(L/d) Ratio for Two-way Slabs:
• According to Cl. 24.1, the provisions for (L/d) ratio for beams (Cl. 23.2,
20 and 26 for simply supported and cont.) are also applicable for slab.
• However, for two-way slabs having shorter span ( 3.5 m), subjected to
UDL up to 3 kN/m2, these basic (L/d) the following ratios may be used so
as to achieve the deflection with in permissible limit.
• (L/d) ratio for Simply supported two-way slabs = 35
• (L/d) ratio for Continuous two-way slabs = 40
• These (L/d) ratios are further multiplied by 0.8 for Fe415 steel, hence,
• (L/d) ratio for Simply supported two-way slabs (HYSD bars)= 28
• (L/d) ratio for Continuous two-way slabs (HYSD bars)=32
(L/d) ratio for Corner Slabs:
• Since, for a corner slab panel, two adjacent sides are simply supported,
as a result for (shorter/ or longer span) one edge is simply supported
and other is continuous, the (L/d) ratio is taken as average of that for
simply supported and continuous.
• Hence, for a corner slab panel, (L/d) = (28+30)/2 = 30
Example on Two Way Slab:
Design the slab panel S1 in the following continuous slab system which
is subjected to Live Load of 4 kN/m2 and finish load of 0.875 kN/m2.
Grades of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe-415.
S1
6m
8m
Steps involved in Design of Two-Way slabs
1. Check that given slab is two way slab, by determining long to short span
ratio and supported on all four sides.
2. Assume (L/d) ratio and effective cover and hence total depth (based on
short span)
3. Depending on panel type (location), read the moment coefficients from
Table.
4. Calculate moments at mid-span and at supports (in fixed/cont. slabs only)
5. Pick the maximum moment from moments at various locations (+ve or –ve)
6. Calculate the depth of slab required for flexure, and check it is less than the
assumed depth.
7. Check the depth provided for maximum shear (may be checked for Min. steel as the
Ast is not known at this juncture, otherwise shear check may be carriedout after determination of Ast)
8. Determine area of steel at various locations i.e. at mid-span and near
support
9. Provide the steel corresponding to maximum positive moment in middle
strip in both the directions
10. Bent alternate bars at 0.1L from face of support or 0.15L from center of
support
11. Provide minimum steel in the transverse direction in edge strip
Thickness of Slab:
• Here all the slab panels are rectangular and have aspect ratio as 8/6=
1.33, therefore, all the slab panels will behave as two way slabs
• In total there are three types of slab panels and these are:
• Interior slab panel having all four sides continuous
• Edge panels, have only one side simply supported on walls and
three sides continuous
• Corner slab panels which have two adjacent slab edges simply
supported on walls and the remaining two sides continuous
• The interior slab panel will have lowest moments and corner slab
panel will highest moments
• As a result, based on flexure criterion, the corner slab panel will need
maximum depth and the interior panel will need minimum.
• Since, the slab thickness is kept uniform for all the slab panels, the
slab thickness will be governed by corner slab panel.
• As per the cl. 24.1 of code, for the two-way simply supported and
continuous slabs and having shorter span up to 3.5 m, the (L/d) ratio
for Fe415 steel are 28 and 32 respectively, and for corner slab panel.
• Since in this example shorter span (=6 m) >3.5 m, above (L/d) can’t be
taken here.
1
• According to Cl. 23.2.1, (L/d) ratio for simply supported and
continuous BEAMS may be taken as 20 and 26 respectively.
• Since, for the corner slab panel two sides are simply supported and
two sides are continuous, taken the (basic) average (L/d) ratio as
(20+26)/2 = 23.
• This basic (L/d) ratio to be modified to include the effect of tension
steel. Assuming K1 = 1.45 [to be verified latter]
• Hence, (L/d) ratio for corner slab panel = k1x(L/d) = 1.4523 = 33.35
• Depth of slab required = 6000/33.35 = 179.9 mm
• Considering diameter of bars as 10 mm and clear cover as 20 mm,
overall depth of slab, D = 179.9 + (10/2) + 20 = 204.9 mm, say 205
• Effective depth of slab provided, d = 205 – 20 – (10/2) = 180 mm
• Width of beam = 160 mm (given)
• Width of walls = 200 m (given)
• Clear span of slab (shorter direct.)= 6000 – 200/2 – 160/2 = 5820 mm
• Effective span (short)= Minimum of [C/C span and (Clear span + d)]
= Minimum of [ 6000 and (5820+180) mm]
= 6000 mm
• Clear span of slab (Longer direc.)= 8000 – 200/2 – 160/2 = 7820 mm
• Effective span (Long) = Minimum of [C/C span and (Clear span + d)]
= Minimum of [ 8000 and (7820+180) mm]
= 8000 mm
Aspect ratio of slab panel (r) = 8.0/6.0 = 1.333
Determination of Loads on Slab
• Self-wt. of slab = 0.20525 = 5.125 kN/m2
• Finish Load (given) = 0.875 kN/m2
• Live Load on Slab (given) = 4 kN/m2
• Total Factored UDL on Slab (w) = 1.5(5.125+0.875+4) = 15.0 kN/m2
Determination of Bending Moment in Slab:
• Moment coefficients for the corner slab panel may be determined
using the Table 26 of IS Code for the case No. 4 (corresponding to two
adjacent edges discontinuous as
For Short span For Long span
Negative moment coefficients (at Edge) x- = 0.067 y- = -0.047
Positive moment coefficient (at Mid-span) y+ = 0.0503 y+ = 0.035

Total Load on unit width strip spanning along shorter span = wLx Check for depth of slab for Shear:
= 156 = 900 kN/m width Maximum Shear force produced in slab, Vx = (wlx)/2
= 156.0/2 = 45 kN/m width
Short span Moments Long span Moments
As the shear strength of concrete depends on percentage of tension
Negative moment at Mx- = -0.067906 My- = -0.047 906 steel. Shear strength of concrete increases with increase in percentage
Edge (= - WLx) = -36.2 kNm = -25.4 kNm of tension steel.
Mx+ = 0.0503906 Since at this juncture, percentage of tension steel is not known, let us
Positive moment at Mid- My+= 0.035906 calculate shear strength of concrete corresponding to minimum tension
= +27.2 kNm
span (= + WLx) = +18.9 kNm steel.
For M20 concrete, Minimum shear strength = 0.28 N/mm2 (for beams)
Maximum moment produced in slab = 36.2 kNm/m width
Check for depth of slab for Flexure: Shear Strength of concrete in slab of overall depth 205 mm,
-36.2 c, slab = k x c = 1.20.28 = 0.336 N/mm2.
M u  0.138 f ck bd 2 Nominal shear stress in concrete,
36.2 106  0.138  20  1000  d 2 6 m 0.0 -25.4 v = Vu/ bd = 451000/(1000  180)
= 0.25 N/mm2
 d 114.5 mm
< c (=0.336 N/.mm2) OK
 180 mm provided OK 0.0 Hence, slab is safe in shear
8m

2
Determination of Ast and spacing of bars : In the Similar way Ast in other panels (panel located on edge of roof and interior panel)
For the balanced section, Ast may be calculated using the equation may be determined.
 f y Ast  Minimum Steel parallel to an edge = 0.12% = (0.12/100)x205x1000 = 246 mm2
M u  0.87 f y Ast  d  
 f ck b d  Spacing of 10 mm bars = 1000/(246/78.6) = 320 mm > Max spacing 300  300 mm
Alternatively, %Ast may be determined for (Mu/bd2) using the SP-16 Tables Determination of Corner (Torsional) Steel
Corner Steel at Corners where both the sides (edges) meeting to it are discontinuous
For Steels along Shorter span For steel along Longer span Amount of Torsional (corner) steel to be provided along shorter and longer span
Mux %Astx Dia. & Muy %Asty Dia. & directions at top and bottom face of slab = 0.75Astx = 0.75432 = 324 mm2 per m width
(Mux/bd2) (mm2) spacing (Muy/bd2) (mm2) spacing This steel is to be provided in the area (lx/5)x (lx/5) = (6000/5)x(6000/5) = 1200 x 1200
Amount of Torsional (corner) steel to be provided along shorter and longer span
Ast- (at top face of -36.2 0.34% 10 @ 128 -25.4 0.225% 10 @ 193
directions at top and bottom face of slab (1.2 m x 1.2 m)
slab at Cont. Edge) (1.12) (612) ( 120) (0.78) (405) (190)
= 1.2 m x324 mm2 per m width = 389 mm2
Ast+ (at bottom Assuming diameter of bars for corner steel as 8 mm, c/c spacing of 8 mm dia. bars
27.2 0.246% 10 @ 181 18.9 0.156% 10 @ 280
face of slab at (area 50 mm2) for corner steel = 1200/(389/50) = 154 mm
(0.84) (432) (180) (0.58) (281) (280)
Mid-span) Thus a steel bar mesh of size 1200x1200 containing 8 mm bars @ 150 c/c is to be
provided at each face (top and bottom) of slab as corner steel.
Minimum Steel = 0.12% = (0.12/100)x1000x180 = 216 mm2 Corner Steel at Corners where only one side (edge) meeting to it is discontinuous
All steels calculated in Table > Mini. Steel …. OK Amount of Torsional (corner) steel to be provided along shorter and longer span
Spacing for Minimum steel = 363 mm directions at top and bottom face of slab = 0.75Astx = 389/2 = 195 mm2 per m width
Maximum Spacing of bars = Mini. of 3d (= 3x180 = 540) or 300 mm c/c spacing of 8 mm dia. bars for corner steel = 1200/(195/50) = 307 mm say 300 mm
= 300 mm Corner Steel at Corners where none of the side (edge) meeting to it is discontinuous
Hence, spacing of bars (calculated in Table) are less than 300 mm … OK No torsional steel is required at this corner.

Reinforcement Details at bottom face of slab

Reinforcement Details along the shorter length of Roof Slab (i.e.
0.125Ly 0.75Ly 0.125Ly panel span 6 m)
0.125Lx
195
mm2
0.1Lx= 600 0.3Lx=1800 03Lx=1800
10@ 190
10@ 180 0.15Lx 0.15Lx
10@ 120
= 900 = 900
0.75Lx
Lx

0.2Lx 8@ 280
0.15Lx=900 0.25Lx =1500
389
0.2Lx 195 Lx = 6000
0.125L
x

mm2 mm2 Lx= 6000

0.125Ly
Note that the Corner reinforcements are NOT shown in above figure
Lx = 6 m due to complexity.
Reinforcement Ly = 8 m
Details along
longer side of
slab (7 m)
Ly = 7000