Biology Reviewer 2.
Proteins - building materials of cells, hormones,
Lesson 1: NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
Nutrition - Science that interprets the nutrients and
other substances in food in relation to maintenance,
growth, reproduction, health and disease of an
organism. (ex. food intake, absorption, assimilation,
biosynthesis, catabolism, & excretion.)
Modes of Nutrition
 Heterotrophs - depends on other
sources/organisms for their nutrition as they
cannot produce their own food. (ex. animals,
fungi, and some bacteria)
 Autotrophs - converts water and carbon
dioxide, with the sun’s energy into organic
sugars which they can use for growth and
development. can produce their own food. (ex.
Plants, algae, and some bacteria)
Plant Nutrition (Nutritional Requirements for Plants)
1. Water
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3. Essential Nutrients or Elements - includes
macronutrients which are normally required in
amounts above 0.5% of the plant’s dry weight;
and micronutrients which are required in
minute or trace amounts.
 Macronutrients: C, H, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
E.
 Micronutrients: Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo.
Routes for Absorption of waters and Minerals Across
the Roots
 Apoplast Pathway - water takes a route going
from cell wall to cell wall, not entering the
cytoplasm at any point. Apoplastic Route is
blocked by a Casparian Strip of endodermal
cells. Hence, the symplastic route is utilized to
deliver water and ions over the cortex.
 Symplast Pathway - water moves between
cytoplasm/vacuoles of adjacent cells.
Animal Nutrition (Nutritional Requirements for
Animals)
Calorie - unit of energy that indicates the amount of
energy contained in food.
1. Carbohydrates - major source of energy and
contains at least 4 calories per gram.
and enzymes, can also be a source of energy.
Contains at least 4 calories per gram.
3. Fats - used to build cell membranes, steroid
hormones, and other cell structures, it also
contains fat-soluble vitamins and can be source
of energy. Contains 9 calories per gram.
Essential Nutrients – substances that animals can only
get from the foods they eat because they cannot
synthesize, these includes:
A. Essential Amino Acids - needed for protein and
enzyme synthesis.
B. Essential Fatty Acids - used for making special
membrane lipids; an example is linoleic acids in
humans.
C. Vitamins - organic molecules required in small
amounts for normal metabolism; examples
include fat-soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K, and
water-soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12, C.
D. Trace Elements or Minerals - inorganic
nutrients needed by the body in minute
amounts. (ex. iodine, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum,
manganese, selenium)
Food Uptake in Cells via Three Types of Endocytosis
i. Phagocytosis - engulfment of large and solid
material.
ii. Pinocytosis - uptake of liquid materials using
vesicles.
iii. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - relies on
membrane receptor recognition of specific
solutes which are then taken up by the cell via
receptor-coated pits.
Types of Animals Based on Feeding Mechanisms
1. Substrate Feeder - animals that live in or on
their food source.
2. Filter-feeder - aquatic animals which draw in
water and strain small organisms and food
particles present in the medium.
3. Fluid-Feeder - sucks fluids containing nutrients
from a living host.
4. Bulk-Feeder - eat relatively large chunks of food
and tearing it into pieces.
Different Kinds of Digestive Compartments in Animals
i. Food in Vacuoles - these fuse with lysosomes
that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
 ii. Gastro-Vascular Cavity or Incomplete Digestive
System - composed of a single opening through
which food is taken in and where wastes are
disposed of; it is a saclike body cavity.

iii. Complete Digestive System - tube with an

opening at one end for taking in food (mouth)
and an opening at the other end where
unabsorbed waste materials are eliminated
(anus).

Lesson 2: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Main Stages of Food Processing

i. Ingestion - act of feeding, mechanical

breakdown of food into smaller pieces.
ii. Digestion - breaking down into particles,
involves chemical digestion.
iii. Absorption - passage of nutrients across tube
wall.
iv. Elimination - removal of undigested materials.

Digestive Tube

A. Mouth - anterior opening of the tube for food

entrance, surrounded by the lips. Chewed food
are called Bolus.
B. Oral Cavity - cavity immediately posterior of the
mouth.
a. Cheeks
b. Tongue
c. Hard and Soft Palate
d. Teeth
e. Tonsils

C.