RYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

NERUL - 400706

ARYAN SINGH
Geography PROJECT FILE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would Like to thank

my school for giving me platform where
even before the completion of syllabus,
interaction and exposure is made possible
through the project work.

I also express my gratitude and sincere

thanks to all those people who supported
me directly or indirectly in gathering
information related to the project.

ARYAN SINGH
CLASS : X-D
 PREFACE

I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my teacher (Mrs.Bharati
Jadhav) as well as our principal (Mrs. Janet
Aranha) who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic (Transportation), which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

PREFACE 3

INTRODUCTION 5

LAND TRANSPORT 10

RAILWAYS 11

ROAD TRANSPORT 14

AIR TRANSPORT 26

WATER TRANSPORT 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
 INTRODUCTION
Transportation, the movement of goods and persons from
place to place and the various means by which such
movement is accomplished. The growth of the ability—and
the need—to transport large quantities of goods or numbers
of people over long distances at high speeds in comfort
and safety has been an index of civilization and in particular
of technological progress.

❖ Transport in the Republic of India is an important part of

the nation's economy.
❖ Today in the country we have a wide variety of modes of
transport by land, water and air.
❖ Being a vast country India needs efficient and cheap
transportation system
Importance of Transportation :

❖ Transportation contributes to the overall economic

activity and provides opportunity for growth under
competitive conditions. The more efficient the
transportation the lower the transaction costs for the
companies operating in the economy
❖ It supports greater reach and availability for the
products in the market place
❖ The wider the product distribution and reach greater the
role for transportation and more the number of
opportunities for companies to exploit the economies of
scale
❖ Transportation is a significant cost influencer and has
more than 25% of the share in the total logistics costs.
This can influence the price of the end products.
❖ The transportation activity should not be considered in
isolation, but in conjunction with the other supply chain
activities and it is more than physical delivery. There is a
need to deploy and support the transportation planning
process with IT tools and techniques.
Traditional means of Transport :

• Walking

• Palanquin

• Hand-pulled rickshaw
• Bullock cart and horse carriage

• Cycle rickshaw
Means of Transport:

These are the major means of transportation

now a days:
Railways
Road ways
Air ways
Water ways
Land Transport:
The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for
transportation in India since ancient times. With the
economic and technological development, metalled roads
and railways were developed to move large volume of goods
and 2020-21 114 India : People and Economy people from
one place to another. Ropeways, cableways and pipelines
were devised to cater to the demands of transporting specific
goods under special circumstances.
 Railways
➢ The trains were introduced by the British in1853.
➢ The Indian railways improved a lot from
➢ then on to become the one of the longest
railway networks in the world.
➢ There are 16 railway zones in India.
➢ There are almost 8000 railway stations in the country.
➢ Indian Railways is one of the largest railways under
single management.
➢ It carries some 18 million passengers a day and is one of
the world’s largest employer.
➢ The railways play a leading role in carrying passengers
and cargo across India's vast territory.
➢ The total route length of the railway network is 64,061
km .
➢ About 46% of the railway route is electrified.
➢ The Indian railways uses 4 gauges: broad gauge, standard
gauge, meter gauge, narrow gauge.
Advantages
➢ It has made eaiser to reach places of religious importance
➢ Railway provide employment to millions of people
➢ Speedy distribution of goods is achieved through railway
Disadvantages
➢ it is suitable for long distance travel
➢ Less employmentopportunity as compared to roadways
➢ At crossing overbridge are required

➢
Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

S/No. Name of the Railway Zone Zonal Headquarter

1 Central Railway Mumbai

2 Eastern Railway Kolkata

3 East Central Railway Hajipur

4 East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar

5 Northern Railway Baroda House, New Delhi

6 North Central Railway Allahabad

7 North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur

8 North Frontier Railway Maligaon, Guwahati

9 North Western Railway Jaipur

10 Southern Railway Chennai

11 South Central Railway Secunderabad

12 South Eastern Railway Garden Reach, Kolkata

13 South East Central Railway Bilaspur

14 South Western Railway Hubli

15 Western Railway Churchgate

16 West Central Railway Jabalpur

 Road Transport
India has one of the second largest road networks in the
world with a total length of about 56 lakh km (morth.nic.in,
Annual Report 2017-18). About 85 per cent of passenger and
70 per cent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year.
Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance
travel. Road transport in modern sense was very limited in
India before World War-II. The first serious attempt was
made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. This plan could
not be implemented due to lack of coordination amongthe
princely states and British India. After Independence, twenty-
year road plan (1961) was introduced to improve the
conditions of roads in India. However, roads continue to
concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote
areas had the least connectivity by road. For the purpose of
construction and maintenance, roads are classified as
National Highways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major District
Roads and Rural Roads.
 National highways
• The main roads constructed & maintained by the central
government
• It connects ports, state capitals, industrial and tourist
centres
• It span about 67,000 km & handle 40% of total road traffic
National lanes have :
• single lanes (width 3.25 m)
• multi lanes (each have width 3.5 m)
•14% have 4 or more lanes & 59% have 2 lanes or double
lanes
•rest 27% single laned
Statistics
National Highway system of India consists of
approximately 10,000 km of four-laned
highways that collect toll from users but do
not have control of access and cannot be
called expressways.

Currently, a massive project is underway to

expand the highway network and the
Government of India plans to add an
additional 18,637 km of expressways to the
network by the year 2022.
Expressway Name

Expected
Length
Name States Date of
(km/mi)
Completion

Ahmedabad–
110 km
Dholera Gujarat March 2023
(68 mi)
Expressway*

Airoli–Katai Naka 12.3 km

Maharashtra March 2023
Freeway (7.6 mi)

Amritsar–
1,316 km
Jamnagar Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat 2022
(817.7 mi)
Expressway[60]

Amritsar Ring 98 km
Punjab 2022
Road[61] (60.9 mi)

Bangalore–
Mysore 111 km
Karnataka January 2022
Infrastructure (69.0 mi)
Corridor*[62]

Bundelkhand 296 km December

Uttar Pradesh
Expressway[63] (183.9 mi) 2022

Chennai Port–
19 km
Maduravoyal Tamil Nadu 2023
(11.8 mi)
Expressway[64]

Coastal Road 29.2 km

Maharashtra mid-2022
(Mumbai) (18.1 mi)

DND–KMP 59 km
Delhi 2023
Expressway (37 mi)
 Expected
Length
Name States Date of
(km/mi)
Completion

Delhi–Amritsar–
Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and 687 km December
Katra
Kashmir (427 mi) 2023
Expressway*[65]

Delhi–Mumbai Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya 1,350 km

2023
Expressway[66] Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra (840 mi)

Dwarka 27.6 km
Delhi, Haryana May 2021
Expressway (17.1 mi)

Faridabad–
Noida– 56 km
Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
Ghaziabad (35 mi)
Expressway

Ganga 628 km
Uttar Pradesh 2025
Expressway* (390.2 mi)

Ambala–Narnaul
Expressway 230 km
Haryana end-2021
(Trans-Haryana (142.9 mi)
Expressway)

Gorakhpur Link 91 km
Uttar Pradesh March 2022
Expressway[67] (56.5 mi)

Lucknow–Kanpur 66 km
Uttar Pradesh October 2023
Expressway* (41 mi)

Lucknow Outer 94 km 2021

Uttar Pradesh
Ring Road (58 mi) December

Ludhiana 13 km
Punjab
Elevated corridor (8.1 mi)
 Expected
Length
Name States Date of
(km/mi)
Completion

Mumbai Trans 21.8 km

Maharashtra mid-2022
Harbour Link (13.5 mi)

Mumbai–Nagpur 701 km
Maharashtra May 2022
Expressway[68] (435.6 mi)

Peripheral Ring 65.5 km

Karnataka
Road* (40.7 mi)

Purvanchal 340.824 km
Uttar Pradesh July 2021
Expressway[69] (211.8 mi)

Raipur–
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra 465 km
Visakhapatnam March 2024
Pradesh (288.9 mi)
Expressway

Sohna Elevated 21 km
Delhi NCR
Corridor[70] (13.0 mi)

Varanasi Ring 63 km
Uttar Pradesh
Road[71][72] (39 mi)

Wazirabad–
Mayur Vihar 18 km
Delhi NCR
Elevated (11 mi)
Expressway*

Total 6,989 km (4,343 mi)

EXPRESSWAYS

Expressways constitute the most significant features of land

transportation Expressways are highways planned for high-
speed traffic, having few intersections, limited points of
access or exit and a divider between lanes for traffic moving
in opposite directions They usually have six to eight lanes So,
the major difference between a Highway and Expressway is
the access control In expressways, roads are not multiples.
There is a controlled access where a vehicle can enter
through a limited place and no further But in the case of
highways, multiple roads are there which merge with or cross
the highways at many places Besides, the expressways have
several facilities like access ramps, lane dividers, telephone
booths, CCTV cameras and mobile radars

Thus, the expressways provide high speed, greater safety,

comfort and convenience for both the drivers and passengers
and lower vehicle operating costs The major expressways of
India are the following

1. Agra-Lucknow Expressway: It is a six-lane

expressway built to reduce traffic in already congested
roads and to reduce pollution. It has increased connectivity
of towns and commercial centres north of the Yamuna
The expressway has cut down the travel time between
Agra and Lucknow to just 3.5hours, from the 7hours
earlier. The expressway has automatic traffic management
systems aimed at reducing road accidents and helping
even at the time of fog.
2. Yamuna Expressway: It is a six-lane, controlled
access expressway which connects Greater Noida with
Agra. It was formally inaugurated in 2012. The main
features of Yamuna Expressway are the following:
➢ It provides a fast moving corridor to minimise the travel
time and connects with main townships/commercial
centres on the eastern side of Yamuna river.
➢ It has reduced the travel time between Delhi
and Agra to two hours.
➢ It enables farmers in Western UP to move their
agricultural, horticulture and dairy products to major cities
➢ It has telephone booths and CCTV cameras installed at
every 5 kms. Mobile radars have been installed to ensure
that commuters comply with minimum and maximum
speed limits.
3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway:
This was India's first expressway that opened in 2001. It has
cut the journey between Ahmedabad and Vadodara to less
than 1hour. This expressway was India's first 4-lane and dual
carriageway expressway project and includes minor bridges
and canal crossings and interchanges at Nadiad and Anand.

4. Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway:
This expressway opened for the public in 2008 and is a part
of Golden Quadrilateral Highway project. This expressway
has reduced travel time between Gurgaon and Delhi from
60minutes to approximately 20minutes. Some special
features of this highway are SOS telephones at every 1.5km
and CCTV surveillance.
5. Mumbai-Pune Expressway: The Mumbai-Pune
Expressway is India's first 6-lane, concrete, high speed, tolled
expressway. It connects Mumbai with Pune. This highway has
reduced the travel time between these two commercial cities
from 4-5hours on the old NH4, to 2-3hours on the Express
Highway.

6. Noida-Greater Noida Expressway: It is a six-

lane highway which connects Noida, an industrial suburb
area with Greater Noida a new suburb, both in Uttar Pradesh

7. Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway: It is an eight-lane

expressway which connects Delhi to Noida, an industrial
suburb

8. Panipat Expressway: It is a 10-km elevated

highway at Panipat in Haryana. It is a six-lane expressway
which has been built to decongest traffic on the busyDelhi-
Amritsar route.

9. Bengaluru-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor:

It is a 4 to 6 lane 111km expressway in Karnataka that
connects Bengaluru with Mysore.
ADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS:

➢ Roadways are the harbingers of economic development.

➢ The main advantages of using road transport are the
following:
➢ It is through the roads that every village andhamlet can
be reached.
➢ Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of
the railway line.
➢ Roads can be constructed even in the areas of difficult
terrain and where railway lines do not exist.
➢ Roads offer door to door service and thereby,
reduce the cost of loading and unloading. Roads
also help farmers to move their perishable products
quickly to the markets. The movement of goods is safer
through road transport as the chances of pilferage are
lesser than in the railways
➢ Road transport supplements the other modes of
transportation. It provides link between railway stations
and ports and their hinterlands
 DISADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS:

➢ Many roads are unsurfaced and therefore, not suitable

for regular vehicular traffic.
➢ Roads are not properly maintained. Poor road surfaces
cause heavy loss in the form of wear and tear of
vehicles.
➢ There are multiple check-posts, toll tax and octroi duties
collection points on the roads which
bring down the speed of the traffic, waste time and
cause irritation to the commuters.
➢ Many roads have inadequate capacity, weak pavement,
unbridged level crossings and lack of wayside amenities
and safety measures.
➢ The traffic on Indian roads, especially in cities, is too
high. Further, same road is used by all types of vehicles
high speed cars, trucks, two-wheelers, animal driven
carts, cyclists and even by animals. This increases traffic
time and causes congestion, pollution and road
accidents.
AIR TRANSPORT

Air transport in India started with a 10-km air mail operation

between Allahabad and Naini in 1911. However, air transport
made its progress only after India attained Independence. At
present, India has both domestic and international airlines.
They carry passengers, freight and mail.

The Airports Authority of India came into existence on April

1, 1995 with the merger of the then two authorities National
Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of
India. It is the nodal agency responsible for creating,
upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation
infrastructure and providing safe, efficient Air Traffic Services
and aeronautical communication services in the country

The air transport in India was managed by two corporations

Air India and Indian Airlines. However, the two entities, ie, Air
India and Indian Airlines were merged into one in 2007 and is
called Air India. With this merger, Air India has become the
16th largest airline in Asia, serving 50 domestic destinations
and 39 international routes and serving over 100 cities. Apart
from Air India there also exists a number of private scheduled
operators, like Spicejet Ltd, Go Airlines (India) Pvt. Ltd., and
Inter Globe Aviation Ltd. (Indigo) and Vistara, providing a
wide choice of flights and connectivity to various parts of
India and abroad
 PAWAN HANS
Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. (PHHL) was established in
1985 with the primary objective of providing helicopter
support services to the oil sector in offshore exploration,
operate in the hilly and inaccessible areas and make
available charter flights for promotion of tourism

ADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS

➢ Air transport is particularly significant for a country like

India in which owing to her vast size long distances have to
be covered between important cities.

➢ It is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport It

connects the far flung the country.

➢ The speed and ease with which aeroplanes

can cross mountain barriers, sandy deserts, large expanses
of water or forests make the air transport indispensable.
➢ Air transport is of particular importance during natural
calamities. It is used to air-lift people from the affected
areas and to air-drop food, medicines and other necessary
things to calamity affected people.

DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS

➢ Air transport is costly.

➢ It depends on weather conditions. Flights ar are often

delayed due to bad weather.
➢ Air transport is run on petroleum which is a non-
renewable source of energy.

➢ Air transport can carry small tonnage but it hashigh

freight charges.
WATER TRANSPORT

India is endowed with an extensive network of

waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters,
creeks and a long coastline accessible through the seas
and the oceans. Water transport can be divided into
two categories- (a) Inland Waterways and (b) Oceanic
Waterways

INLAND WATERWAYS

Inland waterways include rivers, canals, backwaters and

creeks which are deep enough to allow the ships and
boats to navigate safely. These waterways must also be
free of barriers such as waterfalls and rapids. However,
the rivers of Peninsular India are not ideal for navigation
First, these rivers are seasonal as they are rain-fed.
Second, these rivers are comparatively shorter than the
rivers of northern India Third, these rivers are marked
by a number of waterfalls.

Of the total navigable length of 20,236km, 17,980km of

the river and 2,256km of canals can be used by
mechanised flat bottom vessels. Freight transportation
by waterways is highly underutilised in India compared
to other large countries like United States, China and
European Union.

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the

statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India.
It does the function of building the necessary
infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the
economic feasibility of new projects and also
administration and regulation. The Inland Waterways
Authority of India has declared 106 National Waterways
in 2016 in addition to existing five The five operational
National Waterways are:

1. National Waterway No. 1 (NW-1): It comprises

Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System which
connects Haldia Kolkata-Farakka-Munger-Patna
Varanasi Allahabad.

It stretches to more than 1620kms of potentially

navigable waterways. It is navigable by mechanised
boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to
Haridwar

2. National Waterway No. 2 (NW-2): The river

Brahmaputra connecting Dhubri-Pandu (Guwahati)-
Tezpur-Neamati-Dibrugarh-Sadiya stretching to about
891kms was declared a National Waterway in 1988.
The NW-2 connects the North East region with
Kolkata and Haldia ports through Bangladesh and
Sunderbans waterways

3. National Waterway No. 3 (NW-3): It runs from

Kollam to Kottapuram. It comprises 168km of west

coast canal along with Champakara canal and
Udyogmandal canal. It was declared a National
Waterway in 1993. It is one of the most navigable
and tourism potential area in India and has much to
offer to the potential tourists

4. National Waterway No. 4 (NW-4): It connects

the States of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and the

Union Territory of Puducherry. It comprises Kakinada
Puducherry stretch of Canals and Kalurelly Tank,
stretches of river Godavari and Krishna (1028km).

5. National Waterway No. 5 (NW-5): It comprises

Talcher-Dhamra stretch of river Brahmani, Geonkhali-

Charbatia stretch of East Coast Canal, Charbatia-
Dhamra stretch of Matai river along with Mahanadi
delta river system (585km). It was declared a National
Waterway in 2008 Coal from Talcher to Dhamra and
Paradip Port is the most important cargo for this
waterway
Besides the National Waterways, the deltaic regions
of the Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi rivers, the
Barak river, the Mandovi and the Juari rivers of Goa,
the backwaters of Kerala are also used as inland
waterways Navigability of rivers and canals depends
on the regular flow of water and appropriate depth in
which the craft can sail easily. However, seasonal
fluctuation of water, shallow depth, undulating river
beds and their silting, and reduction of water level
due to diversion for irrigation are some of the major
problems of the inland waterways
India's first multi-model terminal on river Ganga was
inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in
November 2018 in Varanasi. He also received the
country's first container cargo transported on inland
waterways from Kolkata. This was the first of the four
multi-model terminals being constructed on National
Waterways No. 1. Its objective is to promote inland
waterways as a cheap and environment-friendly
means of transportation, especially for cargo
movement.
 OCEANIC WATERWAYS

India has a long coastline of 7,517km forming one of

the biggest peninsulas in the world. It has 12 major
ports and 187 notified minor and intermediate ports.

Oceanic waterways constitute an important role in

the transport sector of India's economy. Ocean
routes handle 95per cent of India's foreign trade by
volume and about 70 per cent by value. Besides
international
trade, these routes are also used for transportation
between the islands and the rest of the country.

PORTS

Major ports handle over 80per cent of all cargo

traffic. These ports have been classified into Major,
Minor and Intermediate type.
MAJOR PORTS

1. Kolkata (West Bengal): It is a riverine port located

on the bank of the Hooghly River. It handles
diversified commodities, coming from S.E. Asian
countries, Australia and New Zealand.

2. Haldia (West Bengal): This port has been

developed on the river Hooghly to relieve pressure
on Kolkata.

3. Paradip (Odisha): It is located on the coast of

Odisha and handles iron ore and coal.

4. Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh): is India's

deepest landlocked port handling crude oil and
petroleum products.

5. Chennai (Tamil Nadu): It is the second largest port

in terms of volume of traffic handled and is the oldest
artificial harbour on the east coast of India. It handles
petroleum products, crude oil,fertilisers, iron ore and
dry cargo

6. Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu): This port is located on he

east coast of India. It handles mainly coal, salt, edible
oil, dry cargo and petroleum products.

7. Kandla (Gujarat): It is a tidal port and a free trade

zone located at the eastern end of Rann of Kutch. It
handles crude oil, petroleum products, edible oil,
food grains, salt, cotton, etc.

8. Mumbai (Maharashtra): It is a natural harbour on

the west coast and is also the biggest port of India. It
handles maximum traffic (over the fifth of total traffic
of ports) which include mineral oil and dry cargo.

9. Jawaharlal Nehru (Nava Sheva) Port near

Mumbai: It is the biggest ultra-modern seaport off
Mumbai. It is equipped with modern facilities having
mechanised container berths for handling dry cargo
and service berths.

10. Mormugao (Goa): It is a natural harbour,

situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary, in Goa.
It occupies fifth position in terms of total traffic
handled.

11. New Mangalore (Karnataka): It is located on the

west coast of India. It handles the export of iron ore
of Kudremukh and imports of petroleum products,
fertilisers, edible oils, etc.

12. Kochi (Kerala): It is a natural harbour. It handles

the export of tea, coffee and spices and imports of
petroleum oil and fertilizers.

13. Ennore Port: It is located about 24km north of

Chennai Port. It is the first port in India which is a
public company. It is a corporate entity (Ennore Port
Ltd.) and not a Port Trust like other major ports of
India. It is a satellite port meant to decongest and
improve the environmental quality at the busy
Chennai Port
ADVANTAGES OF WATERWAYS:

• Inland Water Transport mode is environment friendly and

cost effective mode of transport.

• Compared to rail and road transportation, Inland Water

Transportation is fuel-efficient mode. For example, one litre
of fuel moves 24 tonne-km on road, 95 tonne-km on rail and
215 tonne-km on inland water transportation.

• It is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky material.

It is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.

• Travel by ships and cruise liners is comfortable as it

provides lot of space and other facilities concerning daily life
like catering, medicines, doctors, communication,
entertainment, sports, etc.

• Water transport is safe and has less traffic in comparison to

road and air transport.
DISADVANTAGES OF WATERWAYS :

• It depends on weather conditions.

• It needs long travelling hours which causes sea sickness

• Water transport is limited to the areas where rivers are

navigable and oceanic routes exist.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I have collected all the informations from the following
sources (Like Books, Newspaper, Magazines, Internet, etc) to
complete this project.

❖ BOOK
Volume I
10 ICSE
TOTAL GEOGRAPHY
Dolly Ellen Sequeira, M.A., B.Ed.
(Formerly Teacher)
St. John's College, Varanasi
Jasmine Rachel, M.A., B.Ed.
The Frank Anthony Public School New Delhi
P.S. Latika, B.Sc. (Hons.), MMS.

❖ INTERNET
https://www.slideshare.net/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page