Policy m

POLICY MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION

MUTHUKUMARAN. M
 Introduction
1. . Public policy is a set of laws, regulations, directives, and budget allocations that governments or their representatives put
in place to achieve public good goals.

2. As governments assess who benefits from or is affected by the policies they make, they often review and revise them to
keep up with the times

3. . The policy-making process is an ideal framework for developing, executing, and assessing the effectiveness of policies.
It usually consists of six steps: agenda setting, policy formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, and policy
maintenance.

4. The policy-making process is an iterative one, with many players involved, leading to a policy determined by various
interests and options.

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 6 STEPS OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
1. AGENDA SETTINGS

2. POLICY FORMULATION

3. ADOPTION OR LEGITIMATION

• THE EXECUTIVE

• THE PARLIAMENT

4. IMPLEMENTATION

5. EVALUATION

6. POLICY MAINTENANCE, SUCCESSION OR TERMINATION

 CONTRIBUTION OF ISPP
Founded in 2019 by India's leading public policy think tank - Centre for Civil Society (CCs), the Indian School of Public
Policy has been created with the help of renowned policymakers, experts, and influencers.

The ISPP's flagship programme- Post Graduate Program in Public Policy, Design,a n d Management is the perfect choice for
citizens looking to have a n impact on public policy.

This program provides a n extensive comprehension of public policies a n d equip students with the knowledge a n d skills to
become better policy analysts and executives

Founded in 2019 by India's leading public policy think tank - Centre for Civil Society (CCs), the Indian School of Public
Policy's flagship programme is for citizens interested in making an impact in the public policy sphere.
 Implementation

Implementation means to carry out, to fulfill, produce, and compete. This is different from
creating a policy.

Implementation may be carried out by formal as well as by informal actors, including legislators,
courts, bureaucracies, pressure groups, community organizations, and even individual
 Conditions for effective implementation
1) There must be sound theory underlying the program and the
target group; the theory must link target group behavior to the
objectives of the program. The problem is often the lack of a valid
social science theory.
2) There must be unambiguous objectives that structure the
implementation so as to maximize the compliance of the target
group. There are often multiple goals which conflict, multiple veto
points, and imperfect information. Demands for large changes in
behavior may be met with equal amounts of, hostility, resistence or
non-compliance.
3) There must be leaders who have the requisite skills, are
supportive of the objectives, and have the necessary resources.
Agencies may not be supportive of the policy objectives or may not
place them high on their list of priorities.
4) There must be active support from potentially affected parties,
including legislators, courts, interest groups, other units of
government, etc. There may be a lack of interest or active opposition
to the program from organized groups with the resources to combat
the policy.
5) There must be no conflict with other public policies and the
program must not be undermined by changing socio-economic
conditions or competition from other issues and demands; but
priorities will change over time
 Policy evaluation

 Policies need to be monitored to ensure they are working correctly - that they are
properly implemented, pass a cost- benefit analysis and are not facing unforeseen
obstacles. Policies that are outdated, ineffective or no longer supported by their interest
groups or congressional champions may face termination or replacement with entirely
new policy strategy.
 Conclusion
• Public policies are the decisions of the Government on any problem or issue and usually
complex as issues may not make it to the agenda.

• Understanding of the process will enrich the citizenry and should provoke active
participation.

• Every stage of the process is important and policies may succeed or fail.

• The good news is that with better understanding of the public policy process we can
influence the process positively, and perhaps differentiate between whether the
Government is slow or the process is complex
 Thank you

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