Reinforced

Concrete Design-1
CE-01344

Lecture # 13
Part-1

Analysis and Design

of Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Slabs
 In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used
to create flat, useful surfaces supported on columns
and walls having open spaces underneath.
 A reinforced slab is a broad, flat plate, usually
horizontal.
 It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams
(and is usually cast monolithically with such
beams), by masonry or by reinforced concrete
walls, by steel structural members, directly by
columns, or continuously by ground.
 A slab panel is defined as a flat slab portion
bounded by beams, walls or columns.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
One-Way Slab
“The slab which resists the entire/major part of applied
load by bending only in one direction”
 If slab is supported on all four sides and

Shorter Side
R  0.5
..

Longer Side
..

it behaves as one-way slab.

• Slabs having supports on less than four sides can be
designed as one-way.
• Two edge supported slab is always one-way.
• Cantilever slab is always one-way.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1

free

Span Span supported

free

supported
Span

Span Cantilever
Slab

R < 0.5
One-Way Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
 Main steel is only provided parallel to span
 A strip of one-way slab is designed as singly
reinforced rectangular section having unit width.
 The unit width is considered equal to 1mm or 1 m.
 hmin for the slab is different compared with the
beams.
End Conditions Steel Grades
280 or 300 420 fy
 0.4  f y 
Simply Supported L/25 L/20 L
20  700
 

One end continuous L/30 L/24 L  0.4  f y 

24  700
 0.4  f y 
Both ends continuous L/35 L/28 L
28 700
 

Cantilever L/12 L/10 L  0.4  f y 

10 700
 
 Unit Width

1 1
Thickness of
Slab

Section 1-1
Unit Width

Design Strip for One-Way Slabs.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
One-Way Slab (contd…)

The Effective Span (L) is taken lesser of the

following:
L = Ln + h/2 (left) + h/2(right)
= Ln + h
h = depth of slab
and
Ln = clear distance between supports.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Examples of One-Way Slab (contd…)
 Shades in the roofing system (cantilevers).
 Slab of stairs.
 Cantilever retaining walls.
 Footings.

Slab of stair

Footing
Minimum Clear Cover
According to the ACI Code, the minimum clear cover
required for slabs not directly exposed to weather or in
contact with soil is to be 20 mm.
Provision of Slab Steel
The steel calculated for the unit width strip is to be
provided all along the slab width. This is done by
providing bars at a regular spacing (s). If Ab is the area
of a single bar effective for a width equal to s and As is
the area of steel required for a 1m wide strip, the
following may be written:
As Ab 1000Ab
  s
1000 s As
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Maximum Bar Spacing For Main Steel of Slabs
smax will be least of following.

1. 3xh (local practice is 2 x h)

2. 450 mm (local practice is 300 mm)
3. (159,600/fy) -2.5cc
4. 126,000/fy
cc = Clear Cover
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Distribution, Temperature & Shrinkage Steel For
Slabs (ACI-318)
• Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is
required at right angle to main reinforcement to
minimize cracking and to tie the structure together
to ensure its acting as assumed in design.
• Top and bottom reinforcements are both effective
in controlling the cracks.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Distribution, Temperature & Shrinkage Steel For
Slabs (ACI-318) (contd…)
For Grade 280 …0.2% of b x h…ρ = 0.002 ……As = 0.002bh

For Grade 420 …0.18% of b x h… ρ = 0.0018 ..As = 0.0018bh

For other grades ……ρ… 0.0018 420

.  0.0014
fy
Temperature steel in no case will be less than 0.0014
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Distribution, Temperature & Shrinkage Steel For
Slabs (ACI-318) (contd…)
smax shall be lesser of following

1 5xh (field practice is 2 x h)

2 450 mm (field practice is usually 300mm)

Minimum Steel For Slabs

Same as the distribution steel

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Check For Shear

If vVc ≥ Vu O.K.
Shear check in slabs is normally satisfied so no shear
reinforcement is provided.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Design Procedure for One-Way Slab
1. Check whether the slab is one-way or two-way.
2. Calculate hmin and round it to higher 10mm (or
5mm) multiple.
i. Not less than 110 mm for rooms
ii. Not less than 75 mm for sunshades.
3. Calculate dead load acting on the slab.
Dead Load = Load per unit area x 1m width.
4. Calculate live load acting on the slab.
Live load = Load per unit area x 1m width.
5. Calculate total factored load per unit strip.
(kN/m)
6. Calculate the moments either directly (simply
supported) or by using coefficient for
continuous slabs.
Moment co1641efficients for continuous slabs are same
as for continuous beams except when slab span is
less than 3.0m:
1. Negative moments at all supports, integrally built wun2/12
with beams.
2. Positive moment in end panel. wun2/14

3. Positive moment in central panels. wun2/16

Reinforced Concrete Design-1

7. Calculate effective depth.

d = h – (20 + 0.5db) = h – 26
db = 10, 13 or 15 (generally)
8. Check that
d ≥ dmin
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Design Procedure for One-Way Slab (contd…)
9. Calculate ‘As’ required for 1m width.
10.Calculate minimum/distribution/temperature &
shrinkage steel.
11.Select diameter and spacing for main and
Distribution steel.
12.Check the spacing for max. and min. spacing.
smin ≈ 90mm
if spacing is less than minimum increase the diameter
of bar.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Design Procedure for One-Way Slab (contd…)
13. For continuous slabs, curtail or bend up the +ve
steel. For -ve steel see how much steel is already
available. Provide remaining amount of steel.
14. Calculate the amount of distribution steel. Decide
its diameter & spacing like main steel.
15. Check the slab for shear.
vVc ≥ Vu
16. Carry out detailing and show results on the
drawings.
17. Prepare bar bending schedule, if required.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Approximate of Steel for Estimate

Approximate amount of steel in slab

= 0.07 kg/mm/m2 = 70 kg /m3

If slab thickness = 150 mm

Approx. steel = 0.07 x 150 = 10.5kg /m2

Continued in next file
 Reinforced
Concrete Design-1
CE-01344

Lecture # 13
Part-2

Analysis and Design

of Slabs
Example 6.1: Design a slab of 10 m  3.75 m
clear dimensions supported over 342 mm
thick walls on all the four sides. This slab is
part of a residential house. Use C18
concrete and Grade 280 steel. Use US
Customary bars and prepare bar bending
schedule.
Solution:

 The slab is supported on all the four sides

and longer to shorter dimensions is 10 / 3.75
 2.67.
 Hence, the slab is one-way along the 3.75 m
side.
 For the calculation of slab depth, the span
length may be considered equal to the clear
dimension plus half brick length bearings on
the two sides.
 End Conditions Steel Grades

280 or 300 420

Simply L/25 L/20

Supported
One end L/30 L/24
continuous

Both ends L/35 L/28

continuous

Cantilever L/12 L/10

 hmin = L / 25 = (3750 + 2×114) / 25
= 159 mm(say 160 mm)
 d  h  27 = 133 mm

 L = clear span + h = 3.91 m

Dead Load
 R. C. slab: 0.160  2400 = 384 kgs / m2
 75 mm screed of brick ballast:

0.075  1800 = 135 kgs / m2

 P. C. C. + terrazzo:

0.060  2300 = 138 kgs / m2

qD = 657 kgs / m2
Live Load
For residential building: qL = 200 kgs / m2
Factored Load
 qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  657 + 1.6  200)  9.81 / 1000
= 10.87 kN / m2
= 10.87 kN / m per meter width
Factored Bending Moment
 Mu = 1 / 8 qu Ln2  1 / 8 qu L2
(approximation on safe side)
= 1/8  10.87  3.912 = 20.78 kN-m per
meter width
Main Reinforcement
 R = Mu / bd2 = 20.78×106 /(1000×1332)

= 1.1747 MPa
 fc = 18 MPa  17.27 MPa : fy = 280 MPa

  = 0.005

 As =  × b × d = 0.005×1000×133 = 665 mm2

Diameter And Spacing

 Using #10 bars: #10 @ 100 mm c/c provides

As = 710 mm2
 Using #13 bars: #13 @ 190 mm c/c provides

As = 679 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2h = 320 mm (Code value is 3h)
ii) 300 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm

smax = 300 mm

Selected main reinforcement:

#13 @ 190 mm c/c
Temperature Reinforcement
 Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h
= 0.002  1000  160 = 320 mm2
 Using #10 bars: #10 @ 200 mm c/c
provides As = 355 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 400 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 375 mm
Selected temperature reinforcement: #10 @ 200 mm c/c
Check For Shear
 Vu = qu ( Ln / 2  d)
= 10.87  (3.75 /2  0.133) = 18.94 kN
 cVc = 0.75  0.17 fc bw d

= 0.75  0.17 1 18  1000  133 / 1000

= 71.94 kN
 The applied shear force is significantly lesser
than even cVc / 2.
Sketch Of Reinforcement: The reinforcement
details are shown in Fig. 6.2.
 1

#10 @ 380 c/c (M2)

#13 @ 190 c/c (M1) 535

750 535 160

1 #10 @ 200 c/c (D1) #10 @ 200 c/c (D2)

 Compressible Material
#13 @ 380 c/c
#10 @ 380 c/c
#10 @ 200 c/c

160

#13 @ 190 c/c

535
215

3750
200 200
Bar Bending Schedule
 Number of bars for M-1 = 10456 / 190 = (say 55)
 Total length of bars M-1 = 3750 + 2  180 = 4110 mm
 Length M-1 for estimation = 3750 + 2 (200  20)
+ 0.414  109 + 18  13
= 4.389 m
 Number of bars for M-2 = 10456 / 380  2 = 55
 Number of bars for D-1 = 3750 / 200 = 19
 Bottom length of bars D-1 = 10000  530 + 180 = 9650 mm
 Total length of bars D-1 = 10000 + 2  180 + 18  10
= 10.540 m
 Length D-1 for estimation = 10360 + 0.414  86 = 10.40 m
 Number of bars for D-2 = 3750 / 400  2 = 20
 Length of bars D-2 and M-2 = 750 + 180 + 18  10 = 1.110 m
 Table 6.3. Bar Bending Schedule For Example 6.1. Steel Grade: 300
S. Bar No. Len. Dia. Weight Of Bars Shape Of Bar
No. Desig- Of Of Of No.10 No.13
nation Bars Bar Bar
(m) (mm)
109
1 M-1 55 4.389 #13 240
3400 710

2 M-2 55 1.110 #10 35

930
710
3 D-1 19 10.54 #10 113 86
10360

4 D-2 20 1.110 #10 13

930

5 H-1 4 8.50 #10 19 8500

6 H-2 4 2.25 #10 5

2250

= 195 252

Total Steel Required  447 kgs

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Example: Design a cantilever projecting out from a room
slab extending 1.0m and to be used as balcony (LL = 300
kg/m2). A brick wall of 250 mm thickness including plaster
of 1m height is provided at the end of cantilever.

fc’ = 18 MPa fy = 280 MPa

Slab thickness of room = 125 mm. Slab bottom steel in the

direction of cantilever is # 13 @ 190 mm c/c, alternate bars
are bent up.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution:

cantilever
125 mm

h
L  1000  1m
2
125
L  1000   1063mm  1.07m
2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
L 1063
hmin    89mm
12 12
Let us use the same thickness as of the room

h  125mm  h min

d  125  20  7  98mm Main steel in cantilever is

at the top
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
125
Self weight of slab   2400  300kg / m 2
1000
75
75 mm brick ballast/ screed  1800  135kg / m 2
1000
60
60 mm floor finishes   2300  138kg / m 2
1000

Total dead load  300 135 138  573kg / m 2

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
Live Load  300kg / m 2

w u  1.2  573 1.6  300

9.81
1000
 11.46kN / m 2

 11.46kN / m For a unit strip

Pu  1.20.25111920
9.81
1000
 5.65kN
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Pu  5.65kN
w u L2
M u  Pu  L  w u  11.46kN / m
2
11.46 1.07 2
 5.651.07  1.07m
2

 12.6kN  m Per meter width

M u 12.6 10 6 fc '

  1.3120   0.85  0.0546
bd 2
1000  98 2
fy
 2.614R   2.614 1.312 
ρ  1 1   0. 05461 1

  0.00548
 f c   18 
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
A s  0.005481000  98  538mm 2

# 13 @ 380 mm c/c already

available in the form of half the
bent up bars from the room slab

#13@ 380c / c  As  342mm 2

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Remaining steel required at the top  538 - 342  196mm 2
#10@ 350c / c

Or
#13@ 380c / c

Distribution steel  0.0021000125  250mm2

#10@ 275c / c
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 312 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy−2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm

smax = 375 mm

Selected temperature reinforcement:

#10 @ 275 mm c/c
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: #13 @ 380 c/c

Slab bottom steel

1500 mm

#10 @ 275 c/c

#13 @ 380 c/c

Example 6.3: Design a slab consisting of
eight panels of 8 m  3. 5 m clear
dimensions, continuous along their
longitudinal edges, that are supported on 300
mm wide beams. Office live load is to be
used along with a floor finish load of 300
kg/m2 and 200 kg/m2 immovable partition
load. Use C20 concrete, Grade 280 steel
and US Customary bars.
Solution:
A unit strip of slab, taken along the shorter
direction, acts as a continuous beam and is
shown in Fig. 6.5.
L  3500 + 300 = 3.8 m
hmin for end panel = L / 30 = 3800 /30
= 127 mm(say 130 mm)
d  h  27 = 103 mm
Dead Load
 R. C. slab: 0.130  2400 = 312 kgs / m2
 Floor finish: = 300 kgs / m2
 Partition load: = 200 kgs / m2
qD = 812 kgs / m2
Live Load
For office building: qL = 250 kgs / m2
Factored Load
qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  812 + 1.6  250)  9.81 / 1000
= 13.48 kN / m2
1 m strip
8m

3.8 m
Table 4.1. Moment Coefficients for Slabs Having
Spans Lesser Than 3.0 m OR Beams Having Ratio of
Sum of Column Stiffness to Beam Stiffness More
Than 8 at Each End of the Span.

1 w2
1. Negative moments at all supports, integrally built with beams. u n
12

2. Positive moment in end panel. 1 w2

un
14
1 w2
3. Positive moment in central panels. un
16
Table 4.2. Moment and Shear Values for
Beams and Slabs Having Spans Greater
Than 3.0 m.
1. Positive Moment

End spans:
1
If discontinuous end is unrestrained w 2
11 u n
1
If discontinuous end is integral with the support w u n2
14
1
Interior spans: 16
w 
u
2
n

2. Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

1
Two spans: w2
9 u n

1
More than two spans: w 2
10 u n
 1
3. Negative moment at other faces of interior supports w 2
11 u n
(n in no. 3 is the average of clear spans of the two adjacent panels.)
4. Negative moment at interior faces of exterior supports for members
built Integrally with their supports:
1w
u n2
The support is a spandrel beam or girder: 24
1 wun2
The support is a column: 16

The support is not monolithic: Zero

wu  n
5. Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15
2

wu  n
6. Shear at all other supports
2
Factored Bending Moments
n = 3.5 m
 Exterior support Mu = 1 / 24 qu n2
= 13.48×3.52 / 24 = 6.88 kN-m / m
 Exterior span Mu
+
= 1 / 11 qu n 2

= 13.48×3.52 / 11 = 15.01 kN-m / m

 First int. support Mu = 1 / 10 qu n2
= 13.48×3.52 / 10 = 16.51 kN-m / m
 Interior support Mu = 1 / 11 qu n2
= 13.48×3.52 / 11 = 15.01 kN-m / m
 Interior span Mu+ = 1 / 16 qu n2

= 13.48×3.52 / 16 = 10.32 kN-m / m

Table 6.4. Calculation of Steel for Example 6.3.

Section Mu/bd2  bd As,min As

Exterior support Mu 0.6485 0.0027 278 260 278

Exterior span Mu+ 1.4148 0.0060 618 260 618

First interior support 1.5562 0.0066 680 260 680

Mu

Interior support Mu 1.4148 0.0060 618 260 618

Interior span Mu+ 0.9728 0.0041 423 260 423

  Exterior span Mu +:
As = 618 mm2 #13 @ 200 mm c/c
(645 mm2)
 Interior span Mu+: As = 420 mm2

#10 @ 160 mm c/c (444 mm2)

 The balance top steel, after considering the area of
bent up bars, at the supports is given below:
Section As Available Balance As Extra Steel
Steel


Exterior support Mu 278 258 20 #10 @ 500 mm c/c

First interior support Mu 680 542 136 #10 @ 450 mm c/c

Interior support Mu 618 426 192 #10 @ 400 mm c/c
Check For Maximum Spacing Of Main Steel

Maximum preferred spacing: least of

i) 2h = 260 mm (Code value is 3h)
ii) 300 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5cc = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 260 mm
Temperature Reinforcement

 Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h

= 0.002  1000  130 = 260 mm2
#10 @ 250 mm c/c provides As = 284 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 400 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc = 159,600 / 280 − 2.5cc
= 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 375 mm
Selected temperature reinforcement:
#10 @ 250 mm c/c
Check For Shear
Vu = 1.15  qu ( Ln / 2  d)
= 1.15  13.48  (3.5 /2  0.103)
= 25.53 kN

cVc = 0.75  0.17 fc bw d

= 0.750.17 1 201000103 /1000
= 58.73 kN
 The applied shear force is significantly lesser
than even cVc / 2.
 #10 @ 500 c/c

#10 @ 250 c/c

#13 @ 200 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c

#10 @ 400 c/c #10 @ 450 c/c #10 @ 400 c/c
 n / 3, top additional steel may
n / 4, may be reduced to  n / 5 be curtailed at n / 4, not less
if the end is not monolithic with than d (ACI value is n / 3).
RC column.

n / 7 if less than 50% of

the steel is bent up. n / 4 if less than ½ of steel is bent up,
more than 50% must not be bent up for
approximate detailing.
c) Bent-Up Bars

Note: For slabs the distances n/4 and n/3 for top
extensions may be reduced to 0.22n and 0.3n,
respectively. Similarly, the bottom distance n/4 may be
reduced to 0.22n.
 Type of Steel Reinforcement Value Length
(mm)
Top steel extension from face of exterior n / 5 700
support, for short and long directions.
Top steel extension of bent-up bars on 0.3n 1050
opposite side from face of supports.
Bottom bars bent-up point from face of 0.22n 770
supports, for short and long directions.
Top extra steel on interior supports, on 0.22n 770
both sides, from the face of supports.
 #10 @ 300 c/c #10 @ 300 c/c

#10 @ 250 c/c

#13 @ 200 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c

#10 @ 200 c/c #13 @ 180 c/c #13 @ 200 c/c

 Type of Steel Reinforcement Value Leng th
(mm)
Top steel extension from face of exterior support, for n / 5 700
short and long directions.
Alternate bottom bars curtailed from face of inner n / 8 435
supports, in short direction.
Alternate bottom bars curtailed from face of supports, same as 435
in long direction. in short
direction
Extension of top extra steel on interior supports, from 0.3n 1050
the face of supports, for alternate bars.
Extension of top extra steel on interior supports, from 0.22n 770
the face of supports, for remaining alternate bars.
 Design Of Stair Slab
 The slab underneath the stairs is designed as one-
way slab for the expected live loading, dead load of
R. C. slab, dead load of steps and dead load of
floor finishes.
 The thickness of the slab for stair is called its waist
dimension.
 Following points are to be considered for such a
design:
1. The span length and loading with respect to the
horizontal plan are considered for the calculation of
bending moments.
2. The self-weight of the stair slab is first calculated in
the inclined plane and is then multiplied with R 2  T 2 / T
or approximately 1.22 to calculate the load on the
horizontal plan, where R is the riser and T is the
tread.
3. In case only one or no edge of steps is supported
on walls, the stair is considered to span
longitudinally. However, the slab may be assumed
to span along the width of the steps if there is
newel wall towards the inner side and both edges
of the slab are supported.
4. Due to the inclined nature and availability of more
stiffness, the waist dimension may be selected
equal to both ends continuous one-way slab (L/35
for Grades 280 and 300 and L/28 for Grade 420).
In case the landing is also supported along the
other edges, the span of stair may be considered
up to the center of the landing. However, in this
case, the landing must be designed to carry all the
corresponding loads along a direction
perpendicular to the stair.
5. If the steps are made up of reinforced
concrete, some minimum steel is to be
provided within these steps.
6. A small and usually concealed beam, in-
between the landing and the flight of stair,
is beneficial to keep the depth of stair slab
and the required reinforcement in the
economical range.
7. Tension steel making an angle less than
180 and present on the inner side of this
angle may cause falling of the concrete
cover and loss of tensile force (Fig. 6.8).
The detailing must be carried out to
eliminate this situation.
 T
T

T
a) Incorrect Way
T

b) Correct Way
Example 6.4: Design the first flight of the stair shown
in Fig. 6.9, having a reinforced concrete footing at
the bottom. Use C  18 concrete and Grade 280
steel. R = 180 mm and T = 260 mm. Select US
Customary reinforcement.
Solution:
 L  1.2 + 3.12 = 4.32 m
 hmin considering both ends continuous/fixed = L / 35
= 4320 / 35 = 124 mm
(say 125 mm)
 d  h  27 = 98 mm
1.2 m 12 @ 0.26 m = 3.12 m

1.2 m

1.2 m

Plan View of Stair for Example 6.4.

Dead Load
 R. C. slab: 0.125  2400  (1802+2602)0.5 / 260
= 365 kgs / m2
 Weight of steps: (R/2000)  2400 = 216 kgs / m2
 15 mm floor finish: 0.015  2300 = 35 kgs / m2
qD = 616 kgs / m2
Live Load
 For stairs: qL = 300 kgs / m2
Factored Slab Load
 qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  616 + 1.6  300)  9.81 / 1000
= 11.96 kN / m2
= 11.96 kN / m per meter width
Factored Bending Moment
 Mu  1 / 10 qu L2 (one end continuous)
= 1/10  11.96  4.322
= 22.4 kN-m per meter width
 dmin for singly reinforced section

Mu 22.4 10 6
   78mm
0.205 f cb 0.205 18 1000
Main Reinforcement
 Mu / bd2 = 22.4×106 /(1000×982) = 2.3324 MPa

 fc = 18 MPa : fy = 280MPa

  = 0.0103
As = 0.0103×1000×98 = 1010 mm2 per meter width
Diameter And Spacing
 Selected Steel = #13 @ 120 mm c/c

 2 h = 300 mm (OK)
Temperature Reinforcement
 Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h
= 0.002  1000  125 = 250 mm2
 Selected temperature reinforcement: #10 @ 275 mm c/c
Check For Shear
 Vu = qu ( Ln / 2  d)

= 11.96  (4.32 /2  0.098) = 24.66 kN

 cVc = 0.75  0.17 fc bw d

= 0.75  0.17 18  1000  98 / 1000 = 53.0 kN

 The applied shear force is significantly lesser than even
cVc
Curtailment Distances
 Ln / 7 = 4320 / 7 = 617 mm (say 610 mm)
 Ln / 5 = 4320 / 7 = 864 mm (say 870 mm)
 Inclined 0.22 Ln = 0.22  4320  1.22 = 1160 mm
 Inclined 0.30 Ln = 0.30  4320  1.22 = 1580 mm
 #13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 240 c/c Waist = 125

610 1  #10 (typical)

#13 @ 120 c/c
#6 @ 300 c/c (typical)
1200  260
= 940 > n / 5 #10 @ 275 c/c
420 #13 @ 120 c/c
No negative moment
capacity at this section, 1160
only allowed if after n / 5

If the distance is lesser than n / 5

or if more rigidity / continuity is #13 @ 240 c/c
present at this end, the detail may
be made as follows:

#13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 240 c/c

n / 5
Continued in next file
Reinforced
Concrete Design-1
CE-01344

Lecture # 14
Part-1

Analysis and Design

of Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Design-1

Two-Way Edge
Supported Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Two-Way Slabs
Slab resting on walls or sufficiently deep and rigid beams on all
sides. Other options are column supported slab e.g. Flat slab,
waffle slab.

Lx
m  0.5
Ly

Two-way slabs have two way bending unlike one-way slab.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Design Methods
1. ACI co-efficient method Ly
2. Direct design method
3. Equivalent frame method
4. Finite element method Lx

Notes
1. In two-way slabs shorter direction strip carry greater
%age of load.
2. Steel will be more in shorter direction.
3. Shorter direction steel will be placed near the outer edge
to get more “d” means more lever arm to get more
flexural capacity.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
ACI Co-efficient Method
Unit width strip is taken in both directions. The strip is
designed separately for +ve and –ve moment.

Mu  C  w u  Ln
2

C = ACI co-efficient
wu = Slab load
“C” depends upon the end conditions of slab and the
aspect ratio.
Three tables are available for “C” M+ coefficients are increased
by 25 % and M- coefficients
• Dead load positive moment are reduced by 10 % to get
the result more closer to
• Live load positive moment accurate solution.

• Negative moment (both for dead and live loads)

 Table 6.4. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Dead Load Positive Moments In Slabs Increased by 25%.
Ratio Case 2 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
m
1.00 Cx 0.045 0.023 0.023 0.034 0.034 0.041 0.034 0.025 0.029
Cy 0.045 0.023 0.034 0.034 0.023 0.034 0.038 0.029 0.025
0.95 Cx 0.050 0.025 0.026 0.038 0.035 0.045 0.039 0.028 0.030
Cy 0.041 0.020 0.031 0.030 0.019 0.030 0.039 0.026 0.021
0.90 Cx 0.056 0.028 0.031 0.041 0.036 0.049 0.044 0.031 0.033
Cy 0.036 0.018 0.030 0.028 0.016 0.026 0.035 0.024 0.019
0.85 Cx 0.063 0.030 0.036 0.045 0.039 0.053 0.050 0.036 0.035
Cy 0.033 0.015 0.028 0.024 0.014 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.016
0.80 Cx 0.070 0.033 0.043 0.049 0.040 0.056 0.056 0.040 0.036
Cy 0.029 0.014 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.019 0.028 0.019 0.013
0.75 Cx 0.076 0.035 0.050 0.054 0.041 0.060 0.064 0.045 0.039
Cy 0.024 0.011 0.023 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.025 0.016 0.009
0.70 Cx 0.085 0.038 0.058 0.058 0.044 0.064 0.073 0.050 0.041
Cy 0.020 0.009 0.020 0.014 0.006 0.011 0.021 0.014 0.008
0.65 Cx 0.093 0.040 0.068 0.063 0.045 0.068 0.081 0.055 0.043
Cy 0.016 0.008 0.018 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.018 0.011 0.006
0.60 Cx 0.101 0.043 0.078 0.066 0.046 0.070 0.091 0.060 0.045
Cy 0.013 0.005 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.008 0.015 0.009 0.005
0.55 Cx 0.110 0.044 0.089 0.070 0.048 0.073 0.101 0.065 0.046
Cy 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.004
0.5 Cx 0.119 0.046 0.100 0.074 0.049 0.076 0.111 0.070 0.048
Cy 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
 Table 6.5. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Live Load Positive Moments In Slabs Increased by 25%.
Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
m

1.00 Cx 0.045 0.034 0.034 0.040 0.040 0.044 0.040 0.035 0.038
Cy 0.045 0.034 0.040 0.040 0.034 0.040 0.044 0.038 0.035
0.95 Cx 0.050 0.038 0.039 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.045 0.039 0.040
Cy 0.041 0.031 0.036 0.036 0.030 0.036 0.040 0.034 0.031
0.90 Cx 0.056 0.043 0.044 0.049 0.046 0.053 0.050 0.044 0.045
Cy 0.036 0.028 0.034 0.033 0.026 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.028
0.85 Cx 0.063 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.051 0.058 0.056 0.050 0.049
Cy 0.033 0.024 0.030 0.029 0.024 0.028 0.033 0.028 0.025
0.80 Cx 0.070 0.051 0.056 0.060 0.055 0.064 0.064 0.055 0.053
Cy 0.029 0.021 0.028 0.025 0.020 0.024 0.029 0.024 0.021
0.75 Cx 0.076 0.056 0.064 0.065 0.059 0.069 0.070 0.061 0.058
Cy 0.024 0.018 0.024 0.020 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.020 0.016
0.70 Cx 0.085 0.061 0.071 0.071 0.064 0.075 0.079 0.068 0.063
Cy 0.020 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.021 0.018 0.014
0.65 Cx 0.093 0.066 0.080 0.078 0.069 0.080 0.088 0.074 0.068
Cy 0.016 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.011
0.60 Cx 0.101 0.073 0.089 0.084 0.074 0.085 0.096 0.081 0.074
Cy 0.013 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
0.55 Cx 0.110 0.078 0.100 0.090 0.079 0.091 0.106 0.088 0.079
Cy 0.010 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.008
0.5 Cx 0.119 0.083 0.110 0.096 0.084 0.098 0.115 0.095 0.084
Cy 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.063 0.005
 Table 6.6. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Negative Moments In Slabs Decreased by 10%.
Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
m
1.00 Cx — 0.041 — 0.045 0.068 0.064 — 0.030 0.055
Cy — 0.041 0.068 0.045 — — 0.064 0.055 0.030
0.95 Cx — 0.045 — 0.050 0.071 0.068 — 0.034 0.059

Cy — 0.037 0.065 0.041 — — 0.060 0.050 0.026

0.90 Cx — 0.050 — 0.054 0.072 0.071 — 0.039 0.061
Cy — 0.033 0.063 0.036 — — 0.056 0.047 0.023
0.85 Cx — 0.054 — 0.059 0.074 0.075 — 0.044 0.065
Cy — 0.028 0.059 0.031 — — 0.051 0.041 0.019
0.80 Cx — 0.059 — 0.064 0.075 0.077 — 0.050 0.068
Cy — 0.024 0.055 0.026 — — 0.046 0.037 0.015
0.75 Cx — 0.062 — 0.068 0.077 0.079 — 0.055 0.070
Cy — 0.020 0.050 0.022 — — 0.040 0.032 0.013
0.70 Cx — 0.067 — 0.073 0.077 0.082 — 0.061 0.073
Cy — 0.015 0.045 0.017 — — 0.034 0.026 0.010
0.65 Cx — 0.069 — 0.077 0.078 0.084 — 0.067 0.075
Cy — 0.013 0.039 0.014 — — 0.028 0.022 0.007
0.60 Cx — 0.073 — 0.080 0.079 0.086 — 0.072 0.077
Cy — 0.009 0.032 0.010 — — 0.022 0.016 0.005
0.55 Cx — 0.076 — 0.083 0.080 0.086 — 0.077 0.077
Cy — 0.006 0.025 0.007 — — 0.017 0.013 0.005
0.5 Cx — 0.077 — 0.085 0.081 0.087 — 0.080 0.079
Cy — 0.005 0.020 0.005 — — 0.013 0.009 0.003
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Minimum Depth of 2-Way Slab for Deflection
Control
According to ACI-318-1963
hmin = (inner perimeter of slab panel)/180
≥ 90 mm
2L x  L y 
For fy = 280 MPa h min 
180
2L x  L y 
For fy = 420 MPa h min 
165
According to ACI-318-2005 Lx
m
Ln 0.8  f y 1400  Ly
hmin 
36  m  9 Ln= clear span in short direction
Reinforced Concrete Design-1

x

y

Design Strips in a Two-Way Slab.

 The shaded portion is jointly supported by
both the strips.
 One of the simplest methods, which is the
basis of similar coefficients in the British
Standards is to find the deflections at the
common point for both the strips and
evaluating their contribution by equating
these deflections.
Let qx = load taken by shorter strip
qy = load taken by longer strip
qt = total load on the slab
= qx + qy
and m = Lx / Ly
 4
5q x 4
5q y  qx  4y
x

y
  4
384EI 384EI qy  x

qx  m4 = qy or qx  m4 = qt  qx
qt
qx 
1  m4
 For square panel, m = 1, qx = 0.5 qt
 For Ly = 2  Lx, m = 0.5, qx = 0.941 qt
 For m =1, Mx = qx  lx2 / 8 = 0.0625  qt  lx2
: Cx = 0.0625
 For m = 0.5, Mx = qx  lx2 / 8 = 0.118  qt  lx2
: Cx = 0.118
 fc' = 17.25 MPa
3.5

3.0

fy - 420 MPa

fy - 300 MPa
2.5

2.0
M u/bd 2
(MPa)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0060 0.0080 0.0100 0.0120 0.0140 0.0160
Steel Ratio ( )
Design Flow Chart Will Be
Explained By Example
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Example: Design the 4 marked slab panels of an ordinary
house. Use US customary bars. fc’= 18 MPa fy = 280 MPa

1 2
4500 6000
x x Wall thickness = 228 mm
7000 7000

3 4
6000
3500
x
x
6000
6000
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: Panel Edge Conditions
Panel # 1
Lx = 4.5m , Ly = 7.0m
m = 0.64 > 0.5, 2-way slab

Panel # 2
Lx = 6.0m , Ly = 7.0m
m = 0.86> 0.5, 2-way slab

Panel # 3
Lx = 3.5m , Ly = 6.0m
m = 0.58 > 0.5, 2-way slab

Panel # 4
Lx = 6.0m , Ly = 6.0m
m = 1 > 0.5, 2-way slab
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Thickness
Generally same depth is preferred for one monolith slab.
Calculate hmin for all the panels and select the largest value.
Panel # 1 L 0.8  f 1400 
hmin  n y

36  m  9
45000.8  280 1400
hmin   140mm
36  0.64  9
Panel # 2
60000.8  280 1400 
hmin   150mm
36  0.86  9
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel # 3

35000.8  280 1400 

hmin   117mm
36  0.58  9

Panel # 4

60000.8  280 1400 

hmin   133mm
36 1 9

h  150mm
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Effective depth

d2 d1

Long direction steel

Short direction steel

For short direction steel

d1  h  27  123mm
For longer direction steel
d 2  h  20 13 10 2  112mm
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
150
Self weight of slab   2400  360kg / m 2
1000
75
75 mm brick ballast/ screed  1800  135kg / m 2
1000
60
60 mm floor finishes   2300  138kg / m 2
1000

Total dead load  360 135 138  633kg / m 2

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
Live Load  200kg / m 2

1.2w L  1.6  200

9.81
 3.14kN / m 2
1000
1.2w d  1.2  633
9.81
 7.45kN / m 2
1000
w u  7.45  3.14  10.59kN / m 2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Minimum Steel

Asmin  0.002bh
A s min  0.002 1000 150
Asmin  300mm 2
For a unit strip
Continued on next file
 Reinforced
Concrete Design-1
CE-01344

Lecture # 14
Part-2

Analysis and Design

of Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
a) x- direction
Lx = 4.5 m d = 123 mm m = 0.65
M 
DL C 
x DL 1.2q d Lx 2

 0.063 7.45 4.52  9.51kN  m

M  LL  C  x LL 1.2q L Lx
2

 0.078 3.14  4.52  4.96kN  m

M  u  9.51 4.96  14.47kN  m
M u  C  x  q  L 2
u x

M  u  0.077 10.59  4.52  16.51kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
For M+

fc ' M 14.47 10 6
w  0.85  0.0546 R u
  0.96
fy bd 2
1000 123 2

 2.614R 
ρ  1 1   0.0039
f ' 
 c 
A s  ρbd  0.0039 1000 123
 480mm 2 / m  As min O.K.

#10 @140mmc / c 140 < 2h O.K.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
For M-
Mu 16.51106
R   1.091
bd 2
1000 123 2

ρ  0.0046

As  566
As A s min O.K.

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
a) y- direction
Ly = 7.0 m d = 112 mm m = 0.65
M  DL  C  y DL 1.2w d L y
2

M  DL  0.011 7.45 7 2  4.02kN  m

M  LL  C  y LL 1.2w L Ly
2

M  LL  0.014  3.14  7 2  2.16kN  m

M  u  6.18kN  m
M u  Cy  w  L 2
u y

M  u  0.014 10.59  7 2  7.27kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
For M+

fc ' Mu6.18106
w  0.85  0.0546 R   0.49
fy bd 2
1000 112 2

ρ  0.0025
A s  280mm 2 / m

As  As min NOT O.K.

Provide minimum steel

A s min  300mm 2 / m 
#10 @ 225mmc / c 225 < 2h O.K.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-1 (case # 4)
For M-
Mu 7.27 10 6
R   0.58
bd 2
1000 112 2

ρ  0.0025
A s  280mm 2 / m

As  As min NOT.O.K.
A s min  300mm 2 / m
Provide
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
a) x- direction
Lx = 6.0 m d = 123 mm m = 0.85
M 
DL C 
x DL 1.2w d Lx 2

M  DL  0.035 7.45 6.0 2  9.39kN  m

M  LL  C  x LL 1.2w L Lx
2

M  LL  0.049  3.14  6.0 2  5.54kN  m

M  u  14.93kN  m
M u  Cx  w  L 2
u x

M  u  0.06510.59  6.0 2  24.78kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
For M+

fc '
ω  0.85  0.0546 R  0.99
fy
ρ  0.0042
As  517mm 2 /m

As A s min
O.K.

#10 @130mmc / c 130 < 2h O.K.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
For M-
Mu
R 2
 1.64
bd
ρ  0.0070
A s  861mm 2 / m

As A s min O.K.

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
b) y- direction
Ly = 7.0 m d = 112 mm m = 0.85
M 
DL C 
y
DL
1.2w d Ly 2

M  DL  0.016  7.45 7 2  5.84kN  m

M  LL  C  y LL 1.2w L Ly
2

M  LL  0.025 3.14  7 2  3.85kN  m

M  u  9.69kN  m
M u  Cy  w  L 2
u y

M  u  0.019 10.59  7 2  9.86kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
For M+

fc '
ω  0.85  0.05464 R  0.77
fy
ρ  0.0032
A s  359mm 2 / m

As A s min
O.K.

#10 @190mmc / c 190 < 2h O.K.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-2 (case # 9)
For M-

R  0.79

ρ  0.0033
A s  370mm 2 / m

As A s min O.K.

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
a) x- direction
Lx = 3.5 m d = 123 mm m = 0.60
M 
DL C 
x DL 1.2w d Lx 2

M  DL  0.06  7.45 3.52  5.48kN  m

M  LL  C  x LL 1.2w L Lx
2

M  LL  0.081 3.14  3.52  3.12kN  m

M  u  8.60kN  m
M u  Cx  w  L 2
u x

M  u  0.072 10.59  3.52  9.34kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
For M+

fc '
ω  0.85  0.05464 R  0.57
fy
ρ  0.0025
As  308mm 2 /m

As  As min NOT O.K.

As  300mm 2 /m
#10 @ 225mmc / c 225 < 2h O.K.
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
For M-
Mu
R 2
 0.62
bd
ρ  0.0026
A s  320mm 2 / m

As  As min Not O.K.

A s  300mm 2 / m

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
b) y- direction
Ly = 6.0 m d = 112 mm m = 0.60
M  DL  C  y DL 1.2w d L y
2

M  DL  0.009  7.45 6 2  2.41kN  m

M  LL  C  y LL 1.2w L Ly
2

M  LL  0.011 3.14  6 2  1.24kN  m

M  u  3.65kN  m
M u  Cy  w  L 2
u y

M  u  0.016 10.59  6 2  6.10kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
For M+

fc '
ω  0.85  0.05464 R  0.29
fy
ρ  0.0025
A s  280mm 2 / m

As  As min NOT O.K.

As min #10 @ 225mmc / c

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-3 (case # 8)
For M-

R  0.49

ρ  0.0025
A s  280mm 2 / m

As  As min NOT.O.K.
A s  300mm 2 / m

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-4 (case # 2)
a) x & y- direction
Lx = Ly = 6.0 m d = 112 mm (smaller) m = 1.0
M DL  C x DL 1.2w d Lx
  2

M  DL  0.023 7.45 6.0 2  6.17kN  m

M  LL  C  x LL 1.2w L Lx
2

M  LL  0.034  3.14  6.0 2  3.84kN  m

M  u  10.01kN  m
M u  Cx  w  L 2
u x

M  u  0.04110.59  6.0 2  15.63kN  m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-4 (case # 2)
For M+

fc '
ω  0.85  0.05464 R  0.80
fy
ρ  0.0034
As  381mm 2 /m

As A s min O.K.

#10 @180mmc / c 180 < 2h O.K.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Panel-4 (case # 2)
For M-
Mu
R 2
 1.25
bd
ρ  0.0053
A s  594mm 2 / m

As A s min O.K.

Spacing will be decided at letter stage

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Support-A & B
Top As is larger of 566mm2 & 861 mm2

As = 861 mm2

Some steel is already present in the form of bent-up bars. So

we need to subtract the already present steel.

As = 861 – (# 10 @ 140 c/c)/2 - (# 10 @ 130 c/c)/2

As = 335 mm2
# 13 @ 350 mm2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Support-C
Top As is larger of 300mm2 & 594 mm2

As = 594mm2

Some steel is already present in the form of bent-up bars. So

we need to subtract the already present steel.

As = 594 – (# 10 @ 225 c/c)/2 - (# 10 @ 190 c/c)/2

As = 249 mm2
# 10 @ 275 mm2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Support-D
As = 594mm2

Some steel is already present in the form of bent-up bars. So

we need to subtract the already present steel.

As = 594 – (# 10 @ 190 c/c)/2 - (# 10 @ 190 c/c)/2

As = 220 mm2
# 10 @ 300 mm2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Support-E & G
Top As is larger of 300mm2 & 320 mm2

As = 320mm2

Some steel is already present in the form of bent-up bars. So

we need to subtract the already present steel.

As = 320 – (# 10 @ 225 c/c)/2 - (# 10 @ 225 c/c)/2

As = 4
Almost no steel is needed
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Support-F & H
Top As is larger of 370mm2 & 594 mm2

As = 594mm2

Some steel is already present in the form of bent-up bars. So

we need to subtract the already present steel.

As = 594 – (# 10 @ 190 c/c)/2 - (# 10 @ 180 c/c)/2

As = 210 mm2
# 10 @ 300 mm2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (contd…)
Bent-up for Bent-up for Top Extended
discontinuous continuous additional bent-up
end end + top
additional for
discontinuous
end

Ln Ln/7 Ln/5 0.22Ln 0.3Ln

7000 1000 1400 1540 2100

6000 860 1200 1320 1800

4500 640 900 990 1350

3500 500 700 770 1050

Reinforced Concrete Design-1
Solution: (Contd…) #13@350c/c
#10@140c/c #10@130c/c

#10@280c/c 900 A B #13@400c/c

1800 1320 1320

2x140 = 280 640
1320 1200
1320 1800

900 1800 1200

Of larger span
C D
700 1800

1320 1320
500
#10@450c/c 1200 #10@300c/c
700 1800
1800 1200

#10@225c/c #10@275c/c
#10@190c/c
 1000 1400

#10 @ 380 c/c

#10 @ 450 c/c

#10 @ 225 c/c #10 @ 190 c/c

1540 750 2100 1540

E F

2100 1320 1320 1540

#10 @ 300 c/c

#10 @ 225 c/c #10 @ 180 c/c

1320

1800

G H

1320 1320

#10 @ 300 c/c

1320
 #10 @ 280 #10 @ #10 @ 130 c/c
c/c 140 c/c #13 @ 400 c/c
#13 @ 350
c/c

#10 @ #10 @
450 300 c/c
c/c
#10 @ #10 @ 180
225 c/c c/c

#10 @
400
c/c #10 @
300 c/c
#10 @
225 c/c #10 @
190 c/c

#10 @
300 c/c

#10 @ 275 c/c #10 @ 300 c/c

#10 @ #10 @ 225 c/c
450 c/c #10 @ 190 c/c
 #10 @ 225 c/c #10 @ 140 c/c #10 @ 130 c/c
#13 @ 150 c/c
#13 @ 150 c/c

#10 @ #10 @
225 c/c 225 c/c

#10 @ #10 @ 190

225 c/c c/c

#10 @
225 c/c
#13 @ 200
c/c

#10 @
225 c/c #10 @
180 c/c

#13 @ 200
c/c

#13 @
#13 @ 200 c/c 200 c/c
#10 @ 225 c/c
#10 @ 225 c/c
#10 @ 190 c/c
Assignment – Problems Chapter 6