18: 8009 (Part 1) = 1976 (Reaffimed 2003) Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CALCULATION OF SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS PART | SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO SYMMETRICAL STATIC VERTICAL LOADS (Filth Reprint MARCH 1999) UDC e2a151-5:04213 © Copyright 1976 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 10002 Gro August 19761S : 8009 (Pare I) -1976 04 A settlement calculation involves many simpliyimg assumptions as detailed in 4.1. In the present state of knowledge, the settlement computa tions at best aetimate the most probable magnitude of cetdlement. 0.5 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to ‘international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing in diferent countries in addition 1 relating it tothe practices in the field in this country. 1. SCOPE LA This standard (Part 1) provides simple methods for the estimation of immediate and. primary consolidation settlements of shallow foundations ‘under symmetrical static vertical loads. Procedures for computing time rate of sotlement are albo given. 1.2 This standard dors not deal with catastophic settlement as the founda- tions are expected to be loaded only up to the safe bearing capacity. Intel meds for he enination of seulemens ave te daioraon of Foundations, mining aud vier causes are uve available aud, Wherefore, a not dealt with. Satisfictory theoretical methods are not available for the ceatimation of secondary compression. However, itis known that in organic clays and plastic silts, the secondary compression may be important and, therefore, should be taken into account. In such situations, any method. considered suitable for the type of soil met with may be adopted by the designer. 2. TERMINOLOGY 200 Fur thc purpose vf Uis staularl, Wie Following definitions shall apply. 2 Coefficient of Compressibility — The secant slope, for a given Frese mertnaly of te aisaive pearl te ave. 2.2 Coefficient of Consolidation (c,) — A coaficient wtiland in the theory of consolidation, containing the physical constants of a sol afecting its rate of volume change: aed te cocfficient of permeability, void ratio, wy — cocficent of compronibility, and ‘yn = unit weight of water.1S + 9009 (Part 1) - 1976 2.3 Coefficient of Volume Compressibility— The compresion of a toil Iayor por unit of original thicknes ‘due = given unt incretee in ressure. It is numerically equal to the coefficient of compressibility divided tne plus the original void ratio, that is te 24 Compression Index — The slope ofthe linear portion of the pressure= ‘ato curve on a semilog plot, with pressure onthe log scale. 25 Creep 2) Slow movement of sil and rock waste down dope ually imper Sate cept observations o ng dao 5) The tine depeniont deformation behaviour fl under constant Serpent ee 26 Degree of Consolidation (Percent Consolidation) ‘The rai, Caprese a spect of fe anu of cotati agen ne, Sina me weal unt of consaon bandleader Gye ebon oman, 217 Edective Stress (laergranular Pressure) The average normal force peut arc taal om pai ogra ofa al ase Tee Sion hich singe ene conte te meso! boavonso sl 2.8 Haste Deformation (Immediate Settlement) —Ts i that pat of Re Etment ofr stare dint ake pace melts o apes ot te ad 29 Inmate Settlement — Se 28. 2.10 tatergranular Pressure — So 2.7 2.11 Liguid Lent —The wate content, expres a percentage of he sede Nel ate Cate a es Feineny ool 2.12 Normally Consolidated Glay — A soil depusit Unat Juss never been subjected to an effective pressure greater than the existing effective pressure. 2.13 Overconsolidated Soil Deposit —A soul deposit that has been subjected to an effective pressure greater than the present effective pressure. 2.14 Pore Pressure — Stress transmitted through the pore water. 2.15 Primary Conealidation — ‘The reduction in volume of a soil. mass ‘caused by the application of a sustained load to the mass and due principally, ‘tp a squeezing out of water from the void spaces of the mass and accompanied, bya transfer of the load from the soil water to the sol solids. 51S : 8009 (Part I) - 1976 2.16 Secondary Compression — The reduction in volume of a soil mass ‘caused by the application of a sustained load to dhe mass and due principally fo the adjustment of the internal structure of the soll mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids, 2.17 Sensitive Clay — A clay which exhibits sensitivity. 2.18 Sensitivity — The ratio of the unconfined compressive strength of an ‘undisturbed specimen of the soil to the unconfined compressive strength of specimen of the same soil after remoulding at unaltered water content. ‘The effect of remoulding on the consistency ofa cohesive sol. 2.19 Shallow Foundation — A foundation whose width is greater than iss depth. ‘The shearing resistance of sil above the base evel ofthe founda- tion is neglected. 2.20 Static Cone Resistance — Force required to produce a given pene- ‘ration into soil of a standard static cone, 2.21 Time Factor — Dimensionless factor, utilized in the theory. of ‘consolidation, containing the physical constants ofa soil stratum influencing {ts time-rate of consolidation, expressed as follows kQ4Ot et ay 7—9 HE lapsed time that the stratum has been consolidated; and suuaximum distance Unt water aust travel in order to reach a drainage boundary; it will be equal to the thickness of layer in the case of one way drainage and half the thickness of layer in the case of two way drainage. 2.29 Void Ratio— The ra of solid’ particles in a given 2.23 Water Table — Elevation at which the pressure in the ground water is zero with respect 19 the atmospheric pressure. 3, SYMBOLS 4.0 For the purpose of this standard and unless otherwise defined in the ‘ext, the following symbols shall have the meaning indicated against each: of the volume of void space to the volume il mass. av = Goaffcient of comprowibiltys mPa B= Width of footing, m ¢ = Constant of compressibility @ = Compression index Ga = Statin come rosetaner, kgfemt 61S : 8009 (Pare 1) 1976 cy = Coefficient of consolidation, m?/year D_ = Depth of footing, m a Depth of water table below foundation, m_ E = Modulus of elasticity, kgyemt Ey = Young’s modulus in the horizontal direction, kg/em* Fy = Young's modulus in the vertical direction, ker @ = Void ratio f = Initial void ratio at mid-height of layer Hy = Thickness of soil layer, m HH = Thickness of compressible stratum measured trom foundation level to a point where induced stress is small for drainage in ‘one dircotion; hall the thickness of eompressible stratura below the foundation for drainage in two directions, m 1 Taiflnence fartor fae immertiate cottlement fy = Influence value for stress Coefficient of permeabil Length of footing, m Frolich concentration factor Coefficient of volume compressibility, em?/kg Concentrated load, ke Foundation pressure, kg/cm? Effective pressure, kg/em? ‘Maximum intergranular pressure, kg/cm Initial effective pressure at mid-height of layer, kafem? Radial ordinate in 3D ease (cee Fig. 15) Settlement of a footing of 30 x30 cm, m Primary consolidation settlement, m Final settlement, m. Settlement corrected for effect of depth of foundation, m Tmmediate settlement, m Settlement computed’ from one dimensional consolidation test, m Total settlement at time f, m Time factor Elapsed time, year Degree of consolidation Liquid limie Vertical ordinate ‘Angular coordinate in 8D case (se Fig. 15) ; mfyear 7IS + 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 Gp = Pressure imerement, kgjem* » Poisson's ratio a ‘A factor related to pore pressure parameter A and the dimen- sions of loaded area (ser Table 1) y= A factor used in Westergaard theory = Vertical stress, kgfem® 4. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Requirements, Assumptions and Limitations 4.1.1 The following information is necessary for a satisfactory estimate of the settlement of foundatio a) Details of sol layers including the position of water table bb) ‘Ihe effective stress-void ratio relationship of the soil in each layer. ©) State of streses in the soil medium before the construction of the structure and the extent of overconsolidation of the foundation soil, 4.1.2 The following assumptions are made in settlement analysis: a) The toral stresses induced in the soil by the construction of the structure are not changed by the settlement. 'b) Induced stresses on soil layers due to imposed loads can be estimated. ©) The load transmitted by the structure to the foundation is static ‘nd vertical, 4.1.3 The thickness and location of compressible layers may be estimated ‘with Feasonable accuracy. But often the soil properies are not accurately Imown due to sample disturbance. Further, the properties may vary ‘within each layer and average values may have to be worked out 4.14 The settlement computation is highly sensitive t the estimation of the effective stress and pore pressures existing before loading and the stress history of the soil layer in question. ‘The methods suggested in this standard for the determination of thee parameters and evaluation of the extent of overconsolidation are generally expected to yield satisfactory results 4.1.5 Unequal settlement may cause a redistribution of loads on columas. Therefore, settlement may cause changes in the loads acting on the founda tion, To take into account. the effect of settlement on redistribution of loads, a tial and error procedure may be adopted. In this procedure, the settlements are frst computed assuming that die load distribution independent of the settlements. Then, the diflerences in settlement between Gilferent parte of che structure are worked out and aleo new tral valine of load distribution are computed. By trial and error, the settlements at different paris of the structure are made compatible with the structural Toads which caused them. However, in clays, as the settlements often °IS: 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 ‘occur over long periods, the readjustment of column loads due to crcep in structural materials ate often nat taken note of. 1.6 The soil layers experience steses duc to the amposed loads. The distcibusion of peesure on the soil at the foundation level tat is contact Dpresure distribution. depends upon several lactors such’ as the nigility Of the sol, rigidity of foundation ete; but it is customary to assume that the sol reaction b planar and compute the straves induced inthe com presible layer: for simple formulae based on theory of elasticity such a: Boussinesa's and Westergaard’s equations. The use of these equations for computation of stresses in layered and non-uniform deposit is questions able. ‘The extent of error introduced are alo. not kiown, However Le geucrally believed dist die application of the aethods suggested ‘his standard leads to errors on the sale sie. 42 Goll Profile 421 For calculation purposes, the soil profle may be simplied into ne ou sine lepers dopucdiy open dre chef urdirmly.” For each layer, the average compresibility i estimated, "The sctlement at any point is computed as tre sum of the setements of allthe layers below This point, which are affected by We superimposed loads. 4.2.2 The following are the awwsie tye of sil formations 2) A deposit of cohesion scl resting on roc, i) A thn clay layer sandwiched between eoisionles sil layers or ietween a coheionles sil layer at tp and rock at bottom, ©) A thin clay layer extending to ground surface and resting on Coicstuutes Soil layer ur roe 4) A thick clay layer resting on cohesionls layer or rock, ©) A deposit of several regular soil layers, and 1} An erratic sol deposit These soil formations are shown in Fis. 1 t0 6, 4.2.3 Where there ate both cohesionless and cohesive soil layers, unless the cohesive layer is thin or the cohesive sol is sti or the eohesionless sil is"very loose, the setdement contribution by the cobesioles soll layers ‘willbe small compared to that due tothe cohesive soil ayers; and the former Inay be neglecta. In dhe exceptional eases cited above, the sedloment Ge to all the layers have to be estimated. Rock is incompressible com- pared to sol and therefore, the settlement of the rock stratum is neglected. 4.24 The method of computation for cohesionless deposit differ: from that for a cohesive deposit.."The seulement of a thin clay layer shown in Fig. 2 one dimensional, whereas in a thin clay layer shown in Tig. 3 or avthick clay layer, the Settlement depends upon lateral deformation, Trerefire, ie aimereie types of soll ramus teagaire aierene sacs of settlement computation. These different methods are stipulated in subsequent clauses,1S + 8009 (Part I) - 1976 bess Ne lmtation for Hy 10. m CLay Laver Sanpwi- Fo. 1, eros "or Goissontess i perwren Gonisionti Som Som. Resric on Rock Lavers on Between a Conrsiontess Sour nena or ns Roc at — i Fic. 3 Tu Guay Laven Exren- Fic. 4 Tacx Guay Laver Rastino pinoTo Grour Surrace axDRusrinc oN Conisiontuss LaveR on Rook on Conzsomen Som Laven on Rock © WITT ITT Te 1,2, Sssoooh ae independent fyers Pau 5 Devuste or SevinaL, Resutax SUI LAYERS 01S + 8009 (Part I) - 1976 P tt @ <2 =x ] ° scenes aaiee Oa +0 1 PORE PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, A crete --=-== sine Fic, 10 SerrLeMenr Conrmcnnrs FoR CimCULAK AND Senr Foormiot 1915 + 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 9.2.3.2 The immediate settlement beneath the centre or corner of f exible Toaded area is given by S\=pB ay where ss Poison’s ratio = 09 lor clay, and Influence factor [depends on length (L) © breadth (B) ratio of the footing]. Volues of # shall be determined from the stress strain curve obtained from triaxial consolidated undrained test. The consolidation pressure adopted in triaxial consolidation test should be equal to the effective resure at the depsh from which the sample has been taken. ‘The values SE] may be determined from Fig. Il for clay layers with various Hy/B ratio and from Teble 2 for clay layers of semi-infinite extent. TABLE 2 VALUES OF / FOR CLAY LAYERS OF SEMLINFINITE EXTENT Suave Isaxemsea Facron (0) a @ @ Cy iecle 100 O64 (edge) 085 Square irs 056, 095 pe 135 08 120 2 153 on 131 0 29 198 235, 100 338 16 296 9.3 Several Regular Soil Layers — If the soil deposit consists of several regular soil layers, the settlement of each layer below ehe foundation should Tbe computed and summed to obtain the total settlement, The settle- ‘ment contribution. by cohesionless soil layers should be estimated by the ‘methods in 9.1; similarly the settlement contribution by cohesive soil layers should be estimated by te methods mm 92 9.4 Erratic Soil Deposi¢ 9.4.1 In variable erratic soil deposits, if the variation occurs over dis- tances greater dhan half the width of foundation, settlement analysis should bbe based on the worst and the best conditions.” ‘That is, worst properties should be assumed under the heavily loaded regions and the best pro- pperties under the lightly: loaded regions 201S + 9009 (Part 1) - 1976 oot oe ee Ot LI | { t DePtH Factor * \ Fro, 11° Sratoneswen’s Inruonvce Faorons ron Serrueseenr OF ‘rie Conner oF Loapep AREA Lx B ON COMPRESSIBLE ‘Smrarun ov 40'S, TatcxNess Hy 9.4.2 If the variation occurs over distances lesser than half the width ‘of foundation, the settlement analysis should be based on worst and average Conditions, ‘That, dhe worst properties should be assumed under the Iheavily leaded wogian and the average properties uncer the lightly loaded regions. 9.5 Correction for Depth and Rigidity of Foundation on Total Settlement 9.5.1 Eject of Depth of Foundation —"Vhe relevant equation in 9.4 sand 9.2 ave applicable for computing the settlement of foundations located, at surface. For che computation of settlement of foundations founded at Certain depth, a correction should be applied to the calculated Sy in the orm of a depts factor to be read from Hig. 12. Corrected settlement = Sy@ = S}x Depth factor (12) Ydik Lpect of the Kigiity of Foundation — In the case of rigid foundations, 1 ee 8 et ee. sa tt o's tsecen pre total eee? ment at the centre should be reduced by a rigidity factor. Total settlement of rigid foundation Rigidity fhetor — Po.aT settlement at the centre of Wexible foundation = 08 : : (13) a1S + 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 DEPTH FACTOR 98 06 07 08 on no /e-108 i "3s 00 ead Pag IS 5 |_| ow} fh H Fen * ite os 7 oo nN LB oN | on | fe 8 “Td 700 ° n a] Fro. 12 Fox's Connucrtox Coves rox SoTTLEMENTS OF FLEXIBLE Recranuran Foornns av Ls.D ar Duvrat DB ”1S : 8009 (Part I) - 1976 9.6 Differential Settlement — It is usually the differential setvlement rather than the total settlement that is required for designing of a founda- Gow. Dut ii more uilfll @ extiuate die differential setdewci ast the maximum settlement. This is because, the magnitude of the differ ential settlement is affected greatly by the non-homogeneity of natural deposits and also the ability of the structures to bridge over soft spots in te foundation, Un a very important Job, a detailed study should be mmade of the sulrsuil profile aud dic sclation betmces fouulatio ‘mont and frees in the etructure shawl Ie investigated xe i in 41 and 9.4. Ordinarily, itis sufficient, to state the design criteria in terms of allowable total settlements and design accordingly. 10, ESTIMATION OF TIME RATE OF SETTLEMENT 40.4 ‘Ihe settlement at any time, may be estimated by the application of ‘the principles of Terzaghi's ‘onc dimensional consolidation theory. Raced on thie theory, the total tetlement at time f, 3 given by: Sy SLI, ay her T= dagrae af comealidation —F(M; co) =F : = (18) t= time at which the settlement is required, years: and ee = average coefficient of consolidation, over the range of pressure involved obtained from an oedometer test, m¥/year. ‘The relationship between T and U7 in equation (16), depends on pres- sure distribution and nature of drainage. This relationship 1s shown in Pig. 13. When unidering dhe drainage of ay layer, uuuiete of fouiae ton may be auumed ae permeable. The eoeflcient af consolidation shall be evaluated from the one dimensional consolidation tests using suitable ‘iting methods [se IS : 2720 (Part XV)-1965"] 10.2 In the case of evaluation of. time rate of settlement of structures constructed with certain construction time, the procedure illustrated. in ‘Appendix D may be followed. Wilaibads of car far sie: Part XV Detention f consolidation properties 3IS : 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 WOLOV IMI, ONY NOLWAFDDANOD INGOWIg NTBMIAY EHSKOUWINY 1 “ONL " spe np anmo ogy oe ye sae te oy stew fon om eis] ae Jo am oH UT HON (e) Areoisve aan zisrz2- 283232 223828 3 (a) aay navaniaant NM ‘Noluva!T0sNoD 1NaDuad13S : 8009 (Part I) -1976 APPENDIX A (Glauses 8.1.2 and 8.2.2) DETERMINATION OF PRE-LOADING PRESSURE ‘CONDITIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. ‘A-I. GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION AND PORE PRESSURE Dela A Geoleglenl eomtgetier Fo sim winy Vell Iebremeatlon ca ch, age of various strata, the time which has elapsed since there has been Aeposition of soil at site, the erosion that has occurred a¢ the site in. the past ages, the water table and artesian conditions aul over matters which may aid in determining which of the cases outlined in 8. holds in any given case. AAL2 Such sources of information are largely qualitative and often not Sulliient for consolidation analysix. ‘There are several methods for the juantitative estimation of the maximum intergranular pressure that the soil har ever undergone. In A-2, a method based on consolidation test data is detailed, A.2, DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE A-QA Tu this method, point ‘0 of manimun cucvature & located vi die ‘log p curve (see Fig. 14). ‘Through this point, three lines are drawn fist the horizontal line OC, then the tangent OB and finally the bisector OD of the angle formed by the fst and second lines. "The straight line portion fof the elog p curve is produced backwards and its intersection with OD faves pointe ‘The p value (pe) corresponding to polat & he misximum intergranular pressure 1010 RATIGQ® PReeeune, pitoc ScaLe) Fic. 14 Grarmeat Consraucrion ror Deveramivo Forster Maxnetat TPRESIURE fe FORM e-log p CURVE 251S + 0009 (Part 1) = 1976 4.2.2 For each sample which hac heen tected in the Iahoratory. he maxim Previous intergranular pressure may be, determined by this method. These ‘values may then be plotted. at appropriate depths on the effective pressure Gragrams shoven nig. 7. A-2.3 The past presure curve may then be compared with the effective pressure curve for simple static case (line dB). If the curves coincide, a Simple static case of a hormally consolidated deposit is indicated, If there is agreement at top and at te bottom of the clay stratum (Ne dep), Dut the pact pressure ourve falls to the left atthe contre of the stratum, reridual Ihyrlnetatic exces indicated. If thore ie agreomont ¢ top but the past pressure curve falls to dhe left at the bottom (line d'), one of the following conditions is indicated: a) The stratum may have drainage at the top surface only, the case bemng one involving residual hydrostatic excess; and b) There may be double drainage and an artesian condition. ‘The orig da should be clearly analysed to decide which of Ge owe alove vases lok, Ef he past presute vurve (Line gf) falls to tho right of state fntergeamulae cvtve then» caen af presamprestion exists AQA Limitation of the Methods —In principle, the procedure for comparison explained above is simple. In actual prastion, if the eample Jhas been disturbed to an appreciable degree during, or after sampling. the pressures obtained by the method laid down in A-2, tend t0 be too low. Ifthe samples are undisturbed, the results obtained are satisfactory. Ad, DETERMINATION OF INITIAL EXTEGTIVE STRESS AND PORE PRESSURE ASL General —The woxal vertical pressure at any depth stall be computed from dhe wnit weight of tho ovorlying materia In she caso of Pervious layers, the pore precuree and consequently. the effective etrerte an be estimated from ground water level observation. “In the case of clay lavers the type of preloading conditions is identiied by the geological Investigations and by the estimation of the maximum previous intergranular pressure; and the pore pressures and effective streses may be etinuated 8 given in ABZ © ABE. AcSi2 Simple Static Uase — in the simple static case, the pore pressures fre equal 10 the hYdrowatio pressures. “The effective stres is computed Sr dhe dilfronce betenen the total and mwutral premure. ‘The fects Stree may kin be determined dinvotiy cing the euhmenged snit weights Ihclow water table. AB. Recidual Hydroctatio Case In the retidual hydrostatic case, the present effective stress will be equal to, the maximum previous inter- granular pressure, unles there was scope in the geologic history for the 2641S + 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 soil layer to have undergone a greater load than tho present overburden ‘here pee wl nl Be wil aera the tte se e portion of the pore presure in excess of the hydrontatc presse, veil, ‘Mtnely be wensrred vo the sol ges ands dercbres he presure Increment, the excess pore presture should be added to the presite incre snore de to Wi type a ASA Artesian Case—In the artisan case, the exoess hydrostatic Prowise umy be sued to vary linearly with de clay layer. Then, the efecive tres will he equal to the total pressure minus the sum of the hydrostatic andexers hydrate pressure: ‘The maximum inter fanular presure esimnted it Acd will he equal tO this prestre Unis there las scope for precompresion in the geological history of the site ‘The presure Merement inthe case will be equal to Oe pres ncrement due to building load alone unless the artesian presture s reduced either try man made Sr natural seusey ns which sans the, change an eer dae {© change in artesian pressure should be added to the pres increment ‘tue to Building loads A.3.5 Precompressed Case —In the precompresed case, the effective Stress and pore presure will be the same as in the simple static ease. A-3.6 Complex Cases — There arc situations where the cases can_be the combinations of the our simnie cases indicated in AS2 to ASS Suott‘compien eases require indiviiual treatment and aro not dealt wih in this andar APPENDIX B (Clause 8.3.6) SELECTION OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION THEORIES TO COMPUTE THE PRESSURE INCREMENT Bel. GENERAL B.L.1 The methods generally used for determination of the, pressures induced by building loads are based on the mathematical model due to Boussinesq who assumed. isotropy, homogeneity and elastic half space conditions the assumptions, given in B-1.1 equation for the vertical stress WV {eee Fig. 15) due to the application of concentrated Inad At the surface of the soil i 3p " a, = phy cote cD) where 2 = vertical co-ordinate, and B = angular co-ordinate, 71S + 6009 (Part 1) - 1976 B43 With the asumptions given in B4.1, the computation of vertical normal stress 0, due to uniformly distributed load p on a circular area with radius R at a depth z below the centre (w Fig. 16) ofthe loaded area, may be obtained from: oft Lym ime) et) Fro, 15 Sarat ar Pome NW Fie. 16 Venmicat, Sranet, Retaws nie ‘Centre oF CincuLak Foonse. ‘This equation has been represented in a chart form by Newmark and isshown in Fig. 17. This chart may be used to estimate che vertical normal stress at a depth 2 below a point .Ny due to a uniformly distributed load q on any area of known geometry. ‘The procedure is to draw the given loaded area on the chart with the point below which the stress is required ‘coinciding with the centre O of the chart. ‘The scale should be chosen. so that the depth 2 at which the stress is required is equal to unit distance AB marked in the chart. Tn the chart, one influence area is defined as the rea included between two consecutive radial lines and circular ‘area, ‘The number of influence areas enclosed in the chart by the given loaded ‘area are counted and the stress 9, is then estimated ect = Px daxmumber of tence areas By) # = intensity of given loading, and Influence value auarked at dive Louw of die cael ‘Boussinesq, Newmark). 28IS + 9000 (Pare 1) - 1976 lofleence valve = 0005 1G. 17 IxpLURNGE CHART PoR VERTICAL PRESSURE (OUSSINES CASE) 2IS + 8000 (Part 1) - 1976 B31 Alternatively, the vertical normal stress ¢, at a point W at depth 2 below the comer of a. rectangular loaded area with a\ nnifarmly distributed load, may also be estimated using the chart shown in Fig. 18, From the chart o, is extimated from the expresti om pls . Be where Jy ~ a function of Ljz and Bie, L = lengih of the Toaded area, and B= width of the loaded area, 2. NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAYS B.2.1 From the point of view of compressibility, normally consolidated clays may be consklered a eflecively notopic and therefore, the Bousinesy Soliton given in Bl applicable Bianca eLUENeE LUE =0100" Fic, 19 InetueNce Guane ron Univonst VerricaL Noraat Saas (Wasreroaano Scat) 30: AREA COVERED with Ok upto RURAL a ont gy 020] o-ta| 0-04) on2 Fr 9-9 ° = 2 oeecee 8 36 - a Fic. 18 Carr ror Recranouran Anza UNtroaaty Loapep (Bouseownsg Cant) aIS + 8009 (Part 1) -1976 BS, PRECOMPRESSED CLAYS Many overconsolidated and laminated clays can be expected to Exhibit marked anisotropy, particularly if the lminations are varved, land thi condition antes the assumption of Westergaard that 2 = infinity, where By and Ey are the Young's moduli in the horizontal and vertical diretions B32 The infuence chart t calculate the normal stresses ay at a point, ‘eth a depth + rita the ground surfice sing Wovergearde soon 2 Showa in Fig. 19." "The vertical stresses 9, is calculated tring a procedure similar to that illustrated for Fig. 17. ‘The unit distance AB marked in the chart corresponds to a depth 92. — a See B4, SAND DEPOSITS. Re ee ee ee considerably less than 1. Hence, sands present the case ofa model, which is perfectly elastic and isotropic in every horizontal direction. Published experimental evidence suggests that the distribution of o, in sand can be reasonably computed from the semi-empirical equation of Frohlich with 2 concentration factor or index m’ — 4. BA.2 For estimating the normal stress, at a depth 2 below the surlace Of the soil with decreasing compressibility with depth, due to a uniformly distributed load on a given area, the chart shown in Fig. 20 may be used. ‘The procedure for using the chart is the same as illustrated for Fig. 17. BS. VARIABLE DEPOSITS B-5.1 Iu the present state of knowledge, variable deposits are wo be treated a8 & simple, homogeneous, botopie “and elastic’ case for purposc of Computation’ oF vertal stress B46. LIMITATIONS B.6.1 In many instances itis difficult to make definite statements regarding the accuracies obtainable when formulae based on the theory of elasticity are used for stress decerminations in soll ‘masses, ‘The solutions frost. clastic theory which have been mentioned earlier are rigorously correct, ‘only for maveriale in which stress and etraine are penpartinnall Marrs ‘ver each of the above solutions is valid only forthe specif conditions upon ‘which itis based. Whea the above solutions are used for estimating stresses in soils, the maccuracies that occur because the soils are not elastic, are ‘of unkiown magnitude and are not well understood. Till such time 9 lone picture of » catifsotory generalised sire strain ralationehip in soile 23S ; 8009 (Part 1)-1976 4s evolved, the following broad guidelines may be followed in estimating the induced stresses in soil masses due to applied surface loads: a) Normally and lightly overconsolidated Boussinesq clays : By/Ey approximately one solution, Fic. 20. Inexusnce Cuan ror VerricaL Sraess (Fnintszot Concssrenations Excron mt) 33IS : 8009 (Part 1) -1976 1b) Heavily overconsolidated clays 15. Pee (st008) soeur sponse rg onep Baymorioy o—p 2m SQVO1 WOILUIA DLV4S TWOINLSWWAS 01 G3L9aPANS SNOWLVGNNOS MOTIVHS | Luvd SNOILLVGNNOA 10 SLNIWITLLAS 40 NOLLYINO1VO Od ADLLOVYd JO AGOD 961 + ( 1 248d ) 6008 ST on 0661 ATOL 7°ON INSWGNAWY