MATHE ~JESSON1 -GRNERATANG PATTERNS Sequence - an order in which one thing follows another in succession. A sequence is an ordered list. Term - Each member or element in the sequence A finite sequence contains a limited number of terms. This means it has an end or last term. An infinite sequence contains a countless number of terms. The number of terms of the sequence continues without stopping or it has no end term. Sometimes a pattern in the sequence can be obtained and the sequence can be written using a general or nth term. Find the first four terms of the sequence a, = 2n— 1. To find the first term, let n =1 a, =2n-1 use the given general term @ = 2(1)-1 substitute n by 1 a,=2-1 perform the operations a,=1 simplify Repeat the same process for the second to the fourth terms. Find the second term, n= a, = 2(2)-1=4-1=3 Find the third term, n =3 a, = 2(3)-1=6-1=5 Find the fourth term, n = 4 a,=2(4)—1=8-1=7 Therefore, the first four terms of the sequence are 1,3,5,7.JESson 2 IRL TPIMETIC SEQUEDICE- A sequence in which term after the first is formed by adding a fixed number to the preceding term, te fixed number or constant is called the common difference denoted by q The first and last terms of a finite arithmetic sequences are called arithmetic extremes, and ‘the terms in between are called arithmetic means. The arithmetic mean between two numbers is sometimes called the average of two numbers. Sequences Pattern 2,4,6,8,.. A term is obtained by adding 2 to the preceding term. 3,6,12, 24, A term is obtained by multiplying 2 to the preceding term. 5,10, 15, 20, .. A term is obtained by adding 5 to the preceding term. (S6HSXAMPIS Find the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence: 3, 8, 13, 18, ... ‘Solution: — a. The terms are a: = 3, a2 = 8, as = 13, and a; = 18. So, we will be finding as, as, and az. b. The common difference (d) in the sequence is 5. c. To get the next three terms, add 5 to each of the preceding term. Thus: as=a.+5 =18+5 -23 ao™as+S -23+5 = 28 arsact+S =28+5 =33RORIEXAMPIE In the sequence: 10, 15, 20, 25,...; what term has a value of 385? Solution: a. Using the formula, a, = a; + d(n— 1): 385 = 10+5(n-1) 385 = 10+5n-5 385 =Sn+5 Sn = 385-5 Sn = 380 n= 76 b. Thus, 385 is the 76% term of the given sequence. The formula for, d can be used to find the arithmetic means if more than one arithmetic means will be inserted between two arithmetic extremes. an — ax d= — n-k Insert three arithmetic means between 8 and 16. ‘Solution: a. If three arithmetic means will be inserted between 8 and 16, then ai= 8 andas = 16. ) —_» __»__, 16 a: a2 as a as b. Using the formula for d, compute for the common difference. yy d= 22 ¢. The arithmetic means are aa, as, and as. anartd =8+2 =10 asatd =10+2 =12 assatd =12+2 -14 d. Thus, the three arithmetic means between the arithmetic extremes, 8 and 16, are 10, 12, and 14. ———FinoING THE SUM OF THE FIRST N TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE. Qn = a + d(n-1)Adding manually the terms of a sequence is manageable when there are only few terms in the sequence. However, if the sequence involves numerous terms, then it is no longer practical to be adding the terms manually. |. Find the sum of the first 20 natural numbers. ‘Solution: a. By listing all the natural numbers from | to 20 and adding them, we have: [4 243444+5+64+7+84+9 +10 +N +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18 +19 + 20 = 210 b. Thus, the sum of the first 20 natural numbers is 210. 2. Find the sum -5,-2,1, 4... 3l. ‘Solution: 4. By listing all the terms of the sequence and adding them, we have: 54+ (—2) 414447410413 +16 +19 + 22 4 25 + 28 + 3 = 169 b. Thus, the sum of the terms of the sequence is 169 In doing this kind of solution, it is very challenging specially if you are dealing with a sequence that has many terms. n 1) 3% +a,) if the first and last term are given 2) S.= Fa, +(n=1)d] if the last term is not given Example 1. Find the sum of the first 20 natural numbers. Given: Solution: Since the last term is given, we used the following formula: Sn = F(a + aq) Substituting the given values in the formula: Soo = sa + 20) Sx = 10(21) Seg = 210 + The sum of the first 20 natural numbers is 210.Example 2. Find the sum of the first 16 terms of the arithmetic sequence: 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, ... Given: @£=8 #=% G3 Ss ‘Solution: The last term is not given, so we use the formula Sn =F (2a, + (n-1)d] Substitute the given values in the formula: Sig = £[2(8) + (16-1) 3] 8[16 + (15)3] 8(16 + 45) = 8(61) 488 Sis + The sum of the first 16 terms of the series is 488.lesson 3 -GEOMETRIC SRQUENCE: A sequence obtained by multiplying a common ratio to the preceding terms in order to obtain the succeeding terms Common ratio -ratio of two consecutive terms : succeeding term / preceding term The given terms are the first and last terms. These terms are called the extremes, and the term/s in between the extremes are called geometric mean/s. Where: n = number of terms k =|, since it is the first term placement r = common ratio There are two geometric means needed in this problem. Let us identify first the extremes and the number of terms. The extremes are 2 and 250, and there are 4 terms in the sequence. Therefore, the sequence is 2, 10, 50, 250... Finding the nth term of a Geometric Sequence a, = ar |. Using the sequence: 5,10,20,..., we identify the 7th term and the l0th term For the 7* term (a;) For the 10% term (a5) Given:a,=5,r=2,n=7 Given: = 5,r=2,n=10 a, = ar" a, = ar" a, = (27) Ayo = (5)(210-1 a, =(5)(2°) a9 = (5)(2”) a, = (5)(64) @yo = (5)(512) a; = 320 ayy = 2,5602.2,2,8,..: find a6 To solve for the unknown term, identify first the given values. The first term is Y2, and the unknown term is the sixth term, so, the value of nis equal to 6. To find common ratio: a, a 2 r=— —+ +=F= Qn-1 a z The given values will then be substituted to the formula in finding the mth term of a geometric sequence. Given: @y = 4;n=6 Unknown = @, hee . " @y =ayr"-* a= Qa a =(S)o a= 6) (1024) a, = 512 ‘Finite Geometric SERIES Geometric series refers to the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence. S, = a(1— r) 1-7; Sn = the sum of the first n terms al = first term n= number of terms r = comman ratio |. Find the sum of the first seven terms of a geometric sequence whose first term is 3 and common ratio is 4. Solution: ql = 3,n=7,r=4 Substitute these values in the formula: maar") 384) = 114,681 5 = ss 5-902) 5, = 2616.383) S, = 38,227 1-# ”———4nrinite GEOMETRIC SERIES Sa = A= Where: Soo =sum to infinity al = first term r= common ratio This formula is applicable only to infinite geometric series when the common ratio is lesser than | but greater than -l. -I + Ox" + Ox + 27 8x? + 12x?12x? + Ox —12x? — 18x 18x + 27 18x + 27 0 Therefore, (8x43 +27)/(2x+3)=4xA2 -6x+9 Using Synthetic Division Synthetic division is shorthand, or shortcut, method of polynomial division in the special case of dividing by a linear factor -- and it only works in this case. Synthetic division is generally used, however, not for dividing out factors but for finding zeroes (or roots) of polynomials. ‘Steps: Step |: To set up the problem, first, set the denominator equal to zero to find the number to put in the division box. Next, make sure the numerator is written in descending order and if any terms are missing you must use a zero to fill in the missing term, finally list only the coefficient in the division problem. Step 2 : Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the leading coefficient (first number) straight down. Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with the number you brought down and put the result in the next column. Step 4: Add the two numbers together and write the result in the bottom of the row. ‘Step 5: Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you reach the end of the problem. Step 6: Write the final answer. The final answer is made up of the numbers in the bottom row with the last number being the remainder and the remainder must be written as a fraction. The variables or x's start off one power less than the original denominator and go down one with each term. (Example: Use synthetic division to divide (x3 + 2xA2 - 3x + 1) by (x-2) Step 1: Arrange the coefficients of P(x) in 123 14 descending powers/exponents of x, — write Os (zero) for any missing terms. The leading coefficient of P(x) becomes 1 the first entry of the third row. Step 2: Place the value of rin the upper 2 4123 4 left corner. in this example, = x-r=x-2=x- (-2),sor= Step 3: The first number in the second 2 1 row (2) Is the product of r(2) and the ‘number in the third row (1) of the preceding column. The second number in the third row (4) is the sum of two numbers (2 and 2) above tt. Step 4: Repeat the procedure described 2 1 2 in Step 3 until the last number in the || ~~ 2 10 third row is obtained. 14 noo doStep 5: Write the quotient Q(x). Note 2 11 that the degree of Q(x) is one less than ol aa | the degree of P(x). The entries in the third row give the coefficients of Q(x) and the remainder R(x). ot =s2 44045) Rett ‘The lgavine Coereicient Test Can help you determine the end behavior of the graph of polynomial functions by looking at the degree and the leading coefficient so that it will give you a rough sketch of the graph. End behavior is a description of the values of the function as x approaches positive infinity or negative infinity. Polynomial End Behavior A. On the positive leading coefficient and even degree. Leading Degree Graph End Behavior Coefficient Comparison Positive Even The graph rises a>0 to the right and rises to the left (Example: Steps Expression Discussion 1. Look at the given | f(x)= 2x4 — 3x3 + x-1 polynomial function 2's the leading 2. Identify the leading | 2x* coefficient and itis term, its leading positive. coefficient and degree 4's the degree and it is an even number. 3. Identify the end 2 The graph rises to the behavior of the graph. right and rises to the left 4, Graph 7 The leading coef of the polynomial is positive and its degree is an even number. B. On the negative leading coefficient and even degree. Negative Even The graph falls a LL Radius - distance from the center of the circle to any point of it. - segment from the center of the circle to any point of the circle. ~In the figure OB is called radius @ c - OD. OB. OC are called radii of the circle Diameter - Segment that passes through the center to any point of the circle, with both endpoints on the edge of the circle. - In the figure, CD is called diameter. - Cand D are two points in the circle that contains the line CD that pass through the center. QDChord - Aline segment that passes from one point to another point of the circle, but it will not go through the center. + In the figure, line EF is called chord. - TheEandFarethe two points in the circle that contains the line EF that does not pass through the center. Tangent line - Aline that intersects a circle at exactly one point. - In the figure, line GH is called tangent line. - The line GH intersects the circle 0 at exact one point. Secant line - Aline that intersects a circle at two points is called secant. + In the figure, line LM |s called secant. = Points L and M are the two points of intersection between line and circle. Inscribed Angle - An angle made from points sitting ‘on the circle's edge is called inscribed angle. - In the figure, angle ABC is called inscribed angle. - Aand € are endpoints and B is the apex point. Central angle - angle with the vertex at the center of the circle - ACB is a central angle OEIQIC! A Arc - Part of the circumference (edge) of the circle is called arc.- ABis an arc and , ACB is called central angle, Note: |. Themeasureofthe arc is equal to the measure of the central angle formed by its endpoints. 2. Angle ACB = AB “TANGENTS Terms Discussions Figure/s Point of - the point of intersection of the line Tangency and the circle “ - In figure, point lis the point of intersection between the line and the circle this point is called point of tangency. - GHt OL at point |. - OLis the radius and GH t OF. Common ~ Aline that is tangent to two circles « __—_ 2S> tangent in the same plane. - OQandORaretwo circles in the ~ same plane and line $ is the tangent that passes through circles Q and R Common - Do not intersects the segments ! External joining the centers of the two circle. Tangents - Lines t does not intersect joining the centers of the two circles. Hence, lines t is a common external tangent. m “Tyres oF Arc Types of Arc Figure Explanation ‘Semicircle 4 one-half (4) D a \ measure is 180° = the arc. Examples:4Cand ADC ‘An are with @ measure equal to of circumference of a circle. Its It is named using two or three endpoints of theMinor arc. Tis an arc of a circle that measures less than a semicircle or 180°. It is named using two endpoints of the arc or three endpoints as long as it measures less than 180°. Examples: 4Cand DA Example 2. What are the minor arcs of cirele R? Solution: 4¢ CD , ACD Major arc Wis an arc of a circle that measures greater than the semicircle. It measures greater than 180° but less than 360°. To indicate the major arc, we must include the point between the endpoints of the arc. Examples: “and Gi Example 2. What are the major arcs of circle B? Solution: iD, BGI , ae intercepted Arc intercepted arc is the arc that lies in the interior of an angle and has endpoints on the angle. Example: 3 is the intercepted arc of angle 2CAB. Example 2: AC is the intercepted arc of angle 2ABC. ‘ANGLES Central angie pan] A ceniral ange is an angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle. The sides of the ‘angle contain two radii of the circle. Example: angle ABC or 2 48C is the central angle of OB.Inseribed angle is an angle ; ea whose vertex is on the circle Inscribed Angle ‘and whose sides contain chords of the circle, Example:2.CAB is the inscribed angle of the figure. "THEOREMS ON SECANT AND TANGENT SEGMENT IN A CIRCLE” Secant-Secant Segments Theorem If two secants segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the product of the length of one secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the product of the length of the other secant segment and its external secant segment. Tangent-secant segments Theorem If a tangent segment and a secant are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the secant segment and its external secant segment. Two Intersecting Chords Theorem When the two chords intersect each other inside a circle, the product of their segments are equal. External Secant Segment An external secant is the part of a secant segment that is outside a circle. ~——"THEOREMS ON ANGLE FORMED BY A SECANT AND Tanoents SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE—_—_-——_———- ‘Tangent Chord Angle Theorem The measures of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord drawn to the point of tangency is one-half the measure of the intercepted arc. ‘Tangent-Secant Angle Theorem If an angle is formed by a secant and a tangent that intersect in the exterior of a circle, the measure of the angle is one-half the difference of the measures of its intercepted arcs (The major arc-minor arc) Secant-secant Angle Theorem The measure of an angle formed when two secants intersect at a point outside the circle is one-half the difference of the measures of the two intercepted arcs (The major arc-minor ore) Tangent-Tangent Angle Theorem If an angle is formed by two intersecting tangents, then the measure of the angle is one- half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs (The major arc- minor arc) intersecting Chord Theorem The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect within a circle is one half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.A Central Angle - an angle whose vertex is on the center of a circle and its sides are the radii of the same circle ———Frr es oF flrcs IO T &) R AB -Minor Arc XZ -Semi-Circle PTR - Major Arc Type of Arc Description Type oF Central Angle Minor Arc The degree measure of the Acute Angle arc is less than 1800 Semi-Circle The degree measure of the Semi-Circle arc is equal to 180 Major Arc The degree measure of the arc __ Reflex Angle is greater than |80o but less than 3600 Airc fAlppition PosTuLATE Arc addition postulate states that the measure of the arc formed by two adjacent, non- overlapping arcs is the sum of the measures of the arcs.Given © R, find mABC andmADC Solution:mABC=mAB + mBC = 50° + 85° = 135° mADC = mAD + mDC = 135° + 90° = 225° DEFINITION OF CONGRUENT CIRCLES AND CoNsRUENT ARcS-——— Congruent circles - circles with congruent radii. 8 ZB is the radius of © A. Dis the radius of © C. D If AB = TD, then QO A=O C. Congruent arcs - Arcs in the same circle or in congruent circles which have the same measure Theorems |. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding central angles are congruent. 2. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding chords are congruent. 3. In acircle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc with the same endpoints if and only if it is perpendicular to the chord 4. \f an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle equals one- half the measure of its intercepted arc (or the measure of the intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle). 5. If two inscribed angles of a circle ( or congruent circles) intercept congruent arcs or the same arc, then the angles are congruent. 6. If an inscribed angle of a circle intercepts a semicircle, then the angle is aright angle 7. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary.lessons MEABIARES L =TEOUDENGY OF UNG ROBE Obtained by adding all the values divided by the frequency of a set of data. Also called average. Dx. % = 22 where; x —is the mean n =x- is the sum of all the values in a set n- is the frequency Example |. The number of confirmed COVID I7 cases from March 2I- 27, 2020 are as follows: 77, 73, 82, 90, 84, 71 96. or MEDIAN OF UNGROUPED DATA The middle value of a set of data when all values are arranged in either ascending or descending order. If the frequency of the data is odd, then the middle value median of the set of data. If it is even, the median of the data is the mean of the two middle values. where; X — is the median n—is the frequency Example I: If we have: 71,73,77, 82, 84, 90, 96. To find the middle value, we have; ae _ fata — yeyth ¥= & score Y= (eI score =(24}" score %= 4" score 2 The 4th score of the data is 82. Therefore, 82 is the median.———MODE OF THE UNGROUPED DATA hat most {repuin et of data 1e value in a set of data appears only once, then the data has no mode. wo modes - more than one modeJESSON 6 ILBUSFRATING THE MEABLIRES OF POSIRION of __UNgRQRED Wa |. Arrange the numbers from smallest to largest. 2. The number in the middle is the median. If there are two middle numbers, add them and divide by two. Measures of Position - techniques that divide a set of data into equal groups. Different measures of position: Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles Quartiles are points that divide the ranked data into four equal parts. Each set of data has three quartiles. L = lowest score 25% 25% 25% 25% QI= First quartile or lower quartile Q2 = second quartile or middle quartile L a, a, Qs A Q3 = third quartile or upper quartile H = highest score |. First quartile (QI) - is the value in the data set such that 25% of the data points are less than this value and 75% of the data set is greater than this value. 2. Second quartile (Q2) - is the value in the data set such that 50% of the data points are less than this value and 50% of the data set are greater than this value. 3. Third quartile (Q3)- is the value such that 75% of the values are less than this value and 25% of the values ore greater than this value. 4, Interquartile range - is the difference between the upper quartile (Q3) and the lower quartile (Ql) in a set of data. ~The Quarrite For Uneroureo Data Example |. A group of students obtained the following scores in their statistics quiz: 8.2.5,4,8,5.7.1,36.9 First, arrange the scores in ascending order: 1,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8 89 1,2,3, 4,5, 5, 6,7,8, 8,9 t t t Q Q, Q; Lower Quartile | | Middle Quartile | | Upper Quartile Middle Quartile is also the medianObserve how the lower quartile (QI), middle quartile (Q2), and upper quartile (Q3) of the scores are obtained. Complete the statements below: + The first quartile 3 is obtained by observing the position of 3 which is in the middle of the numbers from | to 5. (observe the position of 3 from | to 5) + The second quartile, 5, is obtained by observing the position of 5 which is in the middle of the numbers from | to 9. (observe the position of 5 from | to 9) + The third quartile, 8. is obtained by observing the position of 8 which is in the middle of the numbers from 6 to 9. (observe the position of 8 from 6 to 9). Mendenhall and Sincich Method Using Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, define a different method of finding quartile values. To apply their method on a data set with n elements |. Lower Quartile (L] = Position of QI = 1/4 (n+l) and round To the nearest integer If L falls halfway between two integers, round up. The Lth element is the lower quartile value (QI). 2. Upper Quartile (U) = Position of Q3 = 3/4 (n + I) and round to the nearest integer. If U falls halfway between two integers, round down. The Uth element is the upper quartile value (Q3). Example: Example data set: {I, 3, 7. 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31} andn = 9. To find Ql, locate its position using the formula QI = 1/4 (n + |) and round off to the nearest integer. Position of Qi = = (n+1) +1) (10) = 25 1 a 1 4 The computed value 2.5 becomes 3 after rounding up. The lower quartile value (Ql) is the 3rd data element, soQl =7. 1, Position of n+1) 7 256+) FC (0) = 2=75 2 ‘The computed value 7.5 becomes 7 after rounding down. The upper quartile value (Qs) is the 7th data element, so Qs = 27 L 3, 2% 7% 16, 2, QM) 30, 3 Steps oF Interpolation Step |: Subtract the 2nd data from the 3rd data. Step 2: Multiply the result by the decimal part obtained in the second step (Position of Ql). Step 3: Add the result in step 2, to the 2nd or smaller number. ‘The Decites For UNcRouPeD Data The deciles are the nine score points which divide a distribution into ten equal parts. Denoted as DI, 02, D3,..., D9.They are computed in the same way that the quartiles are calculated. oO Ds De Ds De Dy =p Oe Example: Find the 3rd decile or D3 of the following test scores of arandom sample of ten students: 35,42, 40,28, 15, 23, 33, 20 , 18 and 28. Solution: |. Arrange the scores in ascending order. 15 18 20 23 28 28 33 35 40 42 n=10 2. Find decile value on a data with n elements: To find its Ds position, use the formula. = (n+ 1) and round off to the nearest integer Position of Ds = 4 = (il) = £233=3 10 2 (0+1) 3 8 D3 is the 3rd element, Therefore, D3 = 20. THe PERCENTILE FOR UNeRouPED Data The percentiles are the ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred equal parts, so that each part represents the data set. They are used to characterize values according to the percentage below them. They are used to characterize values according to the percentage below them, + First percentile (Pl) separates the lowest |% from the other 99%, + The second percentile (P2) separates the lowest 2% from the other 98%, and so on. ee — Bs —— D; Dz Ds De Ds Ds Dy De Determines the value for I%, 2%,..., and 99% of the data. P30 or 30th percentile of the data means 30% of the data have values less than or equal to P30. The Ist decile is the Oth percentile (PIO). It means 10% of the data is less than or equal to the value of PIO or DI, and so on. Example Find the 30th percentile or P30 of the following test scores of arandom sample of ten students: 35, 42, 40, 28, 15, 23, 33, 20, 18, and 28n = 10 .k = 30 Solution: Arrange the scores from the lowest to the highest. 15 18 20 23 28 28 33 35 40 42Steps to find percentile value on a data with n elements: Te tre foal and round off to the nearest integer. eee = 2060 - Position of P30 = Sn jerry Ll ois the 3d element. Therefore, Po 20 1S 18 Qi) 23 28 28 33 35 40 42JESSON 7 = CALEULATTING MieAGUnRES OF POSITION ROR GRAIJEED “TWO USEFUL FORMS OF DATA: |, Ungrouped Data - are raw data, meaning they have just been collected but not sorted into any group or classes. 2. Grouped Data - are data that have been organized into groups from the raw data, so that a frequency distribution of those groups serves as a convenient means of summarizing or analyzing the data. Formulas in Finding the measures of pesitien For grouped data: Quartile for grouped data The quartiles are the score points which divide a distribution into 4 equal parts. The following formula is used in finding the quartiles of grouped data. f LB = lower boundary of the Qk class Qy = LB + |2—* | j_N = total frequency FQ cfb = cumulative frequency of the class before the Qk class where: fQk = frequency of the Qk class i= size of class interval k = nth quartile, where n=|, 2, and 3 kN Deciles for grouped dota The deciles are those values that divide the total frequency into 10 equal parts. The kth decile denoted by Dk is computed as follows: LB = lower boundary of the Dk class KN chb N= total frequency t 12 lf Dy = LB + Tb "cf = cumulative frequency of the class before the ” Ok class where: fQk = frequency of the Dk class i = size of class interval k =nth decile, where n =|, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 Percentile for grouped data The percentile of grouped data is used to characterize values according to the percentage below them. The kth percentile, denoted by Pk is computed as follows: kN LB = lower boundary of the kth percentile class frog — Fo ; N= total frequency Py = 1B er ied cfb = cumulative frequency before the percentile class fQk = frequency of the percentile class where: i= size of class interval k = nth percentile, where n =|, 2, 3, ... 97, 98, and 99 Example |: Calculate the QI of the Mathematics scores of 50 students STEP |: Determine the Lower Boundaries (LB) To solve for LB subtract 0.5 to the smallest number per class interval. STEP 2: Determine the cumulative frequency (cf) STEP 3: Calculate the QI classSTEP 4: Locate the class interval where the QI class |s contained. STEP 5: Solve QI using the formula aT aa fe Q,=LB+ i “Te Q Class Interval | Frequency Lower Scores | Frequene Scores Boundaries (LB) 46-50 4 46-50 4 45.5 41-45 8 41-45 8 40.5 36-40 u 36-40 u 35.5 31-35 3 31-35 3 30.5 26-30 12 26-30 2 25.5 21-25 6 a1 |-25 6 205 Ts 2)-05~203 —f Class Lower Less than Interval | Frequency | Boundaries | _ cumulative Scores (LB) frequency (+ This means that we need to find the class interval where 12.5" score is contained. 4 Therefore, 25% of the students have a score less than or equal to 28.21 Qy = 25.5 + [0.542] 5 Q,= 25,542.71 Q1=28.21