CURRENT EVENTS SCOPE OF THE STUDY ABOUT ANTHROPOLOGY

● Onion - It is an agricultural product which became trending ● Humans studying humans

because of its hyperinflation that causes its price to rise up to ● Promotes a holistic study of humans
300 pesos per kilo. ● Studies human as both biological and social creatures
● Raffy Tulfo - He is the senator who speak up and make a ● Includes Research time frame which ranges from the
stand recently about the plight of agricultural lands evolution of humans specie to our current development.
converted into residential lands or subdivision in our country. ● It also studies humans from various ethnic groupings and
● Maharlika Wealth Fund - This is the proposed sovereign geographic locations.
wealth fund which became controversial because it will be
sourced from financial institutions controlled by the 5 SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
government such as GSIS and SSS. ● Archaeology - Examines the remains of ancient and
● Qatar - The asian country where FIFA World Cup 2022 is historical human populations to promote an understanding
currently held. of how humans have adapted to their environment and
● 8.0% - The inflation rate reported in our country this month of developed.
November. ● Cultural Anthropology - Promotes the study of a society’s
culture through their belief systems, practices and
ANTHROPOLOGY possessions.
● From two Greek words - Antropos (Human) | Logos (Study) ● Linguistic Anthropology - Examines the language of group
● “The study of people—their origins, their development, and of people and its relation to their culture
contemporary variations, wherever and whenever they have ● Physical Anthropology - Looks into the biological
been found on the face of the earth” (Ember, Ember, and development of humans and their contemporary variation.
Peregrine, 2010) ● Applied Anthropology - Attempts to solve contemporary
● Claude Levi-Strauss - Famous Anthropologist. problems through the application of theories and
● Henry Otley Beyer - Father of Philippine Anthropology. approaches of the discipline.
 CULTURE
● Is everything that a person learns as a member of a society.
● “that complex whole which encompasses belief, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge
and everything that a person learns and shares as a
member of a society” (Tylor, 2010)
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
CULTURE IS ● It is what a person has, does and thinks as
EVERYTHING part of society.
CULTURE IS
● This implies all of a person’s belief system, set
of behaviors and material possesions.
● Material Culture:includes all the tangible and
visible parts of culture, which include clothes,
food and even buildings.
● Non-Material Culture: includes all the
intangible parts of culture, which consist of
values, ideas and knowledge.
between societies, culture can be modified to
accommodate desirable traits from other
cultures.
● DECULTURATION- when the culture of the
older generation comes into conflict with the
needs and realities of the younger generation,
the reason for the culture has been lost and
even the cultural trait itself is in the process of
being forgotten.
The set of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that a
SHARED person possesses is part of greater collection of
values and ideas that is communally owned and
practiced by members of society.
CULTURE ● Humans are born into cultures that have
AFFECTS values on beauty and body.
BIOLOGY ● As such, they alter their bodies to fit into the
physiological norms that are dictated by
culture.

CULTURE IS ● Culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes and

LEARNED practices that an individual learns through his
or her family, school, church and other social
institutions.
● ENCULTURATION- process of learning your on
culture.
● ACCULTURATION- due to constant interaction
CULTURE IS Culture is a tool for survival that humans use in
ADAPTIVE response to the pressures of their environment.
CULTURE IS Can also cause problems for the people who
MALADAPTIVE subscribe to it. These problems arise when the
environment has changed and culture has
 remained the same.
CULTURE ● The final characteristic of culture is that it is
CHANGES never static.
● This dynamism of culture is due to the
changing needs of humans as they interpret
and survive in their environment.
● As such, culture is continuously reinvented by
people.
● Mahatma Gandhi - A nation’s culture resides in the hearts
and in the soul of its people.
THEORIES IN CULTURE
organism with all of the parts
interconnected.
● Existing institutional structures of any
society are thought to perform
indispensable functions, without which
the society could not continue.
NEO-EVOLUTIONIS Culture is said to be shaped by environmental
M and technological conditions. Cultures evolve
when people are able to increase the amount
of energy under their control.
MATERIALISM Culture is the product of the “ material
conditions” in which a given community of
people finds itself.

CULTURAL All cultures undergo the same development

EVOLUTIONISM stages in the same order. The main
classifications include savagery, barbarism HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY
and civilization. ● Sociology - The study of society
● The term sociology was first coined by Auguste Comte in
DIFFUSIONISM All societies change as a result of cultural 1830
borrowing from one another.
● from, Greek word socius “ companion and logy “ study “

HISTORICISM Each culture is unique and must be studied in ● 1847, Karl Marx contribute conflict theory in studying
its own context Sociology
● Herbert Spencer - likened society to an organism and used
PHYSICAL Personality is largely seen to be the result of
the phrase “survival of the fittest”
ANTHROPOLOGY learning culture

FUNCTIONALISM ● Society is thought to be like a biological

 ● Emile Durkheim - is the first French sociologist, he put the
idea that individuals are more the products rather that the
creator of society;
● Durkheim - published his book “ Suicide” proved that social
forces strongly impact on people’s lives.
● Max Weber - introduced interpretative sociology, He believed
in “Verstehen” of the mind of others”.
INTERPRETATIVE SOCIOLOGY
● The study of society that focuses on the meanings people
attach to their social world.
● In 1959 C. Wright Mills coined the phrase “Sociological
Imagination”
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
The process of detaching oneself from the common understanding
of society and creates an alternative approach that would situate a
behaviour or an event within a great social framework. George Douglas Cole
SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS Robert Maclver and
● Society - can be defined as a product of human interactions
as humans subscribe to the rules of their culture.
SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIETY
Auguste Comte Society as an organism possessing a harmony of
structure and function.
Emile Durkheim Society as reality in its own right. Collective
consciousness is of key importance to society,
which society cannot survive without.
Talcott Parsons Society is a total complex of human relationships
in so far as they grow out of the action.
George Herbert Society is an exchange of gestures that involves
Mead the use of symbols.
Morris Ginsberg Society as collection of individuals united by
certain relations or mode of behaviour that
marks individuals off from others who do not
enter into these
relations or who differ from them in behaviour.
Society as the complex of organized associations
and institutions with a community.
Society as a system of usages and procedures of
Charles Page authority and mutual aid of
many groupings and divisions, of controls of
human behaviour and liberties.
 SUBDISCIPLINES OF SOCIOLOGY
● Social Change and Disorganization - Branch of sociology
that inquires on the shift in social organization and cultural
interactions and the interruptions of its process through
deliquency, deviance and conflicts.
● Human Ecology - Pursues studies that relate human
behavior to existing social institutions.
● Demography - Inquires on interrelationship between
population characteristics and dynamics with that of a
political, economic and social systems
● Applied Sociology - Uses sociological research and methods
to solve contemporary problems. It often uses and
interdisciplinary approach to better address social problems.
METHODS IN SOCIOLOGY
POSITIVIST ORIENTATION ● Perceives society as a quantifiable
subject from which objective
conclusions can be made.
● (statistical analysis, quantitatives
methods such as surveys)
● This type of orientation allows for a
macro-level of analysis of society.
ANTI - POSITIVIST ● Promotes a subjective approach
ORIENTATION wherein social phenomena are
understood through individual
experiences.
● (requires qualitative methods in
gathering of data such as interviews,
participant-observations and other
tools of ethnography)
THEORIES ON SUICIDE
The work on SUICIDE by Durkheim (1951)
● Altruistic Suicide (strong ties) - The sacrifice of one's life in
order to save or benefit others, for the good of the group, or
to preserve the traditions and honor of a society.
● Egoistic Suicide (Weak ties) - Committed by individuals who
are social outcast | unable to find their own place in society
and have problems adjusting to groups.
● Anomic Suicide (No Rules) - Involving the perception that
one's relationship to society has changed so radically that its
values and norms are no longer personally relevant.
● Fatalistic Suicide (Many Rules) - Occurs when individuals
are kept under tight regulation | placed under extreme rules
or high expectations are set upon them.
The work on SUICIDE by Pearson and Lui (2011)
● It presents the suicide of a village woman in China named
Ling.
● Using ethnographic process, Pearson and Lui concluded that
the typical Western orientation toward suicide, which focus
on depression and other mental health-related factors, are
 not in the same operation among rural Chinese women as
their suicide act is triggerred by social and economic
structural conditions.
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANT
● Socialization - Refers to the process by which an individual is
oriented and taught by his or her society’s norms.
● Social Identity - is a persons notions of who he or she is in
society ( includes the roles and status that he performs in
society)
● Deviance - refers to rule-breaking behaviour of some kind
which fails to conform to the norms and expectations of a
particular society or social group. Deviance is closely related
to the concept of crime, which is law breaking behaviour.
MERTON’S TYPOLOGY OR MODEL THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE TOWARDS SOCIAL NORMS
THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE EXISTENCE OF DEVIANTS
● Social Control Theory - Deviance is primarily caused by a
lack in stronger social bonds within a society. As an individual
feels less attached to his or her society, there is a higher
change for him or her to deviate from social norms
● Rational Choice Theory -The individual’s decision to follow or
to go against social norms is dependent on their perceived
cost and benefits of such action.
● Differential Association Theory - Conformity or deviance is
learned by an individual from those he or she associates
with.
● Labeling Theory - actions are initially not consider deviant
until they labelled as such by members of the community |
Primary Deviance: age and intensity | Secondary Deviance:
Labelled by society at deviant)
● Structural - Functionalist Theory - this theory proposes two
perspective in the formation of deviant behaviour. | Macro
Level: Deviance is a product of the breakdown of social
norms which produces “Anomie” or social organization. |
Micro Level: deviance product of the role strain that an
individual experiences due to lack of resources to cope with
the demands of social norms.
● Cultural Goals - consist of values that are important for the
society
● Institutional Means - Are the process that have been
established through social such as the government, school,
church, and even family
● Conformist - individuals who accept their society’s cultural
goals and that of the process to accomplished
● Innovators - Those who accept the goal but not the process
● Ritualism - Individual who reject the goal but not the process
● Retreatism - Individual who reject both the goals and the
process
● Rebellion - redefined the goals and processes in a society in
the form of rebellion

TYPES OF IDENTITY
● Primary Identity - consists of the roles and statuses that an
individual learns as a child ( sex, age, and ethnicity)
● Secondary Identity - as a child gets enculturated and
socialized with his or her society's’ norm ( roles and statuses
that are achieved such as occupation, educational
background, economic status and gender)