Two‐way

Two way slabs

 Design Concepts

1. The Direct Design Method (DDM)

2. The Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

1. The Direct Design Method (DDM)
2. The Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
 Direct Design Method (DDM)
• Limitations
1. There must be a minimum of three
p
continuous spans in each direction.
2. The panels must be square or rectangular;
g to the shorter span
the ratio of the longer p
within a panel must not exceed 2
3.Successive span
p lengths
g ((centerline‐to‐
centerline of supports) in each direction must
not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer
span;
 Direct Design Method (DDM)
• Limitations
4. Columns must not be offset more than 10% of the
span
p (in( direction of offset)) from either axis between
centerlines of successive columns;
5. Loads must be uniformlyy distributed, with the
unfactored or service live load not more than 2 times
the unfactored or service dead load (LL/DL ≤ 2);
6. For two‐way beam‐supported slabs, the ratio of the
relative stiffness of beams in two perpendicular
di
directions
i
0.2   f 1l22 /  f 2l12  5
 Direct Design Method (DDM)

• Slab with interior and exterior beams

1. Check the limitation requirements

q
2. Determine the minimum slab thickness (hmin) to control
deflection
3. Calculate the factored loads Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL
4. Check shear reinforcement
5. Calculate the total static moment, M0 in both directions
 Minimum Slab Thickness for Two‐
Two‐way
C t ti
Construction
(a) For 0.2   m  2

 fy 
0 8
ln  0.8 
h  1400 
 120mm
36  5  m  0.2
0 2

fy in MPa
 Minimum Slab Thickness for Two‐
Two‐way
C t ti
Construction

(b) For  m  2

 fy 
ln  0.8  
h  1400 
 90mm
36  9

fy in MPa
 Minimum Slab Thickness for Two‐
Two‐way
C t ti
Construction
(c) For  m  0.2
Use the following table 9.5(c)
Minimum Slab Thickness for Two‐
Two‐way
Construction
 Minimum Slab Thickness for two‐
two‐way
construction
t ti

The definitions of the terms are:

h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams

ln = Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
 the ratio of the long to short clear span
m= The average value of  for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition
f off Beam‐
Beam‐to
to‐‐Slab Stiffness
ff Ratio,, 

Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along

slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent
j to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam


flexural stiffness of slab
Definition
f off Beam‐
Beam‐to
to‐‐Slab Stiffness
ff Ratio,, 
4E cb I b / l E cb I b
 
4E cs I s / l E cs I s
E cb  Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb  Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b  Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s  Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
With width bounded laterally by centerline of
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
beam
 Shear Reinforcement
1. Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams
The critical sections are at a distance d from the face of the
supporting beam and shear capacity of each section is
1 
Vc    f cbd 
6 

Shear reinforcement is not required, if

1   l2 
Vud  Vc    
f c bd  where Vud  wu   d 
6  2 
 Shear Reinforcement
1. Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams
Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in Slabs
 Transverse Distribution of Moments
• The
h llongitudinal
i di l moment values
l are for
f the
h entire
i width
id h off
the equivalent building frame. This frame width is the sum
of the widths of two half-column strips
p and two half-middle
strips of two adjacent panels
 Transverse Distribution of Moments
• The
h transverse distribution
di ib i off theh longitudinal
l i di l moment to
the middle and column strips is a function of the ratios:
 l2 / l1

Ecb I b beam stiffness

 f  
Ecs I s slab stiffness

EcbC torsional rigidity of edge beam section

 t  
2 Ecs I s flexural rigidity of a slab of width equal to beam span length

 0.63 x   x3 y 
C  torsional constant   1   
 y  3 
Where x and y are the shorter and longer dimension of edge beam
Table 1
 Example
Design
g an interior panel
p of the two-wayy slab floor system
y
shown in the figure below. The floor consists of 6 panels in
each direction with a panel size of 7x6m. All panels are
supported
t d on 500x500mm
500 500 columns,
l 33.5m
5 llong. The
Th slabs
l b are
supported by beams a long the column lines with the cross-
sections shown in the figure.
g The service live load
LL =4.8 kN/m2 and service dead load DL = 1.1 kN/m2 of floor
finish in addition to the slab weight. Use normal-weight
concrete
t with
ith f’c = 20MPa,
20MP fy = 420MPa
420MP and d th
the di
directt ddesign
i
method
 Example
All columns
500x 500 mm
7m 7m 3.5m long

6m

55cm
6m

40cm
 Example

68.5cm 118cm
17.5cm 20.4

55 38cm
38cm 4 4cm
4.4cm

38cm 40cm

The dimensions in centimeter

 Solution
1. The limitations required by the ACI Code are met.
2. Determine slab thickness, h
 Calculate m require to determine Ib, Is, and f for the
beams and slabs in the long and short directions
 Assume h =160mm then calculate be

hbeam  550  160  390mm

Effective flange, x  min 
 4h  4 160  640mm
x  390mm  be  400  2  390  1180mm
 Solution

 Compute
p the moment of inertia and centroid
118cm

I beam  883995.7 cm 4 20.4

1 3 1
 bh   600cm 16cm 
3 4.4
I slab
12 12 40cm

 204800 cm 4

4
b (cm) h (cm) Ai (cm2) y i (cm) y iAi (cm3) I (cm ) d (cm) d2A (cm4)
Flange 118 16 1888 8 15104 40277.33
40277 33 12.442
12 442 292268.5
292268 5
Beam 40 39 1560 35.5 55380 197730 15.058 353719.9

3448 70484 238007.3 645988.4

ybar = 20.4 cm
I = 883995.7 cm4
 Solution

 Co pu e thee  coe
Compute coefficient
c e for
o thee long
o g ddirection
ec o
4 114cm
EI beam 883995.7 cm
 long   4
20.4

EI slab 204800 cm 4.4

 4.32 40cm

 Short side of the moment of inertia

1 3 1
 bh   700cm 16cm 
3
I slab
12 12
 238933.3 cm 4
 Solution

 Compute the  coefficient for short direction

114cm

EI beam 883995.7 cm 4
 short  
20.4

EI slab 238933.3 cm 4 4.4

 3.70
40cm
3 70
 The average m for an interior panel is
2 long  2 short 2  4.32   2  3.70 
 avg  
4 4
 4.01
 Solution

p the  coefficient
 Compute
 0.5m 
7m  2  

llong
  2   1.18
1 18
lshort  0.5m 
6m  2  
 2 
 Compute the thickness for m > 2
 fy   420 
ln 0.8   6500mm 0.8 
 1400   1400 
h 
36  9 36  9 1.18
1 18 
 153.4 mm Use slab thickness, 160 mm
 Solution
3. Calculate factored loads

wD  1.1  weight of slab  1.1  0.16  24  4.94 kN/m 2

wu  1.2wD  1.6 wL  1.2  4.94   1.6  4.8   13.61 kN/m 2

4. The critical section is at a distance d from the face of the

beam. For a 11-mm width:

 l2 1 
Vu  wu   beam width  d  ((assume: d = 130mm))
2 2 
 6 0.4 
= 13.61   0.13   36.34kN
2 2 
1  1 
Vc    f cbd   0.75  20 1000 130  103  72.67kN  Vu
6  6 
 Solution
5. Calculate the total static moments in the long and short direction
wu 13.61
l2  ln1   6  6.5   431.27 kN.m
2 2
M ol 
8 8
w 13 61
13.61
M os  u l1  ln 2   7  5.5   360.24 kN.m
2 2

8 8

6 Calculate the design moments in the long direction: l1 = 7m

6.
a. Distribution of moments in one panel:

Negative moment  M n   0.65M ol  280.33 kN.m

Positive moment  M p   00.35
35M oll  150
150.94
94 kN
kN.m
m
 Solution
6. Calculate the design moments in the long direction: l1 = 7m
b. Distribution of panel moments in the transverse direction to
the beam, column, and middle strips are follows:

l2 6 EI beam
  0.86  fl   long   4.32
l1 7 EI slab
l2
 fl  4.32  0.86  3.72
l1

See Table 1
Table 1
 Solution
6. Calculate the design moments in the long direction: l1 = 7m
c. Distribute the negative moment, Mn. The portion of the
interior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip is
obtained from Table 1 by interpolation and is equal to 79.2%.

Column strip = 0.792 M n  0.792  280.33  222.02 kN.m

Middle strip = 0.208M n  0.208  280.33  58.31 kN.m
 Solution
l2
 fl 1
Because l1, the ACI Code, 13.6.5, indicates that 85% of
the moment in the column
col mn strip is assigned to the beam and the
balance of 15% is assigned to the slab in the column strip.

Beam  0.85  222.02  188.72 kN.m

C l
Column t i  0.15
strip 0 15  222.02
222 02  33.30
33 30 kN.m
kN
Middle strip  58.31 kN.m
 Solution
6. Calculate the design moments in the long direction: l1 = 7m
d. Distribute the positive moment, Mp. The portion of the
interior positive moment to be resisted by the column strip is
obtained from Table 1 by interpolation and is equal to 79.2%.

Column strip = 0.792 M p  0.792 150.94  119.5 kN.m

Middle strip = 0.208M p  0.208 150.94  31.4 kN.m
 Solution
l2
 fl 1
Because l1, the ACI Code, 13.6.5, indicates that 85% of
the moment in the column
col mn strip is assigned to the beam and the
balance of 15% is assigned to the slab in the column strip.

Beam  0.85 119.5  101.6 kN.m

C l
Column t i  0.15
strip 0 15 119.5
119 5  17.9
17 9 kN.m
kN
Middle strip  31.4 kN.m
 3m

‐58.3/2 +31.4/2 ‐58.3/2 1.5m

3m
‐33.3/2 +17.9/2 ‐33.3/2

‐188.7 +101.6 ‐188.7 3m

‐33.3/2 +17.9/2 ‐33.3/2

3m
‐58.3/2 +31.4/2 1.5m
‐58.3/2

3m

7m
 Direct Design Method (DDM)
• Slab without beams (flat slabs and flat plates)

1. Check the limitation requirements

2. Determine the minimum slab thickness (hmin) to control
deflection (see, Table 9.5(c))
3. Calculate the factored loads Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL
4 Check the slab thickness,
4. thickness h,
h as required by one
one-way
way and
two-way shear.
 Shear Reinforcement
4. Two-Way Slabs without Beams
In flat pplates and flat slabs,, two types
yp of shear stresses must
be investigated;
4.1 One-way shear, or beam shear: The critical sections are
taken at a distance d from the face of the column, and the
slab is considered as a wide beam spanning between
supports, as in the case of one
one-way
way beams.

1 
Vc    
f c bd 
6 
 Shear Reinforcement
4. Two-Way Slabs without Beams
4.2 Two-wayy or ppunching g shear: Shear failure occurs alongg a
truncated cone or pyramid around the column. The critical
section is located at a distance d/2 from the face of the
column,
l column
l capital,
it l or drop
d panel.
l
 Shear Reinforcement
- If no shear reinforcement, the shear capacity is
 4  f cb0 d 
 2  
  c  12

3
 f cb0 d 
Vc  min 
  sd  f cb0 d
   2
  b0  12
where b0 = perimeter of the critical section
 c = ratio
ti off the
th long
l side
id off column
l to
t the
th short
h t side
id
 s = 40 for interior columns,
30 for edge columns and
20 for corner columns
- If shear reinforcement is provided, the shear strength
should not exceed
1 
Vn    f cb0 d 
2 
ACI 318‐63
318 63
ACI 318‐63