Yarmouk University

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Laboratory
CE 354

Name : mahmoudalawneh

ID #:2017990069

Section #:3

Experiment : Impact of a jet

Date of submission:31/3/2022

Notes :
 Introduction :
in this experiment, the impact of jet apparatus can find the reaction
force that produced on a vanes when a jet of water impacts on the
van. moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces
on objects in contact with it. To analyze fluid motion, a finite region
of the fluid (control volume) is usually selected, and the gross effects
of the low, such as its force or torque on an object, is determined by
calculating the net mass rate that flows into and out of the control
volume. These forces can be determined, as in solid mechanics, by
the use of Newton’s second law, or by the momentum equation. The
force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be
resolved by applying the momentum equation. The study of these
forces is essential to the study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic
machinery.

Objective :

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the reaction forces

produced by the change in momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of
water strikes a flat plate or a curved surface, and to compare the
results from this experiment with the computed forces by applying
the momentum equation.

Materials and apparatus:

● Impact of a jet apparatus.

● Hydraulic bench.

● Stop watch

● Water.

● Plate with different shapes

Procedure:
1. Put the flat plate on the balance and weight it.
2. Open the valve to make water stream, use stream control valve to make the head of target is clear of
the stop and the weight platform is floating in mid position.
3. Close the valve and start recording time until reaching the volume you
want.
4. Increase the weight and repeat the steps, record volume weight and
time.
5. Do the same procedure for conical and hemispherical plates.

Data & Results :

Nozzle diameter, D =8mm Density of water, ρ w = 1000 kg / m3

Nozzle Area, A = 5.03*10^-5 Volume : 4 liters

 Flat Impact Surface (β = 90 ˚
)
Vol. = 0.004
m3
Gravitational Momentu
Mass(m) Time Flow
Force m
( g) (t) (Q)
(Fa) Force
(sec (m3/se (N) (Fm) (N)
)
c)
100 24.05 1.66*10^-4 0.981 0.55
200 14.58 2.74*10^-4 1.962 1.5
300 12.42 3.22*10^-4 2.943 2.06
400 10.26 3.89*10^-4 3.924 3.02

Conical Impact Surface (β = 120 ˚

)
Vol. = 0.004
m3
Gravitational Momentu
Mass(m) Time Flow
Force m
( g) (t) (Q)
(Fa) Force
(sec (m3/se (N) (Fm) (N)
)
c)
100 26.2 1.53*10^-4 0.981 0.46
200 16.86 2.37*10^-4 1.962 1.12
300 14.7 2.72*10^-4 2.943 1.47
400 10.68 3.75*10^-4 3.924 2.79

Hemispherical Impact Surface (β = 180 ˚

)
Vol. = 0.004
m3
Gravitational Momentu
Mass(m) Time Flow
 ( g) (t) (Q) Force m
(sec 3
(m /se (Fa) Force
) (N) (Fm) (N)
c)
100 22.22 1.8*10^-4 0.981 0.64
200 15.73 2.54*10^-4 1.962 1.29
300 13.15 3.04*10^-4 2.943 1.84
400 12.03 3.33*10^-4 3.924 2.2
draw the curves which show the relation between the
gravitational force (Fa) vs. the momentum force (Fm) for each
plate .(All curves on the same graph)
1. Calculate the actual jet velocity when it hits the hemispherical cup taking into account the
effect of gravity (height between the nozzle and the cup is 1.5cm )

100 V = Q/A = (1.8*10-4 ) / (5.03*10-5) = 3.58 m/s

200 V =5.06 m/s
300 V = 6.05 m/s
400 V = 6.61 m/s

2. If the experiment is carried out carefully by changing the flow rate very slowly down to
zero , will gravitational force versus moment force curve pass through the origin , give
reasons justifying your answer.

Yes, Because V = Q / A , here when Q = 0 , V = 0

M = density * Q this when Q = 0 , M = 0.
And F = M * V0 when M = 0 , F = 0 .
So the point (0,0).

3. What is the slope of the experimental gravitational force (mg) versus momentum force
curve? What is the corresponding theoretical slope for each plate? get expected reasons for
the difference between theoretical and actual values .

Flat Conical Hemispherical

Theoretical values are: 1 1.5 2
Values calculated from lab:

The reasons of errors because the measure of time it was the mean factor in
our test . and other some errors like error in determining the point of
equilibrium and in leveling the machine and while taking the volume
reading.
 4. What would be the effect on the calculated force if the diameter of water jet is +/-1 mm
different from nozzle diameter?
Note : Make error Propagation analysis or plug +/-1 mm in to the calcul

● If the nozzle was 0.007 mm diameter the A = 3.85 * 10^-5 , this means
that the velocity would be increase and this means that the momentum
force will be increase also because (M) is constant.
● If the nozzle was 0.009 mm diameter the A = 6.35 * 10^-5 , this means
that the velocity would be less than calculated value and this means that
the momentum force will be decrease also because (M) is constant.

Conclusion :

● This experiment was carried out to measure the momentum flow rate and
understand the concept taking place when a jet of water strikes a
hemispherical cup. Outcome, two forces were calculated using the recorded
data, but; the force on the hemispherical cup (Fh) and the force resulting
from the displacement of the jockey (Fw).
● Observation from this experiment is that the force is directly proportional to
the jet velocity. That is to say, with higher velocity of flow, more water was
striking the surface and exerting bigger force. To sum up, negligible error
was noted and the experiment yielded results that are in accord with the
initial predictions and the phenomenon being studied.
● Impact the jet reflex fluid with angel 90 for flat, 120 for conical, and 180 for
hemispherical.
● The impact of the jet is affected extremely by the shape of the surface; this is
because of the angle that the surface will make.

Sample of calculations :