RES 1-Research 1 (Methods of Research)

Module #4

College : College of Education Department

Course No. : RES 1
Course Title : RESEARCH 1 (Methods of Research)
Curriculum ; Bachelor of technology and Livelihood Education
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Intended Learning Outcome (ILOs)

At the end of this chapter, students are expected to:
 Organize the review of related literature and studies;
 Demonstrate skill in acknowledging sources of documentation or citation of references
 Distinguish the symbolic and argumentative parts of related literature and studies
 Know how to avoid Plagiarism
 Use APA/MLA Citation Style

I. Organizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies

Organized related literature and studies inform the reader of what is a known and
Conflicting area. The word “review” means that the research goes over the materials,
books, journals articles, theses, dissertations and internet presentations. The purpose is to determine what has
been written about the problem. The word ”related” means similar especially on the problem dimension.

The purpose of this review is to inform the reader about what already is known, what
is not known or research blank spots (unexplored areas) and blind spots (conflicting areas)
in the literature.

Here are the major steps in a literature review according to Gale, Gale and Borg.

STEP 1: Search preliminary sources such as books, articles, theses, etc.

STEP 2: Use secondary sources - a document written by someone who do not actually do the research.
STEP 3: Read primary sources - obtain and study the original outputs of at least those studies that are most
central to your proposed investigation.
STEP 4: Synthesize the literature - synthesize what you have learned in order to write a little literature review.
STEP 5: Identify recommendations for further research. Researchers often conclude their reports with a
discussion of issues raised by them and the recommendations for other research that might be done.
These issues and recommendations should be considered carefully because they represent insights
gained by the researcher after considerable study of a given problem.
STEP 6: Seek support for grounded theory. Many research studies are designed to test a new theory that has
been developed to explain the learning process or other educational phenomena. Glaser (1978), however
proposed that studies also can be designed such that data are collected first, and then a theory is derived from
these data. The resulting theory is called grounded theory because it is Grounded Theory; in a set of used data.

II. Related Literature

Related literature is also called conceptual literature. The gathering of literature related to the research
clarifies the 4ifferent variables being studied. The related literature remove s any vagueness in the concepts
central to the study. As the related literature and tudies a re gathered, the different variables of the study are
clarified, and the limitation of the study is determined. The indicators per variable are clearly based on read
articles from different published reference books, textbooks, manuals, and other materials, (Cristobal &
Cristobal' 2013).

By organizing integrating and evaluating such materials, the author of a review article considers the
progress of current research towards clarifying a problem.

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 The different variables used in the study are the focus of the literature search. The title, statement of the
problem, scope and limitation, including the paradigm of the study are the elements that give the research an
idea of the relevance of the thesis to his/her own investigation.

The number of materials to be gathered for the literature review depends upon the researcher'S judgement.
The review of related literature is considered sufficient if the researcher believes that important concepts and
variables have been adequately explained and established.

III. Related Studies

Determining whether the research is objective and empirically based includes surveying previous studies
that involve similar variables (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013). It is important to note that even if previous research
used the same variables as his or hers, the two studies may vary in the limitation in terms of the sub-variables
investigated or in terms of focus and purpose.

An adequate review of related studies is needed. This serves as the basis of the analysis of results because it
allows the researcher to compare his/her findings with those of previous studies. The results of a study are
verified by similar findings or negated by different findings of previous researchers.

The studies are in the form of theses, dissertations, or journal articles. These are collectively called research
literature.

The collected studies are related to the present study when the author uses the same variables, sub-variables,
concepts, or constructs; and have same subject or topic of the study.
In the review of a related study, the following are indicated: 1. the name of the author, the date and the setting
the study was conducted; 2. the title; and 3. the salient findings.
Sample Related Literature
Leadership Preparation Program
An important aspect of leadership expertise is to propel student learning (Murphy & Vriesenga,
2006). However, reviews found that the effdct of school leaders without leadership preparation on student
achievement is near zero (Morris, 2010). Some authors like Grogan and Andrews (2002), Hess and Kelly
(2005) express that many preparation programmers have been relatively slow in preparing future school
leaders.

Sample Related Literature

Leadership Preparation Program
An important aspect of leadership expertise is to propel student learning (Murphy & Vriesenga,
2006). However, reviews found that the effdct of school leaders without leadership preparation on student
achievement is near zero (Morris, 2010). Some authors like Grogan and Andrews (2002), Hess and Kelly
(2005) express that many preparation programmers have been relatively slow in preparing future school
leaders.
IV. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is defined as “deliberate or reckless representation of another’s words, thoughts, or ideas as

one’s own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work, whether graded or otherwise”

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is using or putting in one's own words to restate the author's ideas and acknowledging the
source to give credit to the original author (de Belen, 2015).

Paraphrasing is used when we want to express someone else's idea in order own words. uses different words to
express the same idea is rewriting the text in order to simplify focusing not only on what is said but also on how
it is said. makes the understanding of the source text less difficult by breaking down the information into
manageable units.

Paraphrasing Techniques

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  Replace a word with a synonym.
 Paraphrasing can be longer or shorter than the original. Concentrate on the meaning not on the words.
 Verbs and adjectives have counterparts that are interchangeable with the authors' original words.
 Not all synonyms have exact meanings (look at a thesaurus and double check with a dictionary).
 Avoid using abstract words - they come as weak words.
 Use of synonyms is a problem in scientific writing because often there is only one word to describe a
certain action or object. It is better to keep the important words and change the sentence structure.

V. Documentation Style

Throughout the research, the published researches of other reseachers are cited to credit those who prepared
the foundation for your work. To present someone else's ideas or work as your own is to commit plagiarism.
Plagiarism is a serious breach of ethics. Reference citations (giving others credit when credit is due) must be
included in your paper wherever else's ideas or work has influenced your thinking and writing, (Gravetter &
Forzano, 2006). Documentation refers to the acknowledgement of sources. These sources are cited as direct
quotations or as indirect quotations (paraphrases). Colleges, universities, and institutions make their own choice
of documentation style. This may be defined as style of citation or acknowledgement of authorities or sources.

The American Psychological Association (APA) is a popular style commonly used by researchers in
documentation or reference citation. The APA format is also called the author date method of parenthetical
documentation or in-text citation.

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's
last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998).
One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and
the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete
reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself
or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence

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 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Research
Reference:
Adeliada B. Almeida, Ed.D, Amelita A. Gaerlan, Ph.D., and Norita E. manly, Ph.D., (2016).
Research Fundamentals From Concepts to Output: A Guide for Researchers and thesis Writers.
Adriana Printing Co., Inc.

Laurentina Paler-Calmorin and Melchora A. Calmorin (2007). Research Methods and Thesis
Writing:Second Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.

https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vs-mla/

Address: M. J. Cuenco Avenue Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines

Mobile No.: +6332 402 4060
Website: http://www.ctu.edu.ph
Email Address: registrar@ctu.edu.ph