Module 4: Policy

Implementation and
Programs of the
National Government
Administration
Reported by: Vienna Marie A. Cimafranca
 Policy Implementation
Implementation involves :
- involves all of the
activities designed 1) Operational
to carry out the flexibility
policies 2) Objective
enacted by the realization
legislative
- branch. of
It is the process 3) Objective - Action
interaction between Continuum
setting of goals and
actions geared to
- Itachieving
is the process
them. of
interaction between
setting of goals and
actions geared to
achieving them.
Elements in Policy Implementation
According to Fudge and Barrett, Policy
Implementation deals with
questions like :
1) Knowing what is to be done
2) Availability of resources
3) Ability to control resources to achieve result
4) Communicating with people involved in the
implementation
process.
 POLICY ● The Administrative
IMPLEMENTERS Role :
Civil servants are
bounded
Bureaucracy : by their
It is the executive constitutional
branch of the responsibility to
government with the advise on policy
permanent, trained options. They advise
and skilled ministers on the
officials. financial and
Therefore, they play administrative
an important Role in implications of
Policy different policy
 POLICY ● Knowledge and
Experience :
Civil servants are
IMPLEMENTERS filtered through
competitive
examinations and
several complex
Bureaucracy recruitment
processes. Moreover,
they undergo training
programmes after
entering the service.
It helps them provide
a clear perspective
on the policy
 POLICY Permanent :
IMPLEMENTERS Due to the permanent
nature of their job,
civil servants spend
more time on each
Bureaucracy department. It helps
them get familiarized
with their
responsibilities.
 POLICY ● The legislature makes
laws and thereby
legitimize the
IMPLEMENTERS decisions or policies
for
the public.
Legislative ● Collective
responsibility of the
In a parliamentary executive towards the
democracy, legislature authorizes
legislature is the body to raise
concerns over the
the supreme policy implementation of
making body. different policies.
This way they can shape
the implementation
methods
 ● J.R is the power of
POLICY
IMPLEMENTERS
Judiciary
●
in every democratic
nation plays a great
role in
policy formation. It is
carried out through the
exercise of the powers ● Similarly,
of Judicial Review
(J.R) of Legislation.
the judicial courts to
determine the
constitutionality of
legislative and
executive actions.
The supreme court has
the power of J.R
against administrative
bodies. So, every
public policy action
can be scrutinized for
its legitimacy in the
court.
Administrative
tribunals are set up to
obstruct or nullify the
Policy Political influence
Implementers
●
is also exercised by
several interest
groups in a
democratic system.
● They become an
Intere important channel of
communication for
st the ordinary
Groups citizens.
● They influence and
pressurize public
offices without any
intention of
contesting elections
Policy
Implementers ● Well organized
Interest groups have
a better chance at
influencing the
government than any
Intere unorganized group.
● This influence is
st present at both
Groups policy formulation
and implementation
levels.
● At implementation
stage, these groups
bargain for the best
Policy
Implementers
● Effective policy
implementation
can be brought
out with the
cooperation of
Communit
y local community
Groups groups existing
in the concerned
political
system, where
the policy is
being
implemented.
Policy
Implementers ● Political
parties provide
proper support
to their
leaders in
winning
Politica elections.
l ● In this
manner, they
Structur exert their
es control over
policy process
by influencing
the executive.
Policy Political parties
Implementers
●
have a
better
understanding of
the socioeconomic-
political needs of
the people and can
Politica help
l these demands
reach higher
Structur authorities.
es ● There exists a
power struggle
between
Bureaucracy and
 Implementation Techniques
Timing: Project
Scheduling :
Evaluation and
Critical Path
Planning Review Technique
Method (CPM)
(PERT)
Planning techniques is an activity to understand the
planning, arranging, scheduling, is a well-known project
are those methods or
coordinating and governing of a modelling technique in
processes followed by
project. This program helps to project management. It is a
planners in preparing
understand the technique of a resource utilizing algorithm
or evaluating their study taken to complete a project, that was developed in the
plans, programs, and identify the least and minimum
1950s by James Kelly and
policies. time taken to complete the whole
project. Morgan Walker.
 1. Top-to-down
Approaches to PolicyModel
2. Bottom-up Model
Implementation
3. Policy Action
Model
4. Managerial
Approach
5. Inter-organizatio
nal interaction
approach
6. Synthesis of
bottom-up and
top-down
implementation
 Top-Down Model
● Model regards policy process
as a chain that starts with a
policy message at the top and
implementation as occurring
in a chain of well-defined
control.
 Top-Down Model
● This model focus on getting
people to do what they are
asked.
● Follows patterns of Taylorism.
● It may cause excessive
concentration of power and lead
to ineffective implementation.
 Bottom-up Model

● Implementation deals with

interactions of policy
implementers (Bureaucrats) with
their lower level clients.
● This model considers
implementation as a
process involving negotiation and
consensus building.
● It focus on decentralization of
authority and starting from the
grass-root level.
 Policy Action Model
● This model focus on factors
that affect the behaviour of
individuals and agencies as
well as the scope for action.
● According to Barrett and Fudge,
implementation can be understood
in terms of policy-action
continuum where interactions take
place between people who are
responsible for implementation and
those with control over resources.
 Policy Action Model

● Power, authority,
interests and relations in
an organization are dynamic
and changing all the time.
This constantly shapes and
reshapes the policy.
Therefore, the policy is
constantly evolving.
Managerial
Approach ● Operational
Management

● It is the Critical Path

Business-like Method (CPM) and
model with Project Evaluation
and Review
emphasis on Technique (PERT) :
efficient creating
techniques of cooperation within
implementation. the organization for
successful
● Emphasize shift implementation.
from hierarchy to
participation and
 Operational Management
Timing: Project Scheduling :
Evaluation and
Critical Path
Review Technique
Method (CPM)
(PERT)
is an activity to understand the is a well-known project
planning, arranging, scheduling,
coordinating and governing of a
modelling technique in
project. This program helps to project management. It is a
understand the technique of a resource utilizing algorithm
study taken to complete a project, that was developed in the
identify the least and minimum 1950s by James Kelly and
time taken to complete the whole Morgan Walker.
project.
Managerial
Approach ● Corporate
Management :
● It is the
Business-like deals with
model with understanding the
emphasis on culture of the
efficient organization.
techniques of
implementation.
● Emphasize shift
from hierarchy to
participation and
Managerial
Approach ● Personnel
Management :
● It is the
motivating
Business-like
employees and
model with integrating their
emphasis on goals to
efficient organizational
techniques of goals.
implementation.
● Emphasize shift
from hierarchy to
participation and
Managerial
Approach
● Here, public
● Managerial policy is
view considered to
essentially be in need of
focus on a more
managerial market-driven
values in decentralizati
implementatio on.
n.
Inter-organizational
Interaction
This approach
recognizes
implementation as a
process that involves
interaction within a
multiplicity of
organizations.
Inter-organizational
These interactions can either be
Interaction in the form of Power -
dependency
Approach where the relations
between different organizations
are
based on dominance and
dependence. Otherwise it can in
the form of Organizational
Exchange Approach where
different organizations work for
their mutual benefit.
 ● Sabatier’s model
combines distinctive
Synthesis of features of Bottom-Up
Bottom-Up and approach and Top - Down
Top-down model for effective
Implementation implementation.
Here, the structures of
Approach
●
implementation within
the bottom – up approach
is maintained along with
the beliefs of policy
elites in the
top-down approach.
 1. Clear Objectives
Accurate policy theory
Synthesis of
2.
for implementing change.
Bottom-Up and 3. Implementation structures
Top-down that can enhance the
effectiveness of the
Implementation policy.
Approach 4.
5.
Committed implementers
Stable support from
concerned interest groups
● Sabatier also provides six 6. Stable political
conditions for the conditions that doesn’t
effective implementation undermine the support of
of policy objectives: groups involved.
Problems in
Policy
Implementation
Lack
Lack of of Staff
Financial Gigantic Targets
and
Infrastructural Lack of Support
support from the top

Lack of Financial
and Infrastructural Shortage of Time
support
Problems in
Policy
Implementation
Pressures on
implementers
Corruption and
Lack of will, vested interest
motivation,
initiative, and Lack of Team
accountability Spirit
 Factor affecting Policy
Implementation

Environment Politics

Tri-Media Economy
 ● Clear and practical
theory base.
Proper policy
Conditions for
●
directives to
Successful maximize the
Implementatio performance from
n ●
implementers.
Substantial
leadership and
managerial skills in
implementers.
● Strong
organizational
support from
legislators and other
stakeholders.
● Stable political
conditions
 Bureaucracy
A bureaucracy is "a body of
non-elective government
officials" and/or "an
administrative
policy-making group".
Historically, bureaucracy
was government
administration managed by
departments staffed with
non-elected officials.
Today, bureaucracy is the
administrative system
governing any large
institution.
A system of
administration
distinguished by its:
clear hierarchy of
authority rigid
division of labor
written and inflexible
rules, regulations,
and procedures, and
impersonal
relationships.
Once instituted,
bureaucracies are
difficult to dislodge
or change.
Role of
Bureaucracy
Primary concern is
policy implementation According to Weber, the
the execution and strict compliance
enforcement of the laws tends
made by the legislature. Bureaucrats to become
While other functions of specialists without
the Government (i.e., spirit.
representation,
policy-making) are
carried out by a variety
of other institutions,
they work for their
political masters.
Functions of
Bureaucracy
1. Administration
2. Policy advice
- Despite that, they
3. Articulating
exert considerable
interests
influence on the
4. Political
policy process and
stabilities
fulfil a number of
enacted by the
key functions which
legislative
are:
branch.
Functions of
Bureaucracy ● A clear line is drawn
between the
policy-making role of
● Administration politicians and policy
Core function is implementing role of
to implement or bureaucrats:
execute law and political executive
policy: charged called ‘the government’
with administering and the
government bureaucrats to referred
business. as ‘the administration’.
● The size of bureaucracy
is closely linked to the
broader
responsibilities of
government.
Functions of ● Distinguish top-level
Bureaucracy civil servants (having
daily contact with
● 2. Policy Advice politicians) with
Chief source of middle/junior civil
the policy servants.
information and ● Policy is supposedly
advice made by politicians,
available to the bureaucrats simply
government/political offer advice.
executives. ● No clear distinction
between policy making
and policy advice.
Decisions are made on
the basis of available
information.
Functions of
Bureaucracy ● Groups such as
doctors, teachers,
farmers and
● 3. Articulating business
interests corporations
Brought into becomes ‘client
contact with interest groups’, serviced
groups through by their respective
task agencies. (known as
of policy Clientelism)
implementation, and ● However, this
involvement in clientelism may
policy formulation also interfere with
and advice. the public
responsibilities
and duties of civil
Functions of ● This stability depends
Bureaucracy very largely on the
status of bureaucrats as
● 4. Political permanent and
stability professional public
One of the servants, while
functions to provide a ministers and
focus of stability governments come and go.
and continuity ● However, continuity has
within political also its own
systems, mostly seen disadvantages without
in developing effective scrutiny.
countries. ● It can lead to
corruption, a major
issue of developing
states, compounded by
widespread poverty and
Bureaucratic
Logical
Power relationship

Strategic
position Status &
expertise
 How can Bureaucrats be
Controlled?

Political Counter
Accountability bureaucracies
The Minister Use of political
are responsible advisers or
for the acts ‘outsiders’
and omissions
Politicization refers to such a
of their This control system of
departments and can be control.
are accountable exercised by Institutions have
to assembly. recruiting been established
senior to share
bureaucracy by ministers’
the government workloads and
of the day. provide them with
 Policy monitoring and
evaluation (M&E)

has a critical role to

play in effectively
design, implement and
deliver public policies
and services. Ensuring
that policy making is
informed by sound
evidence on what works
is essential to achieve
key long-term
 Monitoring responds to
Monitoring four question as follows:

Who – Internal;
● A system used to What – Regular
continuously measure assessment of
the quantity, progress or
quality, and deliverables
targeting of the (outputs) against
goods and services- those in the plan in
the outputs- that the terms of
state provides and to performance; and,
measure the outcomes How - record of and
resulting from these reporting on outputs
outputs. When - Annually,
semi-annually or
quarterly/ monthly
Monitoring data is Monitoring is short
gathered by all term and data sources
stakeholders- and can and procedures for
include project monitoring need to be
implementers established at the
(management), private beginning;
sector, CSOs, donors Data gathered should
and can then be reflect a clear
reported at the understanding of the
project/program level, issue but should not
Country or National; necessarily be
exhaustive. Indicators,
Monitoring review can
be done to establish:
● Sufficiency of data,
usefulness of reports or
whether deliverables as
reported are useful to
decision makers;
● Whether there is feedback
to learn from the
implementation process;
and,
● Data gathered becomes the
source of information for
Evaluations.
 Evaluation responds to
Evaluation four questions as
follows:
Who – External – usually
● A system
used by independent
periodic
ally to consultant or body.
measure
the What – Objective
quantity
, assessment of all
quality,
and the stages of policy work-
amount o
f goods
and serv
ices assessing content
provided against objective,
and to
measure relevance and
the
outcomes
and performance
impacts
resultin (effectiveness,
from the g
se efficiency, approach)
outputs.
and output/impact
against objective;
Evaluation Evaluation responds to
four questions as
follows:
● A system
used How – Data collected
periodic
ally to through a
measure
the
quantity
,
composition of
quality, methods, which
and the
amount o allows for validation
f goods
and serv
ices and verification;
provided
measure
and to and,
the When- typically
outcomes
and biannually,
impacts
resultin
from the g mid- term and
se
outputs. end-term.
Evaluation criteria clarifies policy
goals and objectives and helps in the
judgement of the solutions to the
problem addressed
● Data gathered during
monitoring is the main
source of information
for evaluations;
● Range of criteria may be
long. Includes
efficiency, cost, net
benefits, equity,
political concerns,
administrative ease,
legal matters, etc; and
 Evaluation criteria

● Regular evaluations and

midterm evaluations
informs on required
changes/options to
achieve policy goals
and/or required
refinements. Some key
aspects of Evaluation
also include:
● Unit of analysis for the
evaluation- program
level, full or partial;