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Mathematics
Quarter 2-Module 8
Writing Proofs

NOT
Mathematics - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 8: Writing Proofs
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City

Division Superintendent: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................................... 1

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. 1

What I Know ......................................................................................................................... ..2

Lesson 1:
Direct Proof ........................................................................................................................ 4

What’s New: Justify Statements ........................................................................... 4

What Is It: Use Me ...................................................................................................... 4
What’s More: Form a Proof ....................................................................................... 6
What’s New: Missing Reasons................................................................................. 7
What is It: Show me How ......................................................................................... 7
What’s More: Reason Out ……………………………………………………………….8
What I Have Learned: Prove It …………………………………………………………8

Lesson 2:
Indirect Proof …………………………………………………………………………………. 9
What’s In ………………………………………………………………………………….9
What I Need to Know ……………………………………………………………………9
What’s New: Is it True? …………………………………………………………………9
What Is It: Find your x …………………………………………………………………10
What’s More: Prove me Now ………………………………………………………….10
What I Can Do: Show It ………………………………………………………………..11

Assessment: (Post-Test) ……………………………………………………………………...12

Reference …………………………………………………………………………………………14
Key to Answers………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
 What This Module is About

In mathematics, proof comes in two forms: direct and indirect proof. A proof is a
logical argument in which each statement you make is supported/ justified by the given
information, definitions, axioms, postulates, theorems, and previously proven statements.

One of the tools used in proving is reasoning, specifically deductive reasoning. In

writing proofs, the properties of equality and congruence are used as bases for reasoning.

This module will help you write proofs in different ways. You will also learn to identify
the property of equality or congruence that will support a statement.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Write proof (both direct and indirect). (M8GE – IIi-j – 1)

a. write a direct proof of a mathematical scenario in paragraph form or in two-
column proof;
b. write an indirect proof of a mathematical scenario by contradiction.

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 What I Know

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The method of proof by contradiction is:

a. Direct proof c. Indirect proof
b. Formal proof d. Two column proof

2. Name the property which justifies the following conclusion.

Given: JB = 28
Conclusion: JB + 4 = 32

a. Addition Property of Equality c. Reflexive Property

b. Multiplication Property of Equality d. Transitive Property

3. What property is illustrated in: If A B, B C, then A C?

a. Reflexive Property c. Transitive Property

b. Symmetric Property d. Addition Property

4. Using the distributive property. ________.

a. b. c. – d.

5. Theorem: A triangle has at most one obtuse angle.

Francisco is proving the theorem above by contradiction. He began by assuming that
in and are both obtuse. Which theorem will Francisco use to reach a
contradiction?

a. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite the angles are
congruent.
b. If two supplementary angles are congruent, each angle measures 90⁰.
c. The largest angle in a triangle is opposite the longest side.
d. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180 .

6. and are complementary angles. 1 and are vertical angles. If ,

find .

a. 45 b. 41 c. 50 d. 40

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7. What is the missing reason in the following proof?
Given:
Prove:

Statement Reason
1. 1.Given
2. 2.

a. Symmetric Property c. Distributive Property

b. Reflexive Property d. Transitive Property

8. Find the missing statement in the following proof.

Given:
Prove:

Statement Reason
1. 1.Given
2. 2.Reflexive Property
3. 3._______________

a. Subtraction Property of Equality c. Reflexive Property

b. Addition Property of Equality d. Symmetric Property

9. What property of Equality is described in the equation below?

,

a. Transitive Property c. Addition Property of Equality

b. Symmetric Property d. Subtraction Property of Equality

10. One of the ways in writing direct proof is?

a. Two-column proof c. Properties of Equality

b. Statement d. Indirect proof

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 Lesson Direct Proof
1
What’s New

Proofs can be written in different ways. Let us start by writing a direct proof of a
mathematical scenario in paragraph form/informal proof and two-column form/ formal proof.

Activity 1: “Justify Statements”

Direction: Justify each statement by giving the Property of Equality or Property of
Congruence used.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What Is It
“Use Me”
Here are the different Properties of Equality and Properties of Congruence:

Properties of Equality

Addition Property of Equality (APE)

For all real numbers and , if then

Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)

, then – – .

Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)

If , then .

Division Property of Equality (DPE)

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 If and , then .

Substitution Property of Equality

If , then “ may be replaced with at any time.

Distributive Property

Reflexive Property

(anything is equal to itself.)

Symmetric Property

If , then .

Transitive Property

If a = b and b = c, then a =c.

Properties of Congruence

Reflexive Property

, (an angle or a segment is congruent to itself)

Symmetric Property

If , then .

Transitive Property

If , then .

Aside from the properties, you should remember this:

 A postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof.

 A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proven deductively.

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 To perform a direct proof, you take the original conditional statement. Assume that
(hypothesis) is true, and show that (conclusion) is true. In other words, we start from
then we think of everything that is possible and true from it until we reach . Direct proof can
be done in two ways: paragraph form and two column form.

Example:

Given : are complementary

Prove ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ L

O V

Proof: Since and are complementary, then

by definition of complementary angles. Thus,
by angle addition postulate and by transitive property. So,
is right angle by definition of right angles: therefore, ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ by
definition of perpendicularity.

What’s More

Activity 2: “Form a Proof”

Write direct proof in paragraph form.

Given:
are supplementary angles
are supplementary angles

Prove:

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 What’s New

Activity 3: “Missing Reasons”

Given:

Prove:

Write the missing reasons in the table.

Proof:

Statement Reason
1. 1.
2. 2.Angle Addition Postulate
3. 3.
4. 4.Substitution Property
5. 5.
6. 6.Subtraction Property

What Is It

“Show me How”
How do you derive the statements and the reasons? Study carefully the figure.

In creating a two-column proof, write all the series of statements in the first column of
the table in a logical order starting with the given statements and ends it with the statement
that needs to be proven.

Also in a step-by-step manner write all the reasons for each statement using the
properties of equality and congruence as our bases.

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 What’s More

Activity 4: “Reason Out”

Write a two- column proof.

Given: bisects

Prove:

Statement Reason

1.
Given
bisects

2.

3. Reflexive Property of Congruence

4. _____________

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: “Prove It”

Write a paragraph proof and a two-column proof of the item below.

Given: ‖ ; ‖

Prove:

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 Lesson
Indirect Proof
2
What’s In

We had discussed in lesson 1 about direct proof. This topic taught us how to write
proofs in paragraph form/informal proof and two-column form/ formal proof. We write proof
which consists of the statements and reasons in a logical order.

What I Need to Know

The other form of writing proof is Indirect proof. An indirect proof is a method of
reasoning usually written in paragraph form. The opposite of the statement to be proven is
assumed true until the assumption leads to contradiction.

What’s New

“Is it True?”
Prove this statement:

If , then – .

→ contradicts the given hypothesis that

Hence, our assumption is incorrect, therefore 4x – 4 ≠ 12 is true.

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 What Is It
“Find your x”
The steps to follow when proving indirectly:

1. Assume the opposite of the conclusion. (write the opposite of the statement)
2. Proceed as if this assumption is true to find the contradiction (take the statement as
true and solve).
3. Once there is contradiction, the original statement is true.

Activity 1

Try this:

If , then

What I have Learned

Activity 2: “Prove me Now”

Prove indirectly.

Given: - Points and are collinear with

between and

- Point is not on

Prove:

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 What I can Do

Activity 3: “Show It”

Show the proof.

Given: is isosceles triangle with vertex

Prove:

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 Assessment (Post-Test)

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the missing reason in the following proof?

Given:
Prove:

Statement Reason
1. 1.Given
2. 2.

a. Reflexive Property c. Distributive Property

b. Transitive Property d. Symmetric Property

2. One of the ways in writing direct proof is?

a. Statement c. Equality
b. Indirect proof d. Two-column proof

3. Theorem: A triangle has at most one obtuse angle.

Hector is proving the theorem above by contradiction. He began by assuming that in
and are both obtuse. Which theorem will Hector use to reach a
contradiction?

a. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite the angles are
congruent.
b. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is
c. If two supplementary angles are congruent, each angle measures .
d. The largest angle in a triangle is opposite the longest side.

4. Contradiction is a method of proof by what?

a. Indirect proof c. Two column proof

b. Direct proof d. Formal proof

5. Name the property which justifies the following conclusion.

Given:
Conclusion:

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 a. Transitive Property c. Addition Property of Equality
b. Multiplication Property of Equality d. Reflexive Property

6. What property of Equality if and , then is?

a. Transitive Property c. Symmetric Property

b. Addition Property of Equality d. Distributive Property

7. Find the missing statement in the following proof.

Given:
Prove:

Statement Reason
1. 1.Given
2. 2.Reflexive Property
3. 3._______________

a. Addition Property of Equality c. Reflexive Property

b. Subtraction Property of Equality d. Symmetric Property

8. are complementary angles. are vertical angles. If ,

find .
b. 40 b. 128 c. 38 d. 45

9. What property is illustrated in: If then ?

a. Transitive Property c. Addition Property

b. Symmetric Property d. Reflexive Property

10. Using the distributive property. = ________.

a. b. c. d.

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References

Abuzo, Emmanuel, Merden Bryant, Jem Boy Cabrella, Belen Caldez, Melvin Callanta,
Anastacia Proserfina Castro, Alicia Halabaso, Sonia Javier, Roger Nocom, and
Conception Ternida. Mathematics Learner’r Module 8. 1 st ed. Reprint,
Department of Education, 2013.

Cuenco, Editha, Arnel Olofernes, Ralmond Roca, Rverie Vargas, and Mark Anthony Vidalgo.
Spiral Mathematics For Growth Mindset 8. Reprint, IEMI, 2020.

DLL (Math 8, 2nd quarter) – Direct and Indirect Proofs

Math 8 TG (pp. 361- 367)

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 Key to Answers

Pre-test

1. C 6. B
2. A 7. D
3. C 8. A
4. C 9. C
5. D 10. A

Possible answers

Lesson 1

Activity 1

1. Symmetric Property
2. Distributive Property
3. Substitution Property of Equality
4. Reflexive Property
5. Transitive Property

Activity 2

Proof: Since , then by definition of congruent angles.

Thus, and by definition of supplementary

angles since it is given that are supplementary angles and are also
supplementary angles. So by Transitive Property of Equality, .
By Substitution Property of Equality and Subtraction Property of Equality, . We
can now conclude that by definition of congruent angles.

Activity 3

Proof:

Statement Reason
1. 1.Given
2. 2.Angle Addition Postulate
3. 3.Angle Addition Postulate
4. 4.Substitution Property
5. 5.Reflexive Property
6. 6.Subtraction Property

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Activity 4

Statement Reason

1. S
Given
bisects

2. A Definition of angle bisector

3. S Reflexive Property of Congruence

4. SAS Congruence Postulate

Activity 5

Proof: Given that and , if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, then
alternate interior angles are congruent thus, . So by
reflexive property of congruence, : therefore, by ASA congruence
postulate.

Statement Reason

1. ;
Given

2. If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal line, then alternate interior
angles are congruent.

3. Reflexive Property of Congruence

4. ASA Congruence Postulate

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Lesson 2

Activity 1

If , then

– (opposite of the statement – )

→ contradicts the given hypothesis that .

Hence, our assumption is incorrect, therefore – is true.

Activity 2

Proof:

Assumed that . It is given that points are collinear with

between . Hence, form a linear pair. If two angles form a linear pair,
than they are supplementary. It follows that are supplementary. By the
definition of supplementary angle, . By substitution,
. Solving the equation, we have 0.

By the Angle Measurement Postulate, an angle measures between . But since

, this means that there is no angle formed. This implies that is on . This
contradicts the given that is not on . Therefore, the assumption is false. So,

Activity 4

Proof: Assume that

Given that is isosceles therefore by the isosceles triangle

because if two sides of a triangle are congruent then the angles opposite these sides are
congruent; thus, the assumption is false therefore .

Post Test

1. B 6. B
2. D 7. B
3. B 8. C
4. A 9. A
5. C 10. A

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City

Office Address: Brgy. 23, National Highway,Gingoog City
Telefax: 088 328 0108/ 088328 0118
E-mail Address: gingoog.city@deped.gov.ph

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