Indigenous science is part of the everyday life of the
people.
- it is one of the foundations of modern science
- the application and intersection of knowledge
and science.
- is a holistic understanding of an indigenous
nations territory or place.
- Embedded in the cultural traditions of
regional, indigenous, or local communities.
Orally passed. Evident in stories, poems, and
songs
According to Gribbin 2001, et al
- Indigenous science it is part of the indigenous
knowledge system practiced by different groups
of people and was practiced by early
civilizations.
Pawilen 2005)
- It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
expertise, practices, and representations that
guide human societies in their enumerable
interactions with the natural milieu:
• Agriculture
• Medicine
• Naming and explaining natural
phenomena
• Strategies for coping with
changing environments
(Cajete 2004)
- It also includes everything from metaphysics to
philosophy and various practical technologies
practiced by indigenous people both in the past
and in the present .
(Sibisi 2004).
- It provides the basics of astronomy,
pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy
derived from traditional knowledge and
practices .
According to Ogawa (1995), indigenous science is
collectively live-in and experienced by the people of
a given culture.
- Then laccarino (2003), elaborated that idea
and explain that science is a part of culture, and
how science is done largely depends on the
cultural practices of the people.
- Pawilen (2005), clarified that indigenous
science knowledge developed diverse
structures and contents through the interplay
between the society and the environment.
- Johnston (2000) identified and stated that,
Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values
that are relevant or consistent to scientific
attitudes, attitudes in science, and attitudes to
science.
- Motivating attitudes
- Cooperating attitudes
- Practical attitudes
- Reflective attitudes
- Uses Science Process Skills and tools
 observing
 comparing
 classifying measuring
 problem-solving
 inferring
 communicating and predicting.
- Guided by Community culture and values
Indigenous science is guided by peoples' culture
and community values such as:
 a. the land is a source of life and a
precious gift from God;
 b. all living and nonliving things are
interconnected and interdependent;
 C. the earth is revered as the origin of
their identity as people;
 d. humans are stewards of the land
and other natural resources; and
 nature is a friend that needs respect
and proper care.
Composed of traditional Knowledge
• ethnobiology
• ethnomedicine
• indigenous farming methods and agriculture
 • folk astronomy. understood as a kind of compensation for the
sacrifices made.
CHAPTER 8
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY AND THE HUMAN If work is treated as something to escape and run away
CONDITION from, then every attempt to reduce workload is always
preferable. The more we are able to make processes
Human Flourishing
that decrease labor, the better. This explains why
- Greek and Western concept that is often companies tend to automate; but because automation
misrepresented by an overdeveloped and highly is costly and expensive, companies engage in the
technological society. Is human flourishing process of dividing labor.
supposed to be conceived always as
unmitigated industrialization often represented
by first World and highly urbanized countries "SPECIALIZATION”
like the United States of America or many
- Not that workers were not specialized before,
European countries? Is development and
what we mean here by the division of labor
wealth (or access to comfort) always the
refers more to the splitting of processes into
measure of a well-lived human life?
smaller parts. Such that crafts that previously
Schumacher engage a laborer are now subdivided into four
or five subprocesses with specifically assigned
- Looking back at our own vision of human
laborers.
flourishing, are these visions and our
justification and criteria a preoccupation of In the Buddhist perspective, labor is understood
value based on goods of utility? Or are these as:
visions, justifications, and criteria based on
- "to give a man a chance to utilize and develop
people and creativity? Furthermore, he explains
his faculties; to enable him to overcome his
that some social scientists, economists to be
ego-centeredness by joining with other people
precise, think that their science. is absolute;
in a common task; and to bring forth the goods
they suffer from a certain blindness when they
and services needed for a becoming existence"
treat their field as a positive science and not as
(Supra,P. 422).
a social science with a certain set of
- If we understand work negatively, Schumacher
assumptions.
argues that it is criminal because it focuses on
- It is more complicated than mere physical and
goods rather than people; this lacks compassion
mechanical movements. When we understand
and reduces the soul to a worldly existence that
our flourishing as mechanical, we reduce
is inhumane. In the same way that to favor
ourselves to robots, to machines, or even
leisure than work is to forget the
reduce ourselves to objects.
complementarity of work and leisure in living
• Labor From Two Opposing Perspectives and to destroy "the joy of work and the bliss of
(modern economies) leisure."

• Perspective of the Employer Two Types of Automation/Mechanization

- As a cost in the process, which can be removed • Enhances the skill and power of humanity.
by automation
• Reduces human work to a mechanical slave.
• Perspective of the Workforce

- It is understood as a "disutility."
Similar to Gandhi,
- "DISUTILITY”
- The distinction is based on the perspective that
Schumacher refers to labor as a letting go of leisure
civilization is not about the duplication of wants
and comfort; in relation to this, wages are
 and desires as it is "the purification of human
character."
For the Buddhist, character is formed, as well as it is
a consequence, of human labor. Since it is human
labor that is concerned here, it is determined by the
condition of human dignity and freedom, and
"blesses those who do it and equally their products"
(Supra, p. 422).
The materialist perspective is concerned merely with
the production of goods and the accumulation of
wealth.
The Buddhist perspective is all about a type of
liberation that is not against physical well-being.
• Having said that, it is not technology or money
that hinders and prevents the way of salvation
from this perspective; instead, it is the
attachment to money and wealth that is the
enemy of salvation. It is not wrong to enjoy
pleasurable things; it is wrong to live craving
for them.
Schumacher's claim in Buddhist economics,
(highlights two things; non violence and simplicity)
The beauty of this way of life lies in its utter
rationality-that is, that human flourishing does not
entail big or huge things, but tiny or small means that
lead to satisfactory results.
human flourishing Buddhist style,
• The best manner of consumption entails
producing optimal human satisfaction while
utilizing a relatively low rate of consumption
nonviolence and simplicity
- "Cease to do evil; try to do good”
Shumacher explains:
Aristotle
• "From the point of view of Buddhist
economics ... production from local resources
for local needs is the most rational way of
economic life, while dependence on imports
from afar and the consequent need to produce
for export to unknown and distant peoples is
highly uneconomic and justifiable only in
exceptional cases and on a small scale," (Supra,
p. 423).
processes of nature, which is called physis,
• If we are to flourish as a specie, it needs to be
based on life styles that are locally sustainable.
• Schumacher concludes by referring to the
enduring value of Buddhist economics:
• "It is in the light of both immediate experience
and long-term prospects that the study of
Buddhist economics could be recommended
even to those who believe that economic
growth is more important than any spiritual or
religious values. For it is not a question of
choosing between "modern growth" and
"traditional stagnation." It is a question of
finding the right path to development, the
Middle Way between materialist heedlessness
and traditionalist immobility, in short, of finding
"Right Livelihood,"" (Supra, p. 424).
• The word téchnē comes from an Indo and
European stem that was approximately
pronounced as tekp, and refers to “carpentry”.
• Téktōn – carried in the word “architect” and the
concept of “tectonic”.
• téchnē; this refers to the skill of a carpenter
and/or a master builder.
• Refers to the ART or SKILL of every kind
involving the process of production.
• two-fold meaning: refers to “craftmanship” and
“skills” of any kind & also refers to the ability to
create a machine.
• technikón, which points to the art of producing
what is suited to the person’s art or skill.
• technica ars (the art of skilled production)
• technik refers to something broader.
- Refined the understanding of téchnē and placed
it in relation to the other concepts involving
action and production.
- For him, téchnē refers to that knowledge and
ability that is concerned with production and
construction.
- Nicomachean Ethics: Techne and Episteme
contingent processes of tychē (chance and
coincidence).

the source of Téchnē remains to be the thinking soul,

Téchnē and nature (physis), we are concerned with the

actualization in a matter of form.

• Involved in the Téchnē is the Process of :

• Evaluation

• Intervention

• Construction

• Téchnē - Craft-knowledge: and Production or

construction

 Epistēmē- Scientific knowledge – Concerned

with what is necessary
 Tecchniker- Men of Technique