Reactive Energy Management

Welcome To
REACTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT

LV Power Factor Correction
Webinar
7 July 2022 | 10:00am – 12:30pm
Speaker
Ch’ng Eng Yong, CEng MEI, CEM, CMVP, PEM
Digital Power
Schneider Electric
Internal
Innovation Talk
Reactive Energy Management – LV Power Factor Correction
Tips for great webinar experience
Use the chat window for Question. There will be a

Q&A session towards the end of the webinar
Please mute your microphone during presentation
Kindly note that the webinar is recorded
Internal
Innovation Talk
Reactive Energy Management – LV Power Factor Correction
Before We Begin…
EARLY FEEDBACK
QUIZ SESSION
LOGIN REWARD FORM
First 20 to login & Top 10 winners on the First 50 who submit

stay till the end of the Leaderboard will receive eFeedback Form will receive
session will receive RM50 GrabFood RM30 GrabFood
RM30 GrabFood eVoucher eVoucher
eVoucher each each
each
Internal
Reactive Energy Management
LV Power Factor Correction
Ch’ng Eng Yong, CEng MEI, CEM, CMVP, PEM

Digital Power
Schneider Electric
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Internal
Agenda 1 Reactive Energy Management
2 Factors affecting PFC system
3 IEC 60831-Selection of PFC Capacitor
4 PFC Capacitor – Schneider Offering
5 Detuned Reactor & PFC Controller
6 IEC 61921 for Design & Installation
7 Appendix
8 Q&A session
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 5

Internal
How Reactive Energy Management is done?
Active Power (KW) Reactive Power(kVAr) Apparent Power kVA

What delivers the Real power Required by the inductive equipment Total power used by the equipment’s
(Mechanical power) during excitation during operation
By Supplying the reactive energy needed for the equipments locally

instead of taking it from the grid.
Definition : The principle of "Power Factor Correction" (or "Reactive Energy

Compensation") is to generate the reactive power close to the load, so that the
supply source could be relieved. Capacitors are most commonly used to supply
reactive energy to inductive loads such as motors, generators etc.
P(kW )
PowerFacto r 
S (kVA)

Internal
Why Reactive energy management?
80KW 80KW
100KVA
100KVA
(Demand)
Generation
60Kvar
60Kvar
20KVA released for other loads in transmission

networks = Effective utilization
80KW 80KW
100KVA 80KVA
Generation (Reduction in
Demand)
60Kvar from
Capacitors
Internal
What is power Factor correction?
P(kW )
PowerFacto r  Apparent Power
S (kVA) Apparent Power kVA (S) • Transformer, Switchgear ,
cables are designed as per
apparent energy
Active Power (P) Reactive Power

• What delivers the real power ( • Responsible for Heating loss
Mechanical power) • Cannot avoid this.
• For what customers are billed for • Low efficiency motors consume
more reactive power

Internal
Advantage of Power factor improvement
Reduction in kVAr Better utilization of • Effective utilization of Generated

power
Demand electrical machines
• Reduction in Generation Power
Reduced Penalties and • Reduction in transformer rating

Reduction in kVA
increased incentives from • Reduction in Electricity Bills
Demand Utilities
Reduction in Line Better utilization of • Reduction in line losses.

• Reduction in cables and bus bar
Current conductors
sizes
• Reduction in Switchgear ratings

Internal
Factors affecting the health of PFC system
Harmonics, Overvoltage, Overcurrent/Overload, Temperature

Internal
Factors affecting the health of PFC system
S No Parameters Effect Mitigation
1 Harmonic Distortion Reduction in the life of PFC Detuned reactor in series with
equippment capacitor
2 Overvoltage (Voltage Surge, Damage to the equipment Surge protection devices for
Switching surge, Impulse) connected in the system, stress transient voltages, Overvoltage
on the insulation of electrical protection by PFC relay
equipment
3 Overload Current (Over current Overheating of electrical and Circuit breakers, fuses,
and overload protection) electronics components Overcurrent relays
increasing the risk of fire and
damage to equipment's
4 Rise of Ambient temperature Performance degradation for the Adequate air ventilation – Forced
Components i.e. Capacitor, air circulation with fans
Reactor, Coils etc.

Internal
1. What are harmonics
The actual waveform is composed of a no. of sine waves of different frequencies,
including one at power frequency, referred to as Fundamental frequency,
Harmonics refers to any of the above mentioned sinusoidal component, the
frequency of which is a multiple of fundamental frequency.
> The amplitude of a harmonic is generally a few percent of that of the

fundamental.
> Harmonics are a mathematical way of describing distortions to a

voltage or current waveform. Shape of a distorted wave
> Harmonics are the multiples of fundamental frequency
> Caused by the Non-Linear load
> The flow of harmonic currents through system impedances in turn

creates voltage harmonics, which distort the supply voltage.

Internal
Effects of Harmonics
> The main issues caused by the Harmonic currents
For factories and industrial
> Higher losses in transformer sites, controlling the cost of
‒ Increase of iron losses (or no-load losses) operations and equipment to
‒ Increase of copper losses protect margin is a priority.

Replacing equipment before
‒ Presence of harmonics circulating in the windings
its time can increase capital
> Increase in Skin effect expenses up to 15% and
operations costs by as much
> Overloading of neutrals
as 10%. Implementing an
> The main effects of the Harmonics Voltages are- appropriate harmonic
mitigation solution helps
> Voltage distortion
avoid such costs
> Disturbance in the torque of Induction motors
Internal
Effect of Harmonics on Capacitors
> As the impedance of the capacitors is inversely proportional

to the frequency i.e. Zc= 1/C, so Capacitors are used
with detuned reactors
> Capacitors are particularly sensitive to harmonic currents
to prevent harmonics
> Capacitor impedance decreases proportionally to the frequency amplification, Further
Detuned reactor
> Capacitors offer low impedance path to higher order harmonics protect capacitor from
harmonics thus
> This can result in a capacitor overload, shortening operating life
increasing the life.
> In some extreme situations, resonance can occur, resulting in an
amplification of harmonic currents and a very high voltage distortion.

Internal
THDv and THDi Characteristics - Recommendations
> The voltage THDv characterizes the voltage wave distortion.
THDv Harmonics level End effect Solution
<3% Normal No malfunction PFC bank advisable with Detuned application

Therefore it is important
3% to 5% Harmonic presence some Malfunction PFC bank mandatory with Detuned application to know the exact order
PFC bank mandatory with Detuned reactor + of the harmonics. Use of

5 to 8 % Significant harmonic presence/ Potential risk of
Active filter advisable for harmonic mitigation
Complies with EN50160 malfunction harmonics compensation
>8% High harmonic pollution Major malfunction of PFC bank mandatory with Detuned reactor + devices is recommended.
equipment Active filter mandatory for harmonic mitigation
There are several
* Sensitive equipment (CNC, precision equipment welding, life-saving equipment)
technological possibilities
> The current THDi characterizes the Current wave distortion. as Passive, Active and
THDi Harmonics level End effect Hybrid Solutions.
10 to 15% Normal No Malfunction PFC bank advisable with Detuned application
15 to 20% Harmonic presence Some malfunction PFC bank mandatory with Detuned application
20 to 35% Significant harmonic pollution Risk of overheating PFC bank mandatory with Detuned reactor +
Active filter advisable for harmonic mitigation
>35% High harmonic pollution Major malfunction of PFC bank mandatory with Detuned reactor +
equipment Active filter mandatory for harmonic mitigation
Internal
2. Overvoltage protection
> Long Duration Voltage-

> Capacitor should be adequately protected for the limits
beyond as mentioned in the Admissible voltage levels in
service as per IEC60831-1.
> Switching voltage

> The switching of a capacitor bank by a restrike-free circuit
breaker usually causes a transient overvoltage, the first peak
of which does not exceed 2 √2 times the applied voltage
(r.m.s value) for a maximum duration of 1/2 cycle.
> Capacitors that are liable to be subjected to high

overvoltage's due to lightning should be adequately
protected. If lightning arresters are used, they should be
located as near as possible to the capacitors.
Note: Please select the PFC controller setting for the permissible voltage limits to avoid the
damage from Overvoltage condition in APFC bank.

Internal
3. Overcurrent protection
> Overload currents may be caused either by excessive

voltage at the fundamental frequency, or by harmonics, or
both. The chief sources of harmonics are rectifiers, power
electronics, and saturated transformer cores.
> The switching and protective devices and the connections

shall be designed to carry continuously a current of 1.3
times the current that would be obtained with a sinusoidal
voltage of an r.m.s. value equal to the rated voltage at the
rated frequency.
> As the capacitor may have a capacitance equal to 1,1

times the value corresponding to its rated output (see 7.2),
this current may have a maximum value of 1.3 × 1.1 times
the rated current = 1.43 times.

Internal
4. Ambient temperature
> Temperature in excess of the upper limit accelerates

electrochemical degradation of the dielectric.
> Capacitors shall be so placed that there is adequate dissipation

by convection and radiation of the heat produced by the
capacitor losses.
> The ventilation of the operating room and the arrangement of

the capacitor units shall provide good air circulation around
each unit. This is of special importance for units mounted in
rows one above the other.

Internal
Capacitor Selection criteria
IEC 60831 Part 1 and Part 2

Internal
Normal myths in the capacitor rating declarations
Over Current handling Capacity

> IEC specifies to use a breaker/over current limiter to limit the current at 1.5 times for
Capacitors
‒ Why do we need 4x Current carrying capacity in Capacitors ?
‒ Which application you have where 4 times current can come?
> IEC 60831 Part 1 & 2 doesn’t mention the testing to prove the continuous over current rating
for capacitors
> Manufacturers who declare 2.5 , 4x times the current has the type test report ?
> At least their internal conductors are rated for 4 Times. ( Eg: All conductors inside a 10kvar capacitor of
the manufacturer who declares 4 times rating is rated for 4X13A = 52A ?

Internal
Normal myths in the capacitor rating declarations
Inrush Current
> Have you seen an application where customers do not use either a Capacitor duty contactor
or a inrush current limiter with capacitors ?
‒ Then why do we need 300 X rated current specs for inrush current?
Life of the Capacitor

> As per IEC 60831 standard there is testing to prove the 100,000 life declaration of
capacitors. In fact it is based on assumptions
> No Capacitor manufacturers type test will have a value in hours for life expectancy.

Internal
What Should I compare while selecting the capacitors
1. Does this manufacturer has a type test from a reputed third-party laboratory for the range we select for
the project ?
2. Do they comply with IEC 60831 Part 1 and Part 2 ( Part 2 is for the Ageing test which confirms the
standard life )
3. Understanding of the Type test report - Manufacturer who is having minimum “C” value drop after Aging
test will normally have a very good life.
4. Technology – MPP with Resin technology is the state-of-the-art technology of capacitors now. Oil and
Gas technologies have its own disadvantages and most of the manufacturers are migrating to new
technology
5. Process of manufacturing : The most important fact. The best process can create a best capacitor. The
plant should have all the relevant certification to be a world class manufacturing unit.
6. Raw Materials : Manufacturing process of MPP films plays a key role in capacitor life. RM Sourcing for
the films/Dielectric/which country/which supplier?

Internal
IEC 60831- Type test from Temperature One Stop
Safety Size (Volume )
1&2 External Lab Class Shop
Capacitor Selection criteria
1. Confirmation with Latest IEC60831- Part 1-2014 and Part 2-2014
2. Type test report from an Independent test lab
3. Temperature class D
4. Self-healing, PSD and Temper proof Discharge Resistor
5. Size (Volume) of the capacitor
6. One stop shop for all PFC needs

Internal
IEC 60831-1 Type test from Temperature One Stop
Safety Size (Volume )
&2 External Lab Class Shop
1. Confirmation with IEC60831-1 and 2

IEC 60831 has two parts
1. Part 1 which mention about the general testing.
2. IEC 60831 Part 2 is mentioning about 3 important tests as below-
•Ageing test – Which determines the Life expectancy
•Self Healing test – Which determines Continuous performance and losses
•Destruction test – Which determines how safe the capacitor is.
> User need to make sure the manufacturer has done

type test as per IEC 60831 according the latest revision
and its done for both Part 1 and Part 2.

Internal
Type test from Temperature One Stop
What is IEC Safety Size (Volume )
External Lab Class Shop
2. Type test reports from independent test Lab

Internal
3. Temperature Category

Internal
Class D & Class C Capacitors

Life Comparison
Life with Class C < Life with Class D by ~ 60%
Life Expactancy at different temperatures
1.00
0.75 Class C Capacitor

Class D Capacitor
Life (%)
0.50
0.25
0.00
35 40 45 50 55 60
Average annual temperature

Internal
“Every 7ºC raise in panel temperature will
reduce the capacitor life by 1/2 “
Adhere to the ventilation rules mentioned in the IEC 61429-1 strictly for enhanced
life of Capacitors.
Internal
Self Healing and Unique pressure disconnection system
Self- healing is the

ability of a
metallized capacito
r to clear a fault area
where a momentary
short occurs due to
dielectric breakdown
under voltage.

Internal
Non Removable discharge resistor
New Clamptite Terminals

> IP 20 compliant
> Discharge Resistor assembly in housed

Internal
Size Comparison
> Compact design
> Saving in panel space
> Saving in cost
Space Savings against a major competitor who sells Box type

Capacitor
Size ( L X H X D)
400V 50 kvar Offer Volume (CM3)
(MM)
Competitor XXX 342 X 302 X 150 15492
Schneider Varplus Can 136 Dia X 278 (h) 4040
Competitor Box is 4 Times big in Size compared to VarPlus Can
Up to 20% Cost savings

Internal
One Stop Shop for all your need

One Stop shop for all PFC
> Single Window Shopping

> Guaranteed product co-
ordination
> Simple Logistics
> Advance Product Support
> Peace of Mind

Internal
LV PFC Capacitors – Schneider Offering
VarPlus and Easy Can Capacitor

Internal
Power Quality Global offers – Our Solution for RPM and
Harmonic mitigation.
LV Components LV Solutions
PFC Capacitors VarSet
Detuned Reactors Modules
PFC Controllers Voltage Correction
Optimum & Medium Offers

Optimum & Medium Offers
Active Solutions
Active Filters – Accusine
PCS+
PCSn
Optimum Offer

Internal
VarPlus Can and Easy Can Range
VarPlus Can
 IEC 60831-1,2
Compliant
High Performance and
Flexibility  Class D (+55degC)
 Unique Pressure
sensitive disconnector
Easy Can  Tamper-proof
discharge resistors
Efficient and Easy Choice  Sticky and soft resin
for Saving – better than gas

Internal
Product Compliances
Product Compliances Environmental Safety
Manufacturing Certification
ISO 9001 IGBC Green Building

ISO 14001 Gold medal
ISO 50001

Internal
Discharge resistors fitted Wound elements from Special
3Phase terminals profile – Wave cut with slope metallization
3 types based on Power rating - metalized polypropylene film
- Self healing Dielectric
3 Ph Pressure Sensitive
Disconnector
3Phase uniform disconnection in
depend of mechanical assembly
Aluminum Can
Better in heat dissipation and no Zinc layer for better conductivity
risk of melting or inflammability and current handling
like plastic can
Special designed Insulation sheet

conductors for better
thermal management Inner tube for better gas flow for
proper disconnection
Non inflammable
Resin act as a thermal
Bottom insulating cup
equalizer
Efficiency with VarplusCan

Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date Most compact design with
Internal extra safety 37
Offer Unique Values- Technical USP’s of Schneider Capacitor
> Enhanced Life

> Better Current Handling
> Product Robustness

> Use of formulated Resin for better cooling.
> Stacked Design
> Product Reliability

> Unique pressure disconnection System
> Inner tubes design (Patented – 152/KOL/2014)
> Vacuum heat treatment (Patented- 1143/KOL/2015)

Internal
Offer Unique Values- Technical USP’s of Schneider Capacitor-1
Enhanced Life
> Better Current handling
> Wave Cut films
> Slope Metalization Wave cut film after spraying – More surface area
> Reduced chances of Hot Spots of metalized film will be in contact.
Product Robustness
> Use of Resin and Stacked
design
> Better cooling than inert gas
> Sticky resin prevent mechanical
vibration
Elements
> Stacked design for better cooling
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 39 Capacitor Cell
Internal
Technical USP’s of Schneider Capacitor-2 PSD allows the capacitor to
disconnect safely at the end of the
useful life or at a high fault level.
Product Reliability
> Unique pressure disconnection system (PSD)

> Self healing will generates gases inside the Can which will build the pressure.
> Specially designed lid in the top are 10 times sensitive than the walls to the pressure.
> Pressure can only lead to vertical expansion by bending lid outwards.
> All 3 phases Connecting wires break at intended spots.
> Capacitor is disconnected irreversibly.
> Use of inner tubes (Patented – 152/KOL/2014)

> For Alternate flow path for gases generated by self healing, making sure in the event
of high fault gases flow upwards resulting in “No Capacitor Can rupture”.
> Vacuum heat treatment (Patented- 1143/KOL/2015)

> Much efficient than Oven heating, removes all moistures and air from elements,
resulting in low losses per kVAr/ better ten delta for capacitor.

Internal
Further benefits of Unique pressure disconnection system (PSD)
3 Phase PSD vs the Fuse base disconnection mechanism.
> Disconnection mechanism does not depend on fault current, which is unpredictable, hence
more reliable.
> All three connecting wires are disconnected providing complete electrical isolation.
> Connections to the elements are around the periphery of the can and not through the core.
> Special flat conductor to better handle current and this facilitates better thermal dissipation.
> PSD Mechanism is independent of mechanical assembly of the capacitor

Internal
Unique pressure disconnection system- X-RAY video

Internal
Why Resin Filled Capacitor is superior than Gas-Filled.
Issue with Gas End Effect Comments
Filled Capacitor
Thermal conductivity of Nitrogen (0.026 W/m°K ) is much lower than that of the resin (0.15 W/m°K).Better
Heat Dissipation Reduced life of capacitor Thermal conductivity of the filling material provides better heat dissipation, increasing the life of the capacitor.
Risk of undetected Gas Possibility of Gas escaps in case of minor dent/hair line crack on the Can body, exposing the dielectric without any
Reduced life of Capacitor cooling medium, thus reducing the life o the capacitor.
leakage
Possible oxidation of During the manufacturing of Gas-filled Capacitor it requires moisture and oxygen to be removed under vacuume,
Internal arcing, increased there is a possibility of traces of Moisture and Oxygen to be left behind leading to the oxidation of Metalization of
MPP film losses MPP film, this can create issues like Internal discharge, reduction in C value and increase in the losses.
In-efficient PSD The critical mass of a Resin filled capacitor is much higher in compare to Gas filled, further in Resin filled caps the
Unsafe disconnection, Di-electric is solidly held with Resin providing additional mechanical strength, this creates a well defined localized
operation Can rupture, Capacitor pressure area for accurate, faster and effective operation of PSD.
Blast
Erosion of Zinc Layer the internal arcing and self healing nature of di-electric exerts pressure on the zinc layer , over a period of time
Reduced life of Capacitor this causes loss of Zinc Metalization , resulting in faster failure of capacitor.
Complicated and Capital Overall performance of Much complicated manufacturing process with critical operations leading to higher probability of issues with in
the manufacturing process impacting the life of the capacitor.
intensive manufacturing the capacitor
process
Resin filled caps have a higher di-electric strength of 10kV per mm as compare to 3 kV per mm dielectric strength
Di-electric Strength Possibility of ground of Nitrogen gas filled cap
insulation failure
Internal
Varplus Max Detuned Reactor

Internal
Application – Why we use detuned Reactor?
Results of Harmonic Spectrum
after compensation
Detuned Reactor 1. Using Capacitors without Detuned

reactors
> Detuned Reactor are designed to protect the capacitor and Harmonic
amplification
prevent amplification of the harmonics present in the
network. Further,
> It eliminates harmonic amplification.
> It enhances the life of the capacitor by reducing voltage and thermal stress
due to harmonics.
> Prevents the constant nuisance of input fuse blowing or circuit breaker 2. Using Capacitors with Detuned
tripping reactors
> Reduces over heating of the transformer, busbars, cables, switchgear
No
etc caused due to harmonic amplification. Amplification
> Reduces the harmonic current in the electrical supply system
> Addresses the harmonic problems created by non-linear loads.
> Improves Power Factor in harmonic rich environment.

Internal
Example of Some End users and Selection of Detuned Reactor
Type of End Detuned
THDI% Ih3 Ih5 Ih7 Ih11 Ih13
user Reactor
Textile Plants - VFD 7% (3.8) –

23.59 2.68 18.72 12.1 2.9 4.1
Loads 190Hz
7% (3.8) –
Plastic Industry 12.94 0.81 10.7 5.7 2.9 4.1
190Hz
Industry -
7% (3.8) –
Components 10.4 2 9.1 6.4 2.9 4.1
190Hz
Manufacturer
7% (3.8) –
Paper Mills 22.41 4.49 12.16 14.64 2.9 4.1
190Hz
Buildings - Single
14% (2.7) -
phase Loads and 38 32.5 14.94 12 5.38 0
135Hz
UPS

Internal
Some misunderstanding in the Reactor selection
Requirement of Customer : My network voltage is 415 and it faces lot of over voltage conditions. So please
give us a 440 or higher Voltage reactor
Our Answer:- Reactor is a series device connected with the capacitor. User need to select the reactor based on the following
criteria. Voltage mentioned in the reactor is the network voltage at which it gives the desired reactive power with a properly
selected capacitor.
1. Rated current of reactor (The more the rated current the reactor will be cooler )
A 25Kvar 400V Reactor rated current will be higher than a 25kvar 440V reactor’s rated current.
2. Tuning frequency ( Mandatory to check else the purpose of the reactor will be defeated and user will have negative impact ) – Its
important to use the same capacitor as what Schneider is recommending in our combination tables.
reactor combination checker - https://schneider-electric.box.com/s/x5zaag8har97uuaq0j4bjk2xqgurc2tm
3. Watt loss of detuned reactor ( When comparing watt loss of two makes always compare the current at which the testing is done.
Schneider does the testing at maximum permissible current (~1.2X rated Current) So a manufacturer providing 150W while testing at
35A cannot be treated as a better one than another manufacturer giving 160W while testing at 42A. )

Internal
Varplus Logic
Intelligent Power Factor Controller

Internal
Application – Need of a PFC Controller
> Power Factor controller is an electronic device

which is used to calculate the power factor and to
switch on the required capacitors to maintain a
desired Power Factor.
> Application:
> Automatic power factor compensation with capacitors alone
> Automatic power factor compensation with capacitors and detuned
reactors

Internal
Offer Overview – VarPlus Logic Power Factor Controller
VarPlus Logic Controller Most intelligent
power factor
> Maintain Power Factor to Avoid Utilities PF penalties
correction relay in
> Hassle-free commissioning of capacitor bank market
> Flexibility for design of capacitor banks / Flexibility in
retrofitting Auto initiation
> Seamless integration - Easy monitoring, alarming and Auto Commissioning

control
Auto Step detection
Ready to
communicate with
dedicated RS485 Port
> Offer Kitting
Dual Cos and 4
> Optimized selection charts from Schneider with other components quadrant operation.
> Capacitors , Reactors, PF Controller relays , MCCB and contactors from
one manufacturer.
Internal
Offer Differentiation
Easy to Operate and Maintain

> Real time Step monitoring
> Monitoring of “KVAr”, “De rating” & Number of switching for connected
steps
> Programmable alarms for capacitor derating
> Plan your expansion based on delta Q ( kVAr need to achieve target cos
Phi )
Easy to operate
> Flexibility to configure capacitor steps and maintain
> User can change one or more steps to permanently ON or OFF based
on the need.
> Schedule your maintenance

Internal
Break for Q&A- Session 1
10 minutes

Internal
Basics of Design and Installation of PFC banks
(IEC 61921:2017,IEC 61439,IEC 60831 1&2)
Power Factor Correction banks

Internal
1. Design as per IEC61921, 61439 and IEC60831 Part 1&2
Design recommendation for the PFC banks

Internal
IEC 61921 Recommendation for Design, installation, operation
and Safety of PFC banks
DESIGN

Internal
1. Design consideration for the PFC
> The failure of the PFC bank can be due to non-compliance with any of the following
design considerations
1. Component selection (Capacitor, Reactor, Contactors, MCCB)
2. Discharge time
3. Discharge Time (Clause 22, IEC 60831 – 75V in 3 Minutes)
4. Temperature (Clause 4.1, IEC 60831 – Class D, 55 deg ambient)
5. Temperature De-rating
6. Ventilation requirement
7. Overvoltage Condition (Clause 5.3.5 IEC 61921)
8. Over Load (Clause 5.3.7 IEC 61921 – Continuous current – 1.3 times)
9. IP (Clause 5.3.8 IEC 61921 – IP 20 for Indoor Application)
10. Physical location of components and Accessibility (Clause 5.3.9 IEC 61921)
11. Protection & Alarms (Clause 5.5.3 / 5.5.4, IEC 61921 – Fire Hazard)

Internal
1.1 Component selection
a. Capacitor, Capacitor + Reactor
b. Fuse Vs MCCB
c. Overload Relay Setting in MCCB
d. Selection of Breaker and Contactor Sizing
e. Power Contactor Vs Capacitor Duty Contactors

Internal
1.1.a Capacitor Selection
> Capacitor must be selected depending on the working
conditions expected during their lifetime.
> Based on the Schneider offer, please find the
recommendation as mentioned in the table -
Since the harmonics are caused by non-linear loads, an indicator for the magnitude of
harmonics is the ratio of the total power of non-linear loads to the power supply transformer
rating.
This ratio is denoted NLL, and is also known as Gh/Sn:
NLL = Total power of non-linear loads (Gh) / Installed transformer rating
(Sn).
Example:
• Power supply transformer rating: Sn = 630 kVA
• Total power of non-linear loads: Gh = 150 kVA
• NLL = (150/630) x 100 = 24 %
It is recommended to use Detuned Reactors with Harmonic Rated Capacitors (higher rated
voltage than the network service voltage )
Note: The maximum life expectancy is given considering standard

operating conditions: rated voltage (UN), rated current (IN), 35 °C
For More details please refer : ambient temperature.
Web Link: Power Factor Correction Component
Catalog: Power Factor Correction - Reactive Energy Management WARNING: The life expectancy will be reduced if capacitors are
- Low Voltage components - Catalogue 2020 used in maximum working conditions.

Internal
1.1.a Capacitor selection with Detuned Reactor
Why it is recommended to select a capacitor with higher rated voltage than network voltage.
Detuned Reactor ( Inductor ) will induce voltage and the voltage seen by
capacitor will increase
Uc = Us – [ Us* ZL / ( ZL+ZC) ] ---- (1)
P = |ZL | / | Zc |
ZL = -P Zc - See the derivation here 
Apply this in the formula (1)
Uc = Us/(1-P)
US
Example :
In a 440V network by using a 7% detuned reactor the voltage induced in the
capacitor is = 440/(1-7%) = 440/.93 = 473V UC
Hence, we will select capacitor above 473V.

Internal
1.1.a Capacitor Selection with Detuned Reactor
Capacitor Rating Selection as below-
Qc = Power delivered from capacitor at Supply voltage (Us) = Qs X (1-P )

QN = Rated power of capacitor at capacitor rated voltage (UN) = Qc X (UN / US )2
Example : We need a compensation of 25kvar in a 440V network by using a capacitor
and 5.7% detuned reactor .
Qc = Qs X (1-P ) Uc = Us/(1-P)
= 25 X (1-5.7% ) = 440 / (1-5.7% )
= 25 X .947 = 23.68 kvar @ Us = 440 / .947 = 464.62V
UN > 465V and we can select 480V ; Hence UN = 480V
QN = Rated power of capacitor at capacitor rated voltage (UN) = Qc X (UN / US )^2
QN = 23.68 X ( 480/440 ) 2 = 28.1 kvar
Hence you can select MEHVCHDY281A48 ; VarPlus Can HDY, 28.1kvar @ 480V 50Hz
Internal
1.1.a Capacitor Selection with Detuned Reactor
Summary
UN (Minimum) Should be next

available voltage rating above
( )
UN
^2 2
Q N = Qs X -----
X (1-P)
US
Select the capacitor of QN power at UN Rated Voltage.

Internal
1.1.b Detuned Reactor Selection
> The detuned reactor are designed to protect the

capacitors and prevent harmonic amplifications
present in the network.
> The tuning frequency must be chosen according to the Notice: Incorrect selection of tuning
order can result in amplification of
harmonics frequencies present on the installation system harmonics.
(Tuning frequency must always be lower than the
harmonic spectrum)
For More details please refer :

Web Link: Power Factor Correction Component
Catalog: Power Factor Correction - Reactive Energy Management
- Low Voltage components - Catalogue 2017

Internal
What happens if a wrong capacitor is selected with D Reactor
Scenario 1 – with Proper capacitor System:
Linear Loads : 700KVA , Cos Phi=0.8
Non Linear Loads : 413 KW, Cos Phi =0.95
Harmonic Currents : 5th Harmonic Predominant
Suggested PF Correction solution: 400kvar with 7%(3.8) D.R

Steps : 25, 25, 50, 100,100,100
Capacitors to be uses : 34kvar, 480V , for 25 kvar step X 16 units
Delivered Kvar at 400V by Cap + DR = 400kvar
Desired tuning frequency =190 Hz

Actual Tuning frequency = 190Hz
Tuning Delivered 5th 5th THD V TDH Capacit

Frequency Kvar at Harmonic Harmonic before V or+ D.R
400V compone component after Current
nt before after
400kvar, 7% 400kvar 5.37 3.53 7.45 5.41 1.12

Internal
What happens if a wrong capacitor is selected with D Reactor
Scenario 2: with wrong capacitor System:
Linear Loads : 700KVA , Cos Phi=0.8
Non Linear Loads : 413 KW, Cos Phi =0.95
Harmonic Currents : 5th Harmonic Predominant
Suggested PF Correction solution: 400kvar with 7% D.R

Steps : 25, 25, 50, 100,100,100
Capacitors Selected : 25kvar, 480V , for 25 kvar step X 16 units
Delivered Kvar at 400V by Cap + DR = 240 kvar
Tuning Delivered 5th 5th THD V TDH Capacit

Frequency Kvar at Harmonic Harmonic before V or+ D.R
400V compone component after Current
nt before after
400kvar, 7% 240kvar 5.37 1.56 7.45 4.24 1.35
Detuned reactor act almost like a tuned reactor for 5th

harmonic and draw 30% current leading to failure
Internal
1.1.c Fuse vs MCCB
Both Fuse or MCCB are used for Overcurrent/Overload protection in an electrical system.
Basis Fuse Circuit Breaker

Working principle Works on Electrical and Works on
thermal properties of electromagnetism and
conducting material switching principle
Reusability Once No of times
Status indication No indication Yes
Ambient Temperature Independent Dependent
Protection Only Power Overloads Power Overloads and

Short circuits
Breaking capacity Low High
Switching action Can not be used as an Configurable, can be

ON/OFF switch used as ON/OFF switch
Operating time <0.002 Sec More, 0.02 to 0.05 secs
Version Only Single Pole Single and Multiple both

Internal
1.1.c Fuses or MCCB for Step Protection?
Overcurrent limit calculation for Fuse and MCCB.
Lets take an example …

50Kvar , 400V Capacitor Step
Rated Current of Step
Step Rating Over current limit
Protection Device
Rated Current
Voltage (V) Power (Kvar) (1.3X1.10 = 1.5X In) 1.3XIn
(In)
380 50 76.0 114 99
MCCB Fuses (Option 1) Fuses (Option 2)

Rated Over Current Rated Over Current Rated Over Current
Reference
Current Protection Current Protection Current Protection
LV430841 125A 50-125A Settable Above 125A. Not Above 100A. Not
125A 100A
programmable programmable
Violating Over current limit Violating the rated current

rule for Step protection rule for step protection
Internal
1.1.d Overload Relay setting in MCCB
> When used with capacitor alone

Over load relay setting = 1.3 X In
> When used with Detuned Reactor

Over load relay setting = Maximum permissible ( permanent ) current of the detuned
reactor

Internal
1.1.d Overload Relay setting
Below is the calculation for one of the application.

Internal
1.1.e Selection of Breakers and Contactors
Step 1: Calculate the Step (Capacitor, or Capacitor + Detuned

Reactor) nominal current
Step 2: Calculate the Step Imp (Maximum permissible current)
Step 2: Choose the contactor rated for particular kVAr and calculate
the nominal current of the contactor (TESYS catalog).
Step 3: Calculate contactor Imp (Max permissible current)
Step 4: Compare the Nominal current of the Step with Imp of the
Contactor, if Contactor Imp is higher than the Step Imp , then it is the
Safe design.
Breakers and Contactors
should be sized for 1.43 ~ 1.5
𝑄𝑛
𝐼𝑛 = times the rated current of the
3 ∗ 𝑈𝑛 capacitor bank/Step.
Qn = Nominal Power of the equipment (vAr)

Un = Nominal Voltage of the Equipment (V)
Internal
1.1.e Selection of Breakers and Contactors
Power Contactor vs Capacitor Duty Contactor
> Schneider Electric highly recommends individual MCCB step protection

in PFC Panels to protect the steps from over current as well as short
circuit
> Schneider Electric recommends our specially designed capacitor duty contactor
for usage in installation where capacitors are used alone to prevent inrush
current.
> Schneider Electric recommends normal power contactor for usage in installation where
capacitors are used with detuned reactors as detuned reactors act as a inrush
current limiter too
Internal
1.1.e Power Contactor or Capacitor Duty Contactor
> Capacitor without a inrush current limiter (Inductor coil or Detuned
Reactor)
> Capacitor draw a high inrush current at the time of switching ON. This inrush typically lasts for a few
milliseconds & can easily reach a value of upto 100 times the rated current.
> This current can damage a Normal power contactor. Hence for switching of capacitor a special
contactor called Capacitor Duty Contactor is used.
Inrush current at capacitor switching
> In the capacitor duty contactor there are pre-charge resistor wires connected in series with auxiliary
contacts. Resistor wires limit the inrush current during switching.
In this case always use Capacitor Duty Contactor for Switching.
> Capacitor with Detuned Reactor

> Detuned Reactors are connected in Series with the Capacitor, Detuned reactors are inductors which
offers impendence at the time of switching of capacitors, thereby limiting the inrush current at the
time of switching.
If Detuned Reactor are installed in Series with Capacitor , Recommendation
is to use AC3 duty Normal Power Contactor.
Internal
2. Discharge time
> Discharge circuits should have adequate current-carrying

capacity to discharge the capacitor from the peak of the 1,3 UN
overvoltage according to Clause 20.
> Attention is drawn to the fact that in some countries smaller

discharge times and voltages are required. In that event, the
purchaser should inform the manufacturer.
Note: It is a must requirement to have a min 1 min (60 Sec) delay for the capacitor to full discharged before switching on again,
if not followed this may lead to premature failure of the capacitor.

Internal
3.Temperature category
> It is recommended to use a suitable class of temperature of

capacitor depending on the ambient conditions.
> A Class C rated capacitor may have 60% life than a Class D
capacitor.
Note: “Every 7ºC raise in panel temperature will reduce the capacitor life by 1/2 “

Internal
4. Ventilation requirement
> The ventilation rules discussed here are valid under normal
operating conditions. They ensure that the temperatures
within the cubicles do not exceed the maximum temperatures
to which the components can be subjected. The rules
provide for an average delta T of 10 to 15 °C between the
outside and inside of the cubicle.

Internal
4.1 Ventilation system design
Selection of the fan
> It is better to use a fan with thermal switches. In this case the positioning of
the fans should be taken care so as to not place the fan’s thermal switch
close to the hear dissipating devices so as to avoid the malfunctioning of
thermal switch.
> The selection of fans shall be based on several parameters-

> Total Watt-loss including all components in the panel
> IP level of the panel
> Total Volume of the enclosure
> Outside ambient temperature
> Desired internal ambient temperature
> The cubic meter per hour capacity of the fan and the ambient temperature at
which the fan can continuously operate are also to be taken into deciding the
no of the fans.
Internal
No of Fans Required?
> How many fans need to be used for a given capacitor panel?
Maximum throughput of fans required for a capacitor pane = 0.3 X Total power dissipated Air Inlet
by the panel
Up to a power of 100
Example 1:
kVAr panel need to
200kvar panel with out detuned reactors have air inlet of
Total Power dissipated by panel = 200 X 2.5w/kvar = 500W / Panel 100CM2.
Maximum through put of Fan required = 0.3 X 500 = 150 M3/h From 100-200kvar
User can use one fan of 165 M3/h for this panel.
panel need to have
air inlet of 200CM2.
Example 2:
Above 200kvar panel
200kvar panel with detuned reactors
need to have multiple
Total Power dissipated by panel = 200 X 9.0w/kvar = 1800W / Panel air inlet of 200CM2.
Maximum through put of Fan required = 0.3 X 1800 = 540 M3/h
User can use two fans , of 300 M3/h

Internal
Recommendation for the minimum no of fans required in the panel.

Internal
4.4 Ventilation system without Detuned Reactor
Losses in Capacitor Banks without reactors : Capacitors, contactors,
breakers / fuses and electrical connections dissipate 2.5 W/ kVAr. With
out detuned reactors.
> The Air in the cubicle must flow upwards.
> It is recommended that extractor fans be fitted to the top of cubicle.
> The bottom air inlet must be as low as possible for better ventilation.
> The cross-section of the top air outlet must be more than the cross-sectional of the bottom air inlet.
> The openings must be compatible with the safety ratings (IP)
> There should be at least 100 mm gap between the fan and the modules or components.
> The air inlet at the bottom air intake grill must not be obstructed or restricted by a component or
module.
> Always let a gap of min 600 mm between the back of the panel and the wall for a front open panel
and a minimum gap of 1000 mm for the rear opened panel. It allows to have a good ventilation.

Internal
4.5 Ventilation system with Detuned Reactor
Losses in Capacitor Banks with reactors : Capacitors, contactors,
breakers / fuses and electrical connections dissipate 9 W/ kvar. With
detuned reactors..
> For effective thermal management and heat dissipation, ensure the
following parameters are maintained:
> Forced ventilation is mandatory for capacitor bank with detuned reactor.
> The detuned reactor should be mounted in a Zig-Zag manner for effective
ventilation..
> The part of the enclosure containing the detuned reactors must be ventilated
according to the dissipated heat.
> While installing the detuned reactor in panels, please ensure that thermal switch
for every detuned reactor to be connected in series with switching devices to Capacitor Bank with Detuned
Reactors in a separate column
ensure thermal over protection. (Continue…)
Internal
4.6 Ventilation system with detuned reactor
> Detuned reactors generate heat, hence adequate ventilation must be provided
to ensure the temperature does not exceed 55 °C inside the panel.
> Installing detuned reactors near to capacitors can reduce the life expectancy of
capacitor.
> The temperature around the detuned reactor, should be maintained < 55 °C, to
which it is designed(operating temperature of panel) through proper ventilation.
> Detuned reactor are heat generating device and it should be installed away
from any heat sensitive devices like capacitor and thyristor switches
Capacitor Bank with Detuned reactors

Reactors in a the same column

Internal
4.7 Power loss in detuned Reactor
> The losses from reactors of 7%(3.8) in a 450KVAR capacitor bank with stage rating of 2 x 25 + 8 x 50
KVAR would be :2X200+8X320 = 2960 Watts
> The losses from reactors 7%(3.8) in a 450KVAR capacitor bank with stage rating of 1 x 50 + 4 x 100
KVAR would be :1X320+4X480=2240 Watts
25% less losses
Internal
Some common mistakes in PFC Banks ventilation design
Do you find any problem with this design?
> This is like air short circuit.

> Air will flow in the least resistant path
> It doesn’t flow through capacitors.
> Ventilation design should ensure the air flow inside the
panel happens through the components for which the
ventilation is provided.

Internal
Some common mistakes in PFC Banks ventilation design
Installing a Reactor ( Operating temperature >80Degrees ) near to the Capacitor ( Operating temperature
<55Degrees ) exponentially reduces the life of Capacitors
> Above pictures explain some of the worst installation patterns in the market.
> Capacitor and reactor in the same chamber
> No ventilation
> No periodic maintenance – Dusty inside the panel
Internal
5. Overvoltage
> The rated voltage of the capacitor shall be at least

equal to the service voltage of the network to which
is it to be connected, account being taken of the
influence of the presence of the capacitor itself.
> Where circuit elements are inserted in series with

the capacitor to reduce the effects of harmonics,
etc., the resultant increase in voltage at the
capacitor terminals over and above the service
voltage of the network necessitates a corresponding
increase in the rated voltage of the capacitor.

Internal
6. Overload/Overcurrent condition
Recommended to use the MCCB than Fuses
> Capacitors should never be operated with currents

exceeding the maximum value specified in IEC 60831-
1 or IEC 60931-1.
> Overload currents may be caused either by excessive

voltage at the fundamental frequency, or by
harmonics, or both.

Internal
7. International protection designation (IP)
> Degrees of protection (IP rating) for assemblies to be

installed outdoor may be increased up to IP54.
Careful consideration is to be paid to the design of
the ventilation of the cubicle.
> During the design of ventilation system , make sure

that the openings must be compatible with the safety
ratings (IP).

Internal
8. Physical location of components and Accessibility
> All the physical location of the components should be

as such these can be easily replaced in the event of
failure or end of life.
> It is really important to provide the access to the

service personal to every single component in a PFC
bank for regular service and maintenance.

Internal
9. Step design in the PFC banks
Electrical and Mechanical steps in a capacitor bank – Reducing the mechanical steps without
compromising electrical steps.
What should be the minimum step size in a Capacitor Bank?
However, Schneider
> It depends on the application and the load profile for compensation. Please follow
recommend to keep
the Schneider recommendation.
7-12% of the total
Example:
power as the
> Minimum step recommended in a 600kvar Panel = 50kvar
minimum step to
> Minimum Step recommended in a 200kvar Panel = 25kvar
ensure that at ~10%
> If you select smaller powers than 7%, the minimum step will see the multiple number of
switching due to the fine tuning of PF by controller and the same step can have a fast of the loading power
failure. factor correction is
taken care.
Practical Example: in a 600 kVAr with config. of 25X4, 50X4, 100X3
In a month 25kvar has seen 80 Switching and 100kvar has seen 10
switching
Internal
9.1 Step optimization in PFC bank
Reducing the mechanical steps to all Electrical steps.

Internal
9.2 Step Optimization in PFC bank
Reducing the mechanical steps to all electrical steps
Solution 2 will be much efficient , cost

effective and compact

Internal
2. Installation

Internal
Capacitor installation
Installation and mounting
> Indoor installation on a firm support in a correctly ventilated local or envelope.
> Ambient temperature around capacitors must not exceed 35C over one year,
45C over 24 hours and 55C max (according to IEC 60831 for -25/D temperature
category) (Except for energy range , 55C over 24 hours and 70C Max).
> Maintain a gap of min 30 mm between capacitor units and min 30 mm between
capacitors and panel enclosure for better air circulation.
> Electrical clearance between phases shall be 30 mm.
> For 3 phase capacitor keep min 30 mm gap above the top of the capacitor.
> Use capacitor duty contactor or inductor coil in series with two phases in order to
limit the inrush current when capacitors are switched on.
> Please ensure that there is no force by any means on the Pressure sensitive
disconnector (PSD) in such a way to affect the operation of PSD when it is
required to Operate.
Internal
Capacitor installation
Installation and Mounting
Installation of stud type capacitor in How to parallel capacitors ( Eg: to Cable Selection
horizontal mounting make 50 kvar step from 2 25 kvar
capacitor )

Internal
Detuned Reactor installation
Where to install detuned Reactor?
> Temperature rise stress

> The preferred architecture of a PFC switch
board with detuned reactor is with a separate
column, specifically reserved for the reactor (as
shown).
Ventilation needed for detuned reactors
> Detuned reactor requires forced

ventilation.
Note: Under no circumstances may the detuned

reactors be fitted beneath the capacitors.
Spacing of detuned reactors in a panel

Internal
Capacitor and Detuned Reactor in a PFC bank
Installation and Mounting
> Detuned reactor operate at very high temperature

compared to standard operating temperature of
capacitors.
> The temperature around the detuned reactor,

should be maintained < 55 °C, which is the
operating temperature limit of the capacitor bank.
> The preferred architecture of a PFC switch board

with detuned reactors is with a separate column,
specifically reserved for the detuned reactors (For
details, refer to the image as shown)
Capacitor Bank with Detuned reactors Capacitor Bank with Detuned reactors
Reactors are in different column than Reactors in a the same column
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 95 capacitor
Internal
Derating for an ambient temperature of 50C
> The following precautions must be taken:

> Ventilation must be forced, irrespective of the power, and the ventilation rate increased by 25 %
> For capacitor banks with Reactors : Air Flow = (m3/h) = 0.3 x Ps x 1.25
> The capacitor unit voltage must be higher than that normally required (minimum 10 % higher
than that specified by the normal rating, Typically 550V and above)
> The contactors must be derated, the operating current must be increased by 10 % with respect
to the maximum constant current of the step. Example: 50 kvar 415 V step, rated current = 69.5
A: Imax = 1.5 x 69.5 = 104.3 A.
> At a maximum ambient temperature of 50 °C, the contactor must be able to accept a current of
104.3 x 1.1 = 114.7 A
> The cables must be appropriate for a current of at least 1.5 times the rated current of the
capacitor at a minimum temperature of 60 °C.

Internal
LV Capacitor bank installation
For more detail on

Installation rules ,please
Refer 2018 LV PFC PB Guide

Internal
Periodic maintenance
> The following periodic checks are recommended to be conducted

> Visual check of components and current carrying parts,especially bus bar.
> Check tightness of all electrical connections.
> Check current drawn by the individual capacitor steps.
> Check the operation of contactors manually by switching of the APFC equipment.
> Visually check for rust and corrosions in bolts, nuts and other accessories
> Visually check for the sparks and burn outs in the panels.

Internal
Site Failure analysis
For Reference

Internal
Failure analysis – Background
> Major concern with utilities and Consultants for Failure of Capacitor –
> Non-Compliances with the design guidelines
> In majority of the cases, the failures are due to non compliance with the design guidelines of the original equipment
manufacturer.
> Non Type tested design of PFC banks
> Lack of awareness on IEC60831 and IEC61921
> Mix of components from different manufacturer
> Components from various manufacturers are MIXED which dilutes the design / performance responsibility.
> Application misunderstanding for Components
> De tuning reactors for de tuning are often referred to as harmonic filters.
> Non-Adherence to ventilation guidelines –
> Limited space is often sighted as the reason for proposing super compact designs.
> Component selection

Internal
Failure Analysis – Case 1
> Ventilation inadequate
> Lack of clearance between the reactors.
> No over temperature & over load protection.
> Non Type tested design

Internal
Failure Analysis – Case 2
> Ventilation inadequate
> Lack of clearance between the reactors.
> No over temperature & over load protection.
> Component Mix

Internal
Failure Analysis - Case 3
> Wrong way of Parallel connection for the

capacitor

Internal
Annexure

Internal
For Detailed information
Schneider link: Power Factor Correction component

Internal
Relevant standards
> IEC 60831 - Shunt power capacitors of the self healing for a.c. systems up to 1000V
> IEC 61642 - Application of filters and shunt capacitors for industrial a.c. networks affected by harmonics
> IEC 61921 - Power capacitors-low voltage power factor correction capacitor banks
Relevant Website
> http://www.schneider-electric.com
> https://www.solution-toolbox.schneider-electric.com/segment-solutions
> http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/
> http://www.electrical-installation.org
Relevant document published by Schneider electric

> Electrical Installation Guide.
> Expert Guide n°4: "Harmonic detection & filtering".
> Expert Guide n°6: "Power Factor Correction and Harmonic Filtering Guide"
> Technical Guide 152: "Harmonic disturbances in networks, and their treatment".
> White paper: controlling the impact of Power Factor and Harmonics on Energy Efficiency.
Internal
Quiz Time!
• To join, go to: https://ahaslides.com/3ML2I

Scan QR Code to join!
• Top 10 Winners of RM50 GrabFood eVoucher
• The leaderboard will be shown at the end of the session
Internal
We Value Your Feedback!
FIRST 50 who fill out e-Feedback Form will receive Scan QR Code to join!
RM30 GrabFood eVoucher
https://forms.office.com/r/H0X43H3QAa
Internal
Thank you for your attending!
Reach Out to Us Reminder to Share Your Feedback
First 50 who submit eFeedback Form will

receive RM30 GrabFood eVoucher.
You can also click on the link in the chat box.
Speaker : eng-yong.chng@se.com
OR
Sales Contact : my.marketing@se.com
Internal
Internal

Reactive Energy Management - LV PFC Component - Webinar - July 2022

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reactive Energy Management - LV PFC Component - Webinar - July 2022

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Welcome To

7 July 2022 | 10:00am – 12:30pm

Tips for great webinar experience

Use the chat window for Question. There will be a

Please mute your microphone during presentation

Kindly note that the webinar is recorded

First 20 to login & Top 10 winners on the First 50 who submit

Ch’ng Eng Yong, CEng MEI, CEM, CMVP, PEM

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

2 Factors affecting PFC system

3 IEC 60831-Selection of PFC Capacitor

4 PFC Capacitor – Schneider Offering

5 Detuned Reactor & PFC Controller

6 IEC 61921 for Design & Installation

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 5

Active Power (KW) Reactive Power(kVAr) Apparent Power kVA

By Supplying the reactive energy needed for the equipments locally

Definition : The principle of "Power Factor Correction" (or "Reactive Energy

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 6

20KVA released for other loads in transmission

Active Power (P) Reactive Power

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 8

Reduction in kVAr Better utilization of • Effective utilization of Generated

Reduced Penalties and • Reduction in transformer rating

Reduction in Line Better utilization of • Reduction in line losses.

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 9

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 10

S No Parameters Effect Mitigation

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 11

> The amplitude of a harmonic is generally a few percent of that of the

> Harmonics are a mathematical way of describing distortions to a

> Harmonics are the multiples of fundamental frequency

> Caused by the Non-Linear load

> The flow of harmonic currents through system impedances in turn

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 12

‒ Increase of copper losses protect margin is a priority.

> As the impedance of the capacitors is inversely proportional

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 14

<3% Normal No malfunction PFC bank advisable with Detuned application

PFC bank mandatory with Detuned reactor + of the harmonics. Use of

> Long Duration Voltage-

> Switching voltage

> Capacitors that are liable to be subjected to high

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 16

> Overload currents may be caused either by excessive

> The switching and protective devices and the connections

> As the capacitor may have a capacitance equal to 1,1

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 17

> Temperature in excess of the upper limit accelerates

> Capacitors shall be so placed that there is adequate dissipation

> The ventilation of the operating room and the arrangement of

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 18

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 19

Over Current handling Capacity

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 20

Life of the Capacitor

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 21

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 22

Capacitor Selection criteria

1. Confirmation with Latest IEC60831- Part 1-2014 and Part 2-2014

2. Type test report from an Independent test lab

4. Self-healing, PSD and Temper proof Discharge Resistor