Two way slab

Direct Design Method

(DDM)

Eng . Loai Tarabulsi

 Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab
Method of dividing total static moment Mo into positive
and negative moments.

Three basic steps are involved:

a. Determination of the total factored static moment;

b. Distribution of the total factored static moment to

negative and positive sections;

c. Distribution of negative and positive factored moments

to the column and middle strips and to the beams if any.
 Limitations on use of Direct Design
method
given by ACI Code 13.6.1

1 - There must be three or more spans in each

direction.

2
2 - Rectangular panels with long span/short span
ratio of longer to shorter span, center-to-center of supports 2
3- Successive span in each direction shall not differ by
more than 1/3 the longer span. (center-to-center of
supports)

4 - Columns must not be offset

more than 10 % of the span in
the direction of offset from
either axis between centerlines
of successive columns.
5- Loads must be due to gravity only and
uniformly distributed over the entire panel.
6- Service (unfactored) live load 2 service dead
load

7- For panels with beams between supports on all

sides, relative stiffness of the beams in the 2
perpendicular directions.2
1l2
 2l12
Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, a

Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along

slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam

f 
flexural stiffness of slab
 4 Ecb I b /l Ecb I b
αf  
4 Ecs I s /l Ecs I s

E cb  Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete

E sb  Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b  Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s  Moment of inertia of uncracked slab

With width bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent

panels on each side of the beam.
 dimensions of interior and edge beams that
need to be considered in relative stiffness
calculations.
 Basic Steps in Two-way Slab Design
DDM
1- Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.

2- Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.

3- Determine distribution of moments across the width

of the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.

4- Assign a portion of moment to beams

Minimum slab thickness (see next lecture)

Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

At points of max. +/- M:
s  2h ACI 13.3.2 
and s  45cm. ACI 7.12.3

Min Reinforcement Requirements

As min   AsT&S from ACI 7.12  ACI 13.3.1

 Distribution of Moments

Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two

directions:
 Total static Moment, Mo

2
wll
M0  u 2 n
ACI13 - 3
8
where
wu  factored load per unit area
l2  transvers e width of the strip
ln  clear span between columns
for circular columns, calc. ln using h  0.886d c 
Where ln, measured face-to-face of supports and not be less
than 0.65 L1 ,
Column Strips and Middle Strips
Moments vary across width of slab panel

 Design moments are averaged over the

width of column strips over the
columns & middle strips between
column strips.
 Column Strips and Middle Strips
Column strips Design
w/width on either side of
a column centerline equal
to smaller of 0.25 l2

 0.25 l1
l1= length of span in
direction moments are
being determined.
l2= length of span
transverse to l1
Column Strips and Middle Strips
Middle strips: Design
strip bounded by two
column strips.
Positive and Negative Moments in
Panels
M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI
sec. 13.6.3
 Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in
Slabs
For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is
divided into positive moment 0.35 Mo and negative
moment of 0.65 Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the outside
edge.
Distribution of M0
 Transverse Distribution of
Moments
Transverse distribution of the
longitudinal moments to middle and
column strips is a function of the
ratio of length l2/l1,a1, and bt.

Ecb I b EcbC C
1  t  
Ecs I s 2 Ecs I s 2 I s
 0.63x  x 3 y 
C   1   
y  3  torsional constant

  0.63 x  x 3 y 
C   1   
 y  3 

Take largest value of C from the following

 Factored moments in column strips
• According to ACI Code 13.6.4, column strip moments,
as percentages of total factored positive and negative
moments,
 Factored moments in beams caused by slab
loads:

• As specified by ACI Code 13.6.5, beams between

supports are to be designed to resist 85 % of column strip
moments if

• For values of

 proportion of column strip moments resisted by

beams is obtained by linear interpolation between
85 and zero.
Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs
without beams(Fig. 13.3.8)
 Example 1
Design the long direction of an interior panel
of the two-way slab for the floor system.The
floor consists of six panels at each direction,
with a panel size 7.5 m x 6 m. All panels are
supported by 40 cm square columns. The
slabs are supported by beams along the
column line with cross sections. The service
live load is to be taken as 4kN/m2 and the
service dead load consists of 6.5kN/m2 of
floor finishing in addition to the self-weight.
h=18cm
The cross-sections are:
h = 18cm
 Example 1- Loading
The weight of the slab is given as.
wu  1.26.5  1.6(4)  14.2kN / m 2
d  18  2  1.6  14.4cm  use _ 16
 Example 1 – Strip Size
Calculate the strip sizes

4.5m
 Example 1, Static Moment
Computation
Moment Mo for the two directions.
long direction
Ln  750  40  710cm

M ol 
wl2 ln
2

14.2  6 7.12
 537kN .m
8 8

short direction
Ln  600  40  560cm

M ol 
wl2 ln
2

14.2  7.55.6 2
 418kN .m
8 8
 Example 1 – Moments (long)

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam (long).

Negative - Moment 0.65537   349kN .m

Positive + Moment 0.35537   188kN .m
 Example 1- - Moment (long)
Coefficients
The moments of inertia about beam, Ib = 0.01 m4 and Is
= 0.0027 m4 (long direction) are need to determine the
distribution of the moments between the column and
middle strip.
l2 6
   0.8
l1 7.5
Ib 0.01
1    3.7
I s 0.0027
l2
1  3.7(0.8)  2.96
l1
 Example 1- Column Strip Factors
(negative)

col. strip factor Need to interpolate to

0.9 - 0.75 determine how the
0.9  (0.8  0.5)  0.81
0.5 - 1.0 negative moment is
distributed.
 Example 1 - Column Strip Factors
(positive)

col. strip factor Need to interpolate to

0.9 - 0.75 determine how the
0.9  (0.8  0.5)  0.81
0.5 - 1.0 positive moment is
distributed
 Example 1 - Moment (long) column/middle
strips
Components on the beam (long).
Column Strip
Negative – Moment 0.81(349)  282.7 kN .m
Positive + Moment 0.81(188)  152kN .m
Middle Strip
Negative – Moment 0.19(349)  66kN .m
Positive + Moment 0.19(188)  36kN .m
 Example 1 - Moment (long)-beam/slab
distribution
When a1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5 indicates that
85 % of the moment in the column strip is assigned to the beam
and balance of 15 % is assigned to the slab in the column
strip.
Column Strip - Negative Moment
Beam Moment 0.85(282.7)  240.3kN .m
Slab Moment 0.15(320)  42.4kN .m
Column Strip - Positive Moment
Beam Moment 0.85(152)  129kN .m
Slab Moment 0.15(152)  23kN .m
 Results

d  58  4  0.8  0.8  52cm  520mm

b  40cm  400mm
   As  check _ shear

d  14.4cm  144mm
b  3m  3000mm
   As  check _ shear