v) Use data from the Data Booklet to explain why zinc is not deposited on the
cathode.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(vi) Suggest why the blue colour of the electrolyte slowly fades as the electrolysis
proceeds.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[7]

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(b) Most of the current passed through the cell is used to dissolve the copper at the anode For
and precipitate pure copper onto the cathode. However, a small proportion of it is Examiner’s
‘wasted’ in dissolving the impurities at the anode which then remain in solution. Use

When a current of 20.0 A was passed through the cell for 10.0 hours, it was found that
225 g of pure copper was deposited on the cathode.

(i) Calculate the following, using appropriate data from the Data Booklet.

• number of moles of copper produced at the cathode

• number of moles of electrons needed to produce this copper

• number of moles of electrons that passed through the cell

(ii) Hence calculate the percentage of the current through the cell that has been
‘wasted’ in dissolving the impurities at the anode.

[4]

(c) Nickel often occurs in ores along with iron. After the initial reduction of the ore with coke,
a nickel-iron alloy is formed.
Use data from the Data Booklet to explain why nickel can be purified by a similar
electrolysis technique to that used for copper, using an impure nickel anode, a pure
nickel cathode, and nickel sulfate as the electrolyte. Explain what would happen to the
iron during this process.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

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4 (a) (i) Define the term standard cell potential.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

An electrochemical cell is set up to measure the standard electrode potential of a cell, ,

made of a Co3+ / Co2+ half cell and a Cl 2 / Cl – half cell.

(ii) Complete the table with the substance used to make the electrode in each of these
half‑cells.

half cell electrode

Co3+ / Co2+
Cl 2 / Cl –

[1]

(iii) Use data from the Data Booklet to calculate the .

= .............................. V [1]

(iv) Write the equation for the overall cell reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that can be used to generate electrical energy.
A methanol oxygen fuel cell can be used as an alternative to a hydrogen oxygen fuel cell.
When the cell operates, the carbon atoms in the methanol molecules are converted into
carbon dioxide.

CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 6H+ + 6e–

Calculate the volume of CO2, in cm3, formed when a current of 2.5 A is delivered by the cell for
30 minutes. Assume the cell is operated at room conditions.

volume of CO2 = .............................. cm3 [2]

[Total: 7]

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5 Although standard electrode potentials are measured for solutions where the concentrations For
of ions are 1.0 mol dm–3, cells used as sources of battery power tend to operate with more Examiner’s
concentrated solutions. This question concerns the electrode reactions involved in the Use

hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell and the lead-acid car battery.

(a) In the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, H2(g) and O2(g) are fed onto two inert electrodes
dipping into NaOH(aq).

oxygen
hydrogen

NaOH(aq)

The following reactions take place.

left hand electrode (cathode): H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e–

right hand electrode (anode): O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate E –cell

o–
for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Construct an equation for the overall reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) By using one of the phrases more positive, more negative or no change, deduce
the effect of increasing [OH–(aq)] on the electrode potential of

• the left hand electrode .......................................................................

• the right hand electrode .......................................................................

(iv) Hence deduce whether the overall Ecell is likely to increase, decrease or remain the
same, when [OH–(aq)] increases. Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(v) Suggest one other reason why a high [NaOH(aq)] is used in the fuel cell.

..................................................................................................................................
[6]

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(b) In the cells of a lead-acid car battery the following reactions take place. For
Examiner’s
cathode: Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2e– Use

anode: PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate E –cell

o–
for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Construct an equation for the overall reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

The electrolyte in a lead-acid cell is H2SO4(aq). Most of the Pb2+(aq) ions that are
produced at the electrodes are precipitated as the highly insoluble PbSO4(s).

(iii) Construct an equation for the overall cell reaction in the presence of H2SO4.

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) By considering the effect of decreasing [Pb2+(aq)] on the electrode potentials of

the cathode and the anode, deduce the effect of the presence of H2SO4(aq) in the
electrolyte on the overall Ecell.
State whether the Ecell will increase, decrease or remain the same.

Overall Ecell will ................................................ .

Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[5]

[Total: 11]

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