2

1 The table gives information about five particles. The particles are all atoms or ions.

number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons
A 6 8 6
B 12 14 12
C 13 14 14
D 17 17 16
E 17 20 17

Answer the following questions using the information in the table.

Each particle may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which particle, A, B, C, D or E,

(i) is an atom with atomic number 17,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) is an atom with nucleon number 14,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) is an ion with a negative charge,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) an atom with only one electron in its outer shell?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) D is an ion of an element.

Identify the element and write the formula of D.

. . . ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]
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2 The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of
30 minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.

300 A

250 B
C D
200
E
temperature F
150 G
/ °C
H
100

50

0
0 10 20 30
time / minutes

Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which letter, A, B, C, D, E, F,G or H, shows when

(i) the particles in the substance have the least kinetic energy,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the particles in the substance are closest,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) the substance exists as both a solid and a liquid?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use the graph to estimate the boiling point of the substance.

.............................. °C [1]

(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.

. ............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) When smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump
around.

(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.

. . .........................................................................................................................................

. . . .......................................................................................................................................

. . . . ................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

[Turn over
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3 (a) Complete the table to show the electronic structure of the atoms and ions.

electronic structure

F 2,7

Ca2+

N3-–
[3]

(b) Predict the formula of the compound formed between Ca2+ and N3-–.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangements in the two ions present in
lithium chloride, LiCl.
Show outer shell electrons only. Include the charges on the ions.

[3]

(d) Sulfur dichloride, SCl 2, is a covalent compound. It has the structure Cl –S–Cl.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

sulfur dichloride.
Show outer shell electrons only.

[3]

[Turn over
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(e) In terms of attractive forces, explain why LiCl has a higher melting point than SCl 2.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(f) Suggest the identity of a covalent compound with a higher melting point than LiCl.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 14]
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4 Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide are oxides of Group IV elements.

(a) Complete the following table.

carbon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide

formula SiO2

melting point / °C –56 1610

physical state at 25 °C gas

conduction of electricity non-conductor

structure macromolecular
[4]

(b) (i) Name the type of bonds that exist between the atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low

melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor of electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Suggest a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and
carbon dioxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]