“INTEGRAL”

Prepared to Fulfill the Course Assignment

Mathematics School
Lecturer:
Syahrullah Asyari, A.Pd., M.Pd.
Mrs. Khadijah, S.Pd.,M.Pd

BY :

GROUP 9

Farnesyia Putri (220101512005)

Anisah Huriyah (220101512004)

Nurul Inayah (220101512003)

CLASS C
ICP MATH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
MATH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
MACASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY
2023
 FOREWORD
Praise be to Allah SWT. who has bestowed His grace and guidance so
that we can complete the paper entitled "INTEGRAL". With the aim of
fulfilling one of the assignments given by the lecturer in charge of the course
"School Mathematics and Learning". We also send shalawat and salam to
our lord Rasulullah Muhammad Shallallahu 'Alaihi Wasallam, as Rahmatan
lil Alamin. May his intercession flow to all of us on the last day.

Our gratitude goes to Mrs. Khadijah, S.Pd., M.Pd and Mr. Syahrullah
Asyari, A.Pd., M.Pd. as lecturers of the Mathematics School course who
have helped provide direction and understanding in the preparation of this
paper.

We realize that in the preparation of this paper there are still many
shortcomings due to our limitations. Therefore, the compiler really hopes
for criticism and suggestions to improve this paper. Hopefully what is
written can be useful for all parties in need.

Makassar, 26 August 2023

Group 9

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ................................................................................................................................ i
FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................... ii
BAB I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
A. Background .............................................................................................................................1
B. Learning Outcomes ..............................................................................................................1
C. Learning Objectives ..............................................................................................................1
D. Learning Indicators ...............................................................................................................2
E. Problem Formulation ...........................................................................................................2
F. Problem Objectives ..............................................................................................................3
BAB II DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 4
A. Definition of Integral ............................................................................................................4
B. Indeterminate Integral .........................................................................................................4
1. Properties of Indeterminate Integrals ........................................................................5
2. Indefinite Integral Rules of Algebraic Functions.....................................................6
3. Indefinite Integral Formula of Trigonometric Functions ......................................9
C. Determining the Function F(x), If F'(x) and F(a) are Known .................................. 13
D. Specific Integral .................................................................................................................. 14
The definite integral is denoted by ............................................................................................ 14
E. The use of definite integrals to calculate area.......................................................... 15
1. Area Bounded by Curves and X-axis ...................................................................... 15
Take a look at the following picture..................................................................................... 15
2. Area Bounded by Two Curves ................................................................................... 17
Consider the following picture. .......................................................................................... 17
F. Use of Certain Integrals to Calculate the Volume of a Rotating Object .......... 19
G. Integral Applications in Daily Life ................................................................................. 22
H. Learning Media Used in Integral ................................................................................... 24
I. Collection of UN Questions and Discussion.............................................................. 26
BAB III CLOSING .......................................................................................................... 35

iii
 A. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 35
B. Suggestion............................................................................................................................ 35
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 36

iv
 BAB I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Mathematics is the source of other sciences, so mathematics is called the

queen or mother of science. In other words, many sciences whose discovery
and development depend on mathematics. For example, many of the
theories and branches of modern physics and chemistry were discovered and
developed through the concepts of Calculus, particularly on Differential
Equations; the discovery and development of Mendelian Theory in Biology
through the concept of Probability; the economic theory of Supply and
Demand developed through Functions and Calculus on Differentials and
Integrals.

Integrals are an important branch of calculus, used to calculate areas,

volumes, changes in quantities, as well as many other phenomena in the real
world. The concept was introduced by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz
in the 17th century as part of the calculus revolution.

B. Learning Outcomes

Can understand the integral, both as a process that is the opposite of

derivative and also as a way of calculating area. And can also understand
the basic theorem of calculus as a link between derivative and integral.

C. Learning Objectives

1. Explain the meaning of definite integral

2. Find the formula of definite integral
3. Determine the integral of certain algebraic functions
4. Analyzing the properties of integral of algebraic functions based on the
properties of the derivative of the function
5. Determining certain integrals of algebraic functions
6. Solve problems related to the integral of algebraic functions

1
 7. Analyzing integral applications in everyday life

D. Learning Indicators

1. Students can recognize the meaning of indefinite integral

2. Learners can derive the properties of indefinite integrals from
derivatives
3. Students can determine the indefinite integral of algebraic and
trigonometric functions
4. Learners can recognize the meaning of definite integral
5. Learners can determine the definite integral by using the properties
of the integral
6. Learners can solve simple problems involving definite and indefinite
integrals
7. Learners can determine the integral by means of substitution
8. Learners can determine the integral by persial way
9. Learners can determine the integral by means of trigonometric
substitution
10. Learners can calculate the area of an area bounded by curves and
axes on coordinates
11. Learners can calculate the volume of a rotating object
12. Learners can know the application of integral in daily life

E. Problem Formulation

1. What is meant by Integral?

2. What is an indefinite integral and what are the types?
3. What is a definite integral and its properties?
4. How to integrate?
5. How is integral applied in everyday life?
6. How can virtual learning media be used in visualizing integral
results.

2
F. Problem Objectives

1. To know what is meant by integral

2. To find out what is meant by indefinite integrals and what are the
types
3. To know what is meant by the definite integral and its properties
4. To know how to integrate
5. To know how the application of the integral in everyday life
6. To know the virtual learning media that can be used in visualizing
integral results.

3
 BAB II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Integral

Integral is one of the main concepts in calculus, which is used to

calculate the area of a certain area under the curve of a function. Integrals
can also be thought of as the "inverse" of differential operations so they are
also referred to as "anti-derivatives". Simply put, a continuous sum
consisting of anti-derivatives is called an "integral". Based on this
understanding, there are two things done in the integral so that it is
categorized into 2 types of integrals. First, the integral as the inverse of the
derivative is called the Indeterminate Integral. Second, the integral as the
limit of the amount or a certain area is called a definite integral.(Ramdani,
2006)

This function has a general form 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 . every function has a

derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 . So, the derivative of the function of the sum of the
squares of the total deviation, is the sum of the squares of the difference
between the individual scores with the total average 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
9𝑥 2 . Determining the function 𝑓(𝑥) of 𝑓’(𝑥) , means determining the
antiderivative of 𝑓’(𝑥) . So, integral is an antidifferential or inverse
operation on the diverential.𝐹(𝑥)s a general function that is 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥),
then 𝑓(𝑥) is an antiderivative or integra of 𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

B. Indeterminate Integral

Generally, students experience errors in completing the integral

material mastery test. These errors are as follows: a) Errors in understanding
the basic understanding of the integral b) Errors in determining the
indefinite integral. The causes of errors in understanding the basic
understanding of the integral (1) Because students cannot distinguish which
integrals are definite and which are indefinite integrals (2) Because students

4
 do not understand the concept of indefinite integrals. The cause of error in
calculating the indefinite integral using the substitution integral, (1) Because
it is wrong in factoring (2) Because it is wrong in the derivative, (3) Because
it is wrong in determining the integral.(Salmina, 2017) Integral is the inverse
of the differential. If F(x) is a general function of the nature.
F’(x) = f(x)

Then, F(x) is the set of anti-derivatives or the set of integrals F'(x) =

f(x). The set of antiderivatives of function f(x) is notated by :

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝐹 (𝑥) then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), so

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = ∫ f(x)dx

is read the integral of f(x) with respect to x, and is called the indefinite integral
of f(x).

The indeterminate integral f(x) is a general function determined through the

relationship

∫ f(x)dx = F(x) + C

with

f(x) = called the integran

F(x) = called the general integral function

C = called the integrating constant

1. Properties of Indeterminate Integrals

5
 Suppose f(x) and g(x) have antiderivatives (indefinite integrals) and
suppose k is a constant, then :

a. ∫ k. f(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx
b. ∫[f(x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx
c. ∫[f(x) − g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx
2. Indefinite Integral Rules of Algebraic Functions
Integral can be viewed as the inverse of the derivative, so
integral is often referred to as anti derivative.

So the integral notation is written ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 if and

only if 𝐹 ′ (𝑋) = 𝑓(𝑥).

For example :

• If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6

• If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6
• If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1/3 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6
From this we get ∫(2𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6 + 𝑐 . The constant C is
considered to represent -5, 10, -1/3 and all other real numbers.
With the guidelines from the description above, we can determine the
basic formula for integrating, namely :
If y = ax then y' = a for a real number.

If y = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 then 𝑦 ′ = 𝑛. 𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1 for a and n real numbers.

So we get the formula: if a and n are real numbers with n≠

−1, then :

a. ∫ dx = x + C
Proof:

Suppose: 𝑦=𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 1𝑑𝑥 → =1
𝑑𝑥

So

6
 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑑𝑦

=𝑦+𝑐

=𝑥+𝑐

So, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

b. ∫ adx = ax + C
Proof : using similarity

Suppose : 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

So that

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐

= 𝑎 ∙ 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 …………….1)

For Example : 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

So that

𝑑𝑦
𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎(𝑦 + 𝑐)

= 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑐

7
 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 ……………….2)

From equations 1) and 2) it is evident that

∫ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
c. ∫ x n dx = n+1 x n+1 − C, with n rational numbers and n ≠ -1
a
d. ∫ ax n dx = n+1 x n+1 + C, with n rational numbers and n ≠ -

1
Proof :

Suppose : 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 and 𝑛 =𝑝−1

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 𝑝−1 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑥 𝑝−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑃

Hence,

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑝−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎
𝑝
𝑎
= 𝑝 ∫ 𝑑𝑦

𝑎
= 𝑝 (𝑦 + 𝑐)

𝑎
= 𝑝 (𝑥 𝑝 + 𝑐)

𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑝 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝

𝑎
= 𝑝 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑐

Subtitution 𝑛 = 𝑝 − 1

𝑛 =𝑝−1 →𝑝 =𝑛+1

𝑎 𝑝
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑝−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝑐
𝑝
𝑎
↔ ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝐶

8
 𝑎
So, it is proven that ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐

Example :

The result of ∫(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 is....

∫(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= 3. 2+1 x2+1 − 4. 1+1 x1+1 + 5x + C

3 4
= 3 x3 − 2 x2 + 5x + C

= x3 − 2x2 + 5x + C

So,

∫(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = x3 − 2x2 + 5x + C

3. Indefinite Integral Formula of Trigonometric Functions

The causes of errors in calculating partial integrals and
trigonometric substitution integrals (1) Due to lack of understanding of
derivatives, this is due to students having difficulty in determining the
types of integrals, (2) Due to errors in the concept of partial integrals,
(3) Because it is wrong in the basic formula of the integral, namely  x
dx n , (4) Because it is wrong to determine the integral of the
trigonometric function in the form  sin axdx , (5) Because it is wrong
to determine the derivative of the trigonometric function x = 3 sin t, then
dx = - 3 sin t and, (6) Because it is wrong in the properties of
trigonometric identity.
To understand the integral of a trigonometric function, a good
understanding of the trigonometric derivative is needed. To better

9
 understand it, we can consider the following table of derivatives of
trigonometric functions:
Derivative Table of Trigonometric Functions
Function Derivative
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Cos x
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 -sin x
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥 −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝐶𝑠𝑐 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
Based on the table above, the basic formulas for trigonometric integration
are as follows:
1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
Proof :

Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

So that,

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

So it is proven that ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

2) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
Proof:

For example 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ↔ − = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence,

10
 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝑐 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

So, it is proved that ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐

3) ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Proof :

For example 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Hence,

1 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

So, it is proved that ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

4) ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐

Proof :

For example 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2 ↔− =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin2 𝑥

Hence,

1 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝑐 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑐
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

Proof :

For example 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Hence,

11
 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

So, it is proved that ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

6) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

Proof :

For example 𝑦 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Hence,

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

So, it is proved that ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

Problem Example:

Solve the following integral!

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution :

1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1
= 2 ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
= 2 (− 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) + 𝑐

1 1
= − 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +

12
C. Determining the Function F(x), If F'(x) and F(a) are Known

Suppose the derivative of the function F(x) is F'(x) = f(x) is known,

then the function F(x) can be determined through the relationship :

F(x) = ∫ F′(x)dx

The result ∫ F′(x)dx of loading the integrating constant C, so that

F(x) is a function with different C. If x = a, F(a), is known, then the
integrating constant C has a certain value. Thus, a member of the set of
functions F(x) will be obtained.

Problem Example :

3
F’(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2). If F(-3) = -2, then F(x) = ....

3
Find F’(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2) and (-3) = -2

F(x) = ∫ F′(x)dx

= ∫(x + 1)(x + 2)dx

= ∫(x2 + 3x + 2)dx

= ∫ x2 dx + ∫ 3xdx + ∫ 2dx

1 2+1 3 1+1
= x + x + 2x + C
2+1 1+1

1 3
= x3 + x2 + 2x + C
3 2
1 3
Thus, F(x) = 3 x3 + 2 x2 + 2x + C.

3
Since F(−3) = − 2 , then

1 3
F(−3) = (−3)3 + (−3)2 + 2(−3) + C
3 2

13
 3 27
⇔ − = −9 + − 6 + C
2 2

3 3
⇔ − =− +C
2 2
⇔ C=0

Thus,

1 3
F(x) = 3 x3 + 2 x2 + 2x

D. Specific Integral
The definite integral is denoted by

𝑏
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑋)] 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎

With

F(x) is the integrand, where f(x) = F'(x)

A,b are the boundaries of the integrand

[a,b] is called the integrating interval.

• Properties of Certain Integrals

If f(x) and g(x) are each continuous and definable functions in [a,b] and if k
is a constant, then :
𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) − ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
For 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐
𝑏
5. If f(x) > 0 in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 > 0
𝑏
6. If f(x) < 0 in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 > 0

14
 𝑏 𝑏
7. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 > 0 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Problem Example :
𝑎
The value of a that satisfies ∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 6 and a > 0 is ....
𝑎
∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 2 − 𝑥]𝑎1
= (𝑎2 − 𝑎) − (12 − 1) = 𝑎2 − 𝑎
𝑎
So, ∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎
𝑎
Since, ∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 6, then
𝑎2 − 𝑎 = 6
⇔ 𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 6 = 0
The last equation is a quadratic equation. We use the factoring method to
determine the value of a.
𝑎2 − 𝑎 = 6
⇔ 𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 6 = 0
𝑎 = 3 or 𝑎 = −2
In the question, the value of a is postitive, so it is clear that 𝑎 = 3.

E. The use of definite integrals to calculate area

he causes of errors in calculating the area and volume of rotating

objects using the definite integral (1) Because of mistakes in algebra in
addition, subtraction and factoring operations. (2) Because it is wrong in the
derivative, (3) Because it is wrong in describing the parabolic graph in the
form y = 𝑎𝑥2 + bx + c along the line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. (4) For being wrong in
calculating the area of the integral region above the x-axis and, (5) For being
wrong in determining the volume of a rotating object rotated 360° about the
x-axis in the definite integral.
1. Area Bounded by Curves and X-axis
Take a look at the following picture.

15
 In figure (a), the curve y = f(x) is a continuous and non-negative
function (f(x) ≥ 0) within the closed integral a ≤ x ≤ b. The area bounded
by the curve y = f(x). x-axis, line x = a, and line x = b in the figure is the
area A1 .
The area of the region A1 is determined by :
𝑏
L(A1 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

In figure (b), the curve y = f(x) is a continuous and non-positive

function (f(x) ≤ 0) in the closed interval a ≤ x ≤ b. The area bounded by
the curve y = f(x), the X-axis, the line x = a, and the line x = b in the figure
is the area A2 .
The area of the region A2 is determined by :
𝑏
L(A2 ) = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Problem Example :
The area bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 3 − 1, X-axis, x = -1 and x = 2 is ....
The area bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 3 − 1, X-axis, x = -1 and x = 2 is shown
by the rasterized part in the following figure.

16
 In the interval -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 the value y ≤ 0, while in the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 the
y value ≥ 0. The area of the shaded region is :
1 1
L = − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 3 − 1)𝑑𝑥
−1 1
1 2
1 1
L = [−( x4 − x)] + [ x4 − x]
4 −1 4 1
1 1 1 1
= − ((4 (1)4 − 1)) − ((4 (1)4 − (−1))) + ((4 (2)4 − 2) − (4 (1)4 − 1))
3 5 3
= − (− 4 − 4)) + (2 − (− 4))
3 3
= 2 + 2 + 4 = 44

So, the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 3 - 1, X-axis, x= -1

3
and x = 2 is 4 4 unit era.

2. Area Bounded by Two Curves

Consider the following picture.

In the figure above, the curves y = f(x) and y g(x) are

continuous curves in the closed interval a≤x≤b with f(x) ≥ g(x). The

17
area bounded by the curve y f(x), the curve y = g(x), the line x = a,
and the line x = b is shown by the shaded part.
The area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), curve y =
g(x), line x = a, and line x = b, with f(x) ≥ g(x) in the interval a ≤ x
𝑏
≤ b is determined by :L = ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥
The things to note in determining the area between two
curves are as follows.

a. To formulate and calculate the area between two curves, it is

necessary to first sketch the graphs of the two curves in the
Cartesian plane.

b. The limits of integrating x = a and or x = b need to be

determined first. The value of x = a and or x = b can be obtained
from the abscissa of the intersection point of the two curves.

Problem Example:

The area of the region bounded by the curve y = 4x + 4, y =

𝑥 2 , the line x = 0, andthe line x = 2 is .... unit area.

The area bounded by the curves y = 4x + 4, y = 𝑥 2 , line x =

0, and line x = 2 is shown by the shaded part in the following figure.

The area of the shaded area is

18
 2
L = ∫ ((4𝑥 + 4) − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫0 (4 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1 2
= [4x + 2x2 − 3 x3 ]
0
1 1
= (4(2) + 2(2)2 − 3 (2)3 ) − 4(0) + 2(0)2 − 3 (0)3 )
8
= 0+8−3−0
40
=
3
1
= 13
3

The area of the shaded area is y = 4x + 4, y = 𝑥 2 , line x = 0, and line x = 2

1
is 13 3 the unit area.

F. Use of Certain Integrals to Calculate the Volume of a Rotating

Object

1. Volume of a Rotating Body of a Region Surrounding the X-axis

If the region bounded by the curve y = (x), the X-axis, the line x = a, and
the line x = b is rotated 360° around the X-axis, the volume or content of
the rotating body is determined by :

𝑏 𝑏
V = π ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 or V = π ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥

2. Volume of a Rotating Object from a Region Surrounding the Y-axis

If the region bounded by the curve x = g(y), y-axis, line y = c, and line y =
d is rotated 360° around the y-axis, the volume of the rotating body is
determined by :

𝑏 𝑏
V = π ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 or V = π ∫𝑎 (𝑔(𝑦))2 𝑑𝑦

Problem Example :

19
 The volume of a rotating body that occurs when the region bounded by the
2
curve x = y2 in the interval 2 ≤ y ≤ 4 is rotated around the y-axis by 360°

is .... unit volume.

The volume of the rotating body is

4 4 4
2 4 1 1 1
L = π ∫ ( 2 )2 𝑑𝑦 = π ∫ 4 𝑑𝑦 = 4π [− 3 ] = 4π(− 2
− (− ))
2 𝑦 2 𝑦 3y 2 3(4) 3(2)3
1 1 7 7
= 4π(− + ) = 4π( )= π
192 24 192 48

3. Volume of a Rotary Object from the Region Between Two Curves

Rotated Around the X-axis
The shaded area in the following figure is the area bounded by the curve
𝑦1 = f(x), the curve 𝑦2 = g(x), the line x = a and the line x = b.

If the region bounded by curve 𝑦1 = f(x), curve 𝑦2 = g(x), and line x = a,

line x = b is rotated by 360° around the X-axis, then the volume or content
of the rotating body that occurs is determined by the following formula.

𝑏 𝑏
V = π ∫𝑎 (𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 )𝑑𝑥 or V = π ∫𝑎 (𝑓 2 (𝑥) − 𝑦 2 (𝑥))𝑑𝑥

4. Volume of a Rotary Object from the Region Between Two Curves

Rotated Around the Y-Axis

20
The shaded area in the following figure is the area bounded by curve 𝑥1 =
f(y), curve 𝑥2 = g(y), line y = c given line y = d.

If the region bounded by the curve 𝑥1 = f(y), curve 𝑥2 = g(y), line y = c, and
line y = d is rotated 360° around the y-axis, then the volume or content of
the rotating body that occurs is determined by the following formula.

𝑑 𝑑
V = π ∫𝑐 (𝑥1 2 − 𝑥2 2 )𝑑𝑦 or V = π ∫𝑐 (𝑓 2 (𝑦) − 𝑔2 (𝑦))𝑑𝑦

Problem Example :

The region D is located in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola y =

𝑥 2 , the parabola y = 4𝑥 2 ,and the line y = 4. The volume of the rotating body
that occurs when D is rotated about the y-axis is .... unit volume.

21
 The area bounded by parabola y = 𝑥 2 , parabola y = 4𝑥 2 , and line y = 4
(located in the first quadrant) is shown by the shaded part of the figure

1
Parabola y = 4𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4 𝑦

Parabola y = 𝑥 2

The volume of the rotating object that occurs is :

4
1
V = π ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0 4

4
3
= π∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
0 4

3 4
= π [ y2 ]
8 0

3 3
= π( (4)2 − (0)2 )
8 8

= 6π

So, the volume of the rotating object that occurs is 6π the unit volume.

G. Integral Applications in Daily Life

22
 Definition Integral is the opposite of differential. When we
differentiate we start with a statement and proceed to find the derivative.
When we integrate, we start with the derivative and then find the original
statement of this integral. The symbol of integral is

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐

Integrals in everyday life are very broad in scope as they are used in
the fields of technology, physics, economics, mathematics, engineering and
other fields.
a) Field of Technology
Applications that can be used to learn Integral material with
applicative and interesting learning patterns.... The system
development method used is the waterfall method, namely analysis,
design, programming, testing, and maintenance. This application
uses the PHP programming language, MySql as a database,
Dreamweaver, Macromedia Flash for animation and Photoshop as a
graphic design. The web server used is Apache (J. Juwairiah, Sari,
& Kaswidjanti, 2015); (J. Juwairiah, Retno, & Wilis, 2010).(Nurhadi
& Syihabuddin, 2021)
Integrals are often used to solve problems related to volume,
curve length, estimating population, cardiac output, effort, force and
consumer surplus. .
b) The Field of Economics
Along with the development of science in the field of
mathematical economics and to find solutions, it has an impact on
the development of other sciences. Integral theory as one of the
alternatives in solving differential equations, which initially in
economics was only used to find the origin function of the marginal
function, total cost function, total revenue function, consumption
function, and savings function, is now widely researched and used
to solve problems related to stochastic differential equations.

23
 However, its application to real problems is still not widely
developed by researchers. One of the economic sciences that is often
related to daily life is consumption. Consumption is the activity of
buying goods or services to fulfill needs. There are several factors
that affect a person in consuming, including income, price level,
interest rate and so on.(Ramdani, 2006)
c) Field of Mathematics
Application of integral in the field of mathematics, namely:
• To determine the area of a field
• To determine the volume of rotating objects and determine the
length of the arc
d) Field of Physics
• To analyze AC current electrical circuits.
• To analyze the magnetic field in a coil
• To analyze the forces on a curved structure
e) Engineering
• To find out the volume of a rotating body
• To find out the area on a curve

H. Learning Media Used in Integral

a) Computer Simulation

Creating a graphics-based computer simulation that visually illustrates

integral calculations will help students visualize the concept more clearly.
One of the math software that can be used is Wolfram Alpha, students can
run the simulation and see how the area under the function curve changes
as the boundaries are enlarged or reduced.

How to use Wolfram Alpha :

1. Open the Wolfram Alpha website at www.wolframalpha.com.

The display will be as shown below

24
 In the display above we can work on various types of problems
including Mathematics, Science & Technology, Society & Culture and
so on.

2. To work on integral problems we can click Calculus & Analysis in the

mathematics column.

SAfter clicking on the platform, it will look like the one shown in the
image below:

25
 3. After that, we can choose the desired problem template, for example
compute a definite integral

4. After that, we can write the desired problem on the problem template
that we have chosen. Press the enter button or "=" to start the calculation.
2
For example, the problem you want to find is ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 3 + 7)𝑑𝑥 then
the display will be as shown below.

Although it does not provide an interactive simulation, but in this

way, we can see the visualization of the integration results in the form of
graphs displayed by Wolfram Alpha.

I. Collection of UN Questions and Discussion

1) UN Question 2014
2
Result from ∫−1(𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 =
1
A. 12 4
1
B. 84

26
 3
C. 74
1
D. 44
3
E. 34

Discussion :
2
∫−1(𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

1 2
= [4 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥]

1
= ( (2)4 − 2(2)3 + 4(2)2 + 2(2))
4
1
− ( (−1)4 − 2(−1)3 + 4(−1)2 + 2(−1))
4

17 3
=8− = 34
4

Answer : E

2) UN Question 2007
𝑝 3
Find ∫𝑡 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 78 the value of (-2p) =....

A. 8
B. 4
C. 0
D. -4
E. -8

Discussion :

𝑝 3
∫𝑡 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 78

𝑝
∫𝑡 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 78

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑝1 = 78

27
 (𝑝3 + 𝑝2 ) − (1 + 1) = 78

𝑝3 + 𝑝2 − 80 = 0

𝑝=4

Then the value of - 2p= - 2(4) = -8

Answer : E

3) UN Question 2004
𝑑𝑦
The gradient of the tangent line to a curve is formulated as 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 −

3. if the curve passes through point A(-1,5) then the equation of the
curve is....
A. 𝑌 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
B. 𝑌 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
C. 𝑌 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1
D. 𝑌 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
E. 𝑌 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1

Discussion :

𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 − 3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑐

Through (-1,5)

5 = (−1)2 − 3(−1) + 𝑐

5= 1+3+𝑐

𝑐=1

Then, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1

Answer : C

4) UN Question 2016

28
 Calculate the following integral ∫ sin(3𝑥 + 1) cos(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
A. − 12 cos(6𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
1
B. cos(6𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
12
1
C. − 12 sin(6𝑥 + 𝑐
1
D. − 12 sin(6𝑥 − 𝑐
1
E. cos(6𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
12

Discussion :

1
By changing 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑎

Then it becomes

1
∫ 2 sin(6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

1
2
∫ sin(6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

1 1
(− 6) cos(6𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
2

1
− 12 cos(6𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐

Answer : A

5) UN Question 2017
Given a function 𝑓 with the property 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑓(𝑥) for each x. If
6 9
∫−3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −6, then ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ⋯ … . .
A. -4
B. -6
C. -8
D. -10
E. -12

Discussion :

29
 6
∫−3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −6

3
3 ∙ ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −6

3
∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −2

9 3
∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 = 2 ∫6 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2(−2) = −4

Answer : A

6) UN Question 2004
The region R is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑎√𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 , for 𝑥 ∈ [0,2]. If the
volume of a solid that can be rotated R about the x-axis is 5𝜋 then a=....
A. -5
B. -4
C. -3
D. -2
E. -1

Discussion :

If we assume a < 0 then the volume of the rotating body:

Volume : 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐼𝐼

30
 1 2 2
2
5𝜋 = |𝜋 ∫ [(𝑎𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑎√𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑎√𝑥) − (𝑎𝑥 2 )2 ]] 𝑑𝑥|
0 1

𝑎2 𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎2 2
5 = |[ 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 ] + [ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 ]|
5 2 0 2 5 1

𝑎2 𝑎2 32𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
5 = |[ − ] + [2𝑎2 − − + ]|
5 2 5 2 5

5 = |2𝑎2 − 6𝑎2 − 𝑎2 |

5 = |52 |

(5 − 𝑎(−5𝑎2 ))(5 + (−5𝑎2 )) = 0

(5 + 5𝑎2 )(5 − 5𝑎2 ) = 0

𝑎2 = −1 (none satisfied)

Or 𝑎2 = 1

Answer : E

7) UN Question 2006
Let f be the derivative of function F. The relationship between f(x) and
F(x) is...
A. ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑐
B. ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑐
C. ∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑐
D. ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐
E. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐

Discussion :

f is the derivative of F, so F'(x) = f(x). The anti derivative relationship

of F'(x) is ∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐

Answer : E

31
8) Question about UN Social Studies 2013
1
3 3 1
Value ∫ 1 2 √1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
8

A. 19
B. 38
C. 57
D. 76
E. 95

Discussion :

Answer : B
9) UN Science Question 2015
The result of ∫ cos 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
1
A. − 10 sin5 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1
B. − 10 cos5 2𝑥 + 𝑐

32
 1
C. − 5 cos5 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1
D. cos5 2𝑥 + 𝑐
5
1
E. sin5 2𝑥 + 𝑐
10

Discussion :

For example 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
∫ cos 4 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 − 2

1 1
= − 2 ∙ 5 𝑢5 + 𝑐

Substitute back 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥

−10 cos 5 2𝑥 + 𝑐

Answer : B

10) The result of ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯

1
A. cos3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
1
B. − 3 cos3 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
C. − 3 sin3 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
D. sin3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3

E. 3 sin3 𝑥 + 𝑐

Discussion :

For example 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑢

Then substitute, so that

∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

1
= 𝑢3 + 𝑐
3

33
Substitute again 𝑢 = sin 𝑥

1
= sin3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3

Answer : D

34
 BAB III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Integral is one of the main concepts in calculus. The integral is the inverse
of the differential. If F(x) is a general function of the nature.

F’(x) = f(x)

In general, integrals are used to calculate the area under the curve of a
function. There are two main types of integrals: definite and indefinite
integrals. Indefinite integrals find the original function of a function with a
given derivative, whereas in definite integrals, there are upper and lower
limits that determine the interval of integration. The concept of integral has
many important applications in various fields of science such as physics,
technology, economics, mathematics and so on. Examples include the
calculation of the area of a certain area in geometry. In today's digital era,
there are various math platforms, one of which is Wolfram Alpha.

B. Suggestion

We realize that the paper we made is far from perfect and there
are still many shortcomings in it. Therefore, after reading this paper,
we still recommend that you always study other learning resources in
order to better understand the material downandemi for the truth of
understanding and or correct misunderstandings of concepts that we
might convey.

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106. https://doi.org/10.24036/pedagogi.v21i2.1086

Ramdani, Y. (2006). Kajian pemahaman matematika melalui etika pemodelan

matematika. Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 22(1), 2.

Salmina, M. (2017). Analisis Kekeliruan dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Kalkulus pada

Mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika. Numeracy Journal, 4(2), 62–70.

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