DESIGN OF TIES

Ties are intended as minimum and not as an additional reinforcement to that required by structural analysis.
There are two Types of Ties:
(a) Vertical ties
(b) Horizontal Ties
Horizontal Ties Include
(i) Internal Ties
(ii) Peripheral Ties
(iii) Column and Wall Ties
The Figure below illustrates the location of each of these ties.

Peripheral Ties (clause 9.10.2.2)

The peripheral ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force:
Ftie, per  Li q1  q2
Where:
Ftie, per is the tensile tie force

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Li is the length of the end span

q1  20  4n0 

n0 is the number of storeys

q2  60kN

Internal Ties (Clause 9.10.2.3)

(i) Should be at each floor and roof level in two perpendicular directions
(ii) Should be effectively continuous throughout their length
(iii) Should be anchored to the peripheral ties at each end
(iv) May be spread evenly in slabs or grouped in beams or walls. In walls they should be within 0.5m from
the top or bottom of floor slabs
(v) In each direction should be capable of resisting a design tensile force

 Q  Gk   Lr 
Ftie,int   k  Ft   Ft kN / m width
 7.5  5 
Where
Qk  Gk  is the sum of permanent and variable floor loads in kN / m 2 
Lr is the greater of the distance (in m) between the centers of the columns, frames or walls supporting
any two adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under consideration
Ft  20  4n0   60

Maximum spacing of transverse ties = 1.5Lr

Horizontal Ties to Columns and/ or Walls (Clause 9.10.2.4)

(i) Edge columns or walls should be tied horizontally to the structure at each floor and roof level.
(ii) Corner column should be tied in two perpendicular directions
(iii) For walls the ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force Ftie, fac in kN per meter of the façade

(iv) For columns ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force Ftie, col in kN per column

(v) Ftie, fac  Ftie, col , which is the greater of

Ls
(a) Ft  2 Ft
2 .5
(b) 3% of the total design ultimate vertical load carried by the floor column or wall at that level

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 (c) Ls is the floor to ceiling height in meters.

Vertical Ties (Clause (9.10.2.5)

(i) Must be provided in buildings of 5 or more storeys
(ii) Should be continuous from lowest to highest level
(iii) Should be capable of carrying the load acting on the floor above

Ties in two horizontal directions should be continuous and anchored at the perimeter of the structure

Example
Calculate the stability ties required in a seven storey building of the plan area shown in the Figure below

8000mm
Z

6000mm
Y

7 bays @3000mm =21,000mm

Clear storey height under beams =2700mm

Floor to ceiling height Ls   3500mm

Characteristic Permanent Load Gk   7kN / m

2

Characteristic variable load Qk   4kN / m

2

 
Characteristic Steel Strength f yk  460 N / mm 2

The columns are 400x400mm

Unit weight of concrete is 25kN / m 2

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Solution
Peripheral Ties
The peripheral ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force:
Ftie, per  Li q1  q2
Where:
Ftie, per is the tensile tie force

Li is the length of the end span = 8000mm

q1  20  4n0   20  4 x7   48

n0 is the number of storeys

Force to be resisted in Y direction
Ftie, per , y  Li , y q1  3x 48  144kN , This should be  q2  60kN
Force to be resisted in Z direction
Ftie, per , z  Li , z q1  8 x 48  384kN , This should be  q2  60kN

60 x103
Steel area required = As , per   130,43mm 2
460
Provide one T16 , area = 201mm 2

Internal Ties (Clause 9.10.2.3)

(i) In each direction should be capable of resisting a design tensile force
 Q  Gk   Lr 
Ftie,int   k  Ft   Ft kN / m width
 7.5  5 
Where
Qk  Gk  is the sum of permanent and variable floor loads in kN / m 2 
Lr is the greater of the distance (in m) between the centers of the columns, frames or walls supporting
any two adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under consideration
Ft  20  4n0   20  4 x7   48kN  60kN

Maximum spacing of transverse ties = 1.5Lr

 Q  Gk   Lr   4  7   3 
Ftie ,int, y   k   Ft     48  42.24kN , should not be less than Ft kN / m width
 7 .5   5   7.5  5 

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Therefore Ftie,int, y  48kN / m width

Force perpendicular to Y direction = 48x(8+6)=672kN

672 x10 3
Reinforcement area required parallel to Y direction As ,int, y   1461mm 2
460
 Q  Gk   Lr   4  7   8 
Ftie ,int, z   k   Ft     48  112.64kn  Ft  48kN / m width
 7 .5   5   7.5  5 

Force per bay (perpendicular to Z direction) = 112.6x3 = 337.8kN

337.8 x103
Reinforcement area required per bay parallel to Z direction As ,int, z   734.4mm 2
460

Horizontal Ties to Columns

Columns ties should be capable of resisting a tensile force Ftie, col in kN per column which is the greater of

Ls
(a) Ft  2 Ft
2 .5
(b) 3% of the total design ultimate vertical load carried by the floor column
Where
Ls is the floor to ceiling height in meters.

Ls  3 .5 
Ft    x 48  67.2kN  2 Ft  96kN
2 .5  2 .5 
3% of ultimate floor load carried by the column is given by

3 
 1.35 x7  1.5 x4x3 8  6  x7  68.14kN at ground level
100   2 

Add weight of 7 columns=

3
7 x0.4 x.4 x3.5 x25  2.94kN at ground level
100
Ultimate load carried by column at ground level =(68.14+2.94)=71.08kN

 71.08 x103 
Area of Ties Required:=    154.52mm 2
 460 
Provide one T16, area = 201mm 2

Vertical Ties
Maximum ultimate column load from one storey is equal to;

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 86 
1.35 x7  1.5 x 4x 2  x3  3.5 x.4 x.4 x 25 x1.35  343.35kN
   
Therefore area required per column is equal to;

 343.35 x103 
   746.41mm 2
 460 
Provide 4T16, Area = 804mm 2

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