: a Student's BookCONTENTS eee 04 Inside story Cae OTe dead Core eee Cee fd pp154-157 CultureSpot ppnse-1 GRAMMAR 4S Present and past tenses Grammar Video® 9 Question tags and echo questions Pronundation:Intanationpatteins pp18-19 ruture forms for predictions Grammarvideo p25 Future forms for plans and hopes VOCABULARY _pp4-5 Callocations with contact, message and touch ‘pBldioms and phrases relat Active Vocabulary: idioms lO Emotion adjectives ppL4-15 Wor p19 cause and effect phrases p20 Threats tothe environment Documentary Video ‘Active Vocabulary: Compoundnouns Pronundlation: ses is compound nouns 2 Weather-related vocabulary 22 Endangered species pp2e-29\orsList LUFESKILS How to give a persuasive presentation tie skils ideo © pp32-58 ‘pao Relative and participle clauses ‘pp48-49 Narrative tenses; Past Perfect Simple and Continuous Grammar video © Pronunciation: Weak pronunciation 51 Negative inversion LUFE SKILLS How to be good at debating pp62=68 ‘pp64-65 Gerunds andinfinitves Grammar Video ® 67 Verbs with gerunds and infntives BL Articles 'pp34-55 Past and present habits Grammar Video 978-79 Madal nd related verbs Grammar Video ®) pp34-35 Phrases for ways of betaving 6 Life events 7 Personal qualities and behaviou Pronundation: sess patterns in adjectives P4445 Word Us P4849 Conspiracy theories p50 News reporting Documentary Video @ ‘tive Vocabulary allocations 54 Phatography PSB-59 Nord Us P6466 The senses 168-69 Social work and education p70 Food and cooking p?4-75 Word Us p80 Nomadic lifestyle paz Houses p84 Household problems and solutions Active Vocabulary: Phrasal verbs ppa8-29 Word List LUFE SkiLis How ta make the mast af volunteering pp32-93 1pp94-95 Reported speech Grammar Video @ 100 Reporting verbs 1pp108-109 The passive GrammarvVideo ® 115 impersonal passivestructures (pp9K-95 Protests 197 Socalissues Documentary Video! Pronunelation: stress in word families ative Vocabulary: Word building plO4-205 Wo ist pp108-109 TeIntesnet of Fines 111 Technology synonyms Active Vocabulary Synonyms p98-99 Cyberbullying ppl12-113 Virtual Realty pp1i8-119 Wort st LUFE SKILS How to manage your online image pp122-123, pp124-125 Conditionals Grammar Video ® Pronunciation: intonation in canditional sentences 130 ish, only past modals 1pp138-139 past modals of speculation Grammar video ® p41 Reduced adverbial causes LUFE SKILS How to build resilience ppi52-453 161 Literature Spot pp162-172 ppi24-125 Rags-to-iches tories p26 Falure and succe paz Documentary Video @ Active Vocabulary: pp1z4-135 ppnz8-159 Video worksheets)READING LUSTENING (pp6-7 Making contact, plo radio interview about Active Reading: Kenting emotionalinteligence the author's opinion Documentary Video ® 22-28 Mey need saving too! p22 Alecture about climate change ative listening: Understanding signposting SPEAKING p11 Using fixed phrases to ‘expres emations 24 Using fixed phrases ‘oexpress indecision, agreement, cisagreement andi reach adecision WRITING (pp12-13 An informal ‘email (pp26-27 A formal email, REVISION pp16-17 Revision 01 Use of English > p191 pp30-31 Revision 02, Use of English > p191 p41 Using generalisations to pp42-43 An opinion {alkabautsemethingthatis essay pp38-39 dract rom lion: p36 Aradio programme about Along way home Tfeevents Documentary video ® Active listening: Distinguishing between facts and opinion 1pp52-53 Seretplan to p54 Aradio programme about ‘massacre 17,500 trees revealed: famaus photos How locals fought to protect ane of Europe's greenest cites Ache Rendlng:Reconnsng jas usually rue 5Telling an anecdote ‘Active writing: Creating alinecfreasoning PpSE-S7AStOny Renionos Use of English > p192 pp60-62 Revision 04 Use of English > p192 pPSB-695abrive Tenerken: _p70Apodcast about te history Ablindwoman winavsion of ketchup fctve Reading: aking —_Pronundation Svessin inerences, Iematonl food words ‘Documentary Video ® pp82-83 Living small p82 A radio programme about ee a Active Ustening: Understanding fast speech (1) p72 Asking and answering ‘Questions about preferences 185 Giving instructions p72-73,Areviow pB6-87 Aceport pp76-77 Revision 05 Use of English > p193 pp90-91 Revision 6 Use of English > p193 'pp98-99 Dancing man 97 FimsandTVseriesabout ‘tive Reading: socalisues| Understanding complex and compound sentences pp112-113 Virtual Realty: p14Aradia programme about Walking insomeone else's _selfies shozs Active Ustening: Understanding Documentary video® ‘astspeech (2) ‘plO1 Exoresing and challenging opinions 10 describing trends pp102-203 anarticle pp226-117 Afor-and- againstessay ‘Active Writing: Evaluating other people's views 1pp106-107 Revision 07 Use of English > p194 ppiz0-121 Revision 08 Use of English > p194 p31 Discussing advantages pp132-153 (pp128-129 inspiring starias of p126 Personal stares about resilience fallure and success Active Reading: Following ‘eventsina narrative (pp142-143 Spolies: ove mm pl4OApodcastadout music orhate'em? | and isedvantages Acompetiion enty/ Alter of application p145 Negatisting informally pp146-147 An article Pronunciation: Connected speech pp136-137 Revislono9 Use of English > p195 p1so-151 Revision 10 Use of English > p195 ‘pp172-189 Grammar Reference and Practice p190 irregular Verbs p191-195 Use of Enalish pp196-200 communicationGet the message VOCABULARY Collocations with contact, message and touch, phrasal verbs, phrases for breaking the ice, communication idioms, emotion adjectives, GRAMMAR Present and past tenses, question tags, echo questions Use ot Englsh> page 13 SPEAKING Expressing emotions waiting Aninformatemal wine crammarQ documenta Messaging through time Since the dawn of time people * have been using cifferent ways of communicating at a distance. Inoncient times, they used smoke signals and after wiiting developed, they ? invented more ingenious methods of delivering messages; for example, sending a message in a bottie. Its believed this frst began thousands of years ago. At the tum of the h 1 century, bottles were found which had been sent by peopie who * were on board the Titanic. Happier stories have light. In 195 d aletter info the sea, hoping it would reach his future wife. Tw jan git, Paolina, who * had found his bottle antic, if not exactly environmentally friendly! telegraph in 1837 spe dramatic up communic nt to the London police, ‘apture was hailed ome a diftere y up to 60, Since the Invention of the Intemet, the world * place. People” are sil s bilion a day, and it us hem. But? fac ‘doub} there ar ‘aso examples of when the chi Internet ® has changed someone 's life for the better. Look at Tara Taylor's case, a mother who ™ lives in the nter to USA: when she uploaded a photo of her dau Facebook, a faceftiend spotted a problem with one of the child! 0 jumed out that the gitl had a rare disease, but he sight was saved! ‘he story of communication is in many ways, the story of the human race: we've Giways shared knowiedg relationships, whateve ‘communication we use. lel 1A GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY 2. Make mote collocations with the nouns message, contact, touch, using the verbs from the box. 1 inpairs, discuss the questions. Then read the article and check which forms of communication ... ‘© make iteasierto stayintouch nowadays? Taner ECoSbENY renal paS TA = used ta be a good way to quickly spread the message thatan enemy was coming? 1 aa contact + cancamyamessage over a long distal 2 a/the message 3 ___ touch = canbe used to conveya short and simple message? + could ea good way tomakecontactifyouwerestuck ona desertisland Discuss in pairs. How can a means of communication change someone's life? Find examples in the text.Present and past tenses 4 study the Grammar box and match the underlined phrases 1-11 in the article with the meanings a-b Present and past tenses We use the Present simple for: a Biroutines and habits b D facts and things that are generally true We use the Present Continuous fr: € Lithings happening now or around now 4 Disituations which ae changing during the presenttime the Past Simple for: Ci actions that started and finished at a specifctime in the past Weuse the Past Continuous fr: # Clactions in progress ata specific time in the past 9 Datong activity interrupted by a short one We use the Present Perfect simple fr: hh actions and states which began inthe past and continue until now 1 finished actionsin the past when we don't say exaclly when they happened We use the Present Perfect Continuous for: 1 Danactionin progress or repeated over period of time up untitnow We use the pat Perfect for: ke Dan action in the past hat was completed before another action or time in the past Grammar Reference and Practice > page 172 5 Match time expressions below with the tenses in Exercise 4, Find more time expressions in the article. atthe moment atthetime currently earliertaday eversince everyso often for from timeto time inrecentyears nowadays onceinawhile recently rightnow since the day before yesterday these days 6 Read watch out! and explain the difference in meaning between sentences a and b. WATCH OUT! Some state verbs can be used in continuous form to express a different meaning or a temporary action. 1a Shehas|ots of online friends. We're having a really good time in Greece. ‘a Mark appears to know a lot about apps. b Lynda is appearing as Cinderella in the ‘new school play next week. 7 Match the sentence halves. In pairs, discuss the reasons for your answers. 1 Thephoneisringing___. the phone rings_ a all the time now that we run a business bb andi can'tfind where 've putit 2 ve been calling Mike __. 've called Mike a alldaytoday —b acouple of times today 3 it'sgetting itgets a easier and easier to stay in touch with people less difficult every time | write an essay 4 Iwas watching a film__.| watched a film _ a when the lights suddenly went out b when! got home from school 5 She has sent mea lot ofemailsrecently,_. She sent me long emails every day a while she was travelling abroad b sol might get one today 6 When! looked at myphone, the message arrived _ When | looked at my phane, the message had arrived, but! cidn’t notice it buzzing earlier b atexactly the same moment 7 what do you think Whatareyouthinking __? a ofmyphone —b about D) 1.2 Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs brackets. Sometimes more than one form is possible. Listen and check. In 1992, Neil Papworth, a softwere engineer and developer, 1___“"‘send) the first text message, which said simply, ‘Happy Christmas’. At that time, he #____ (work) for Sema Telecoms, a company which? ___ (develop) the technology for Vodaphone. In those days, mobile phones *__ {not have) keyboards, so he had to type the message on a computer Papworth was not, however, the first person to think of sending a short message. A man called Friedhelm Hillebrand * (already/suggest) the idea back in 1984. And it wes Hilebrand whe limited the message to 160 characters. Text messaging was not immediately popular, but in recent years it + “(grow) very rapidly. In fact, these days we ?__(end) over 15 milion text messages every minute! Platforms such as Twitter, *____(also/contribute) to texting having become such ‘an essential part of our lives today. 9 SPEAKING Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 | was talking toa fiend the other day when 2. Nowadays, more and more people ate keeping in touch by 3 By lunchtime yesterday, had already ©: Read the question and watch the video. Say what the speakers answer, then in palts, askand answer the question. How hassociat media changed the way we communicate? CI can use the present and past tenses to talk about different actions. 51B READING AND VOCABULARY 1 SPEAKING In pairs, look at the photos on page 7 and discuss the questions. 2D ise any of these films? Do you enjoy ims about aliens? Say why. ou think would happen if we ever made ith extraterrestrials? co 2 CRITICAL THINKING Read the article and study Active Reading. What opinions about the contact between hhumans and aliens does the author express? How far do you agree with him? ACTIVE READING | identifying the author's opinion 1.2 tex, the author presents his/her point of view on and different arguments to support that view. + Writes often use opinion verbs and phrases to signal theirposition, e.g feel... think... n my opinion. et. + Sometimes they express their views more subtly by using modal verbs, e.9. We should... It must be. et. + They may also use phrases of probability, e.0. Maybe... Possibly. et. + Youwilloften find the author's main message towards the end of the article Remember that you can form your own opinion, rather ‘than unerticaly accepting what the author has to say 3 Read the article ag: 1. How can the author's opinion ofthe Voyager Golden Record best be summarised? a tcontained the perfect selection of items. twas very challenging to put together. € thas succeeded in communicating with aliens. 4. Itwas too focused on one or two cultures. 2. According to the author, aliens 2. probably only existin films and books. b are statistically likely to exist. € are certainly out there somewhere 4 have picked up our messages already. 3 What does the author think about the possibilty of ‘communication between humans and aliens? a Aliens would be intelligent enough to work out 2 means of communication b Cuiture diferences would make communication impossible. € It would be ridiculous to try and communicate with aliens. 4 Aliens would assume that humans couldn't understand them, 4 What does the author believe might happen if humans made contact with an alien civilisation? They might treat people as a lower form of life. b Itmight bea complete waste of time. € It might lead to the destruction ofthe world. 4 They might help usto develop as a species. ‘and choose the correct answers. Study Active Reading again. Which modal verb: phrases of probability and expressions of opinion helped you to answer questions in Exercise 3? Match the highlighted phrasal verbs from the article with their definitions below. To receive (a broadcast). To cause something to happen. To tell someone something you think they don’t know. To see something with difficulty. Ta destray something completely. To successfully communicate a message/an ides. To explain something very clearly. Ta meet or find something by chance, To solve a problem. 110 To understand and remember something you are told. 6 complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs from the article, in the correct form. 1 Iwas embarrassed when he that |had made some basic spelling mistakes. 2 Itwas cloudy, but he could still the distant star. BI an interesting article about space exploration the other day. 4 Technology has we live, 5 That's what I've been trying to toyou, butyou wan'tlisten! 6 Ittookme ages to. the telescope. 7 You don't understand? Do Ihave to__ what! mean? 8 Arewe actual signals, ors itjust random space noise? 9. When the Europeans arrived in Mexico, they brought, disease which ____15 million Aztecs. 20 After the discussion, Tim realised thathe anything she said. He was completely confused! many changes in the way exactly how to use 7 SPEAKING In small groups, ask and answer the questions. 11 How do you think extraterrestrials might differ from us? 2 Whatcouldwe learn from them if they visited our planet? 3 Should we be scared of communicating with aliens? Say why. REFLECT | Culture In small groups, discuss what you would include ina message to send into space like the Voyager Golden Record. What do you think represents the best of human culture? @e warcs ano nersecr Goto page 162, Watch the documentary cetting through to animals and do the exercises. 6 | Cllcanidentity the author's opinion and talk about life on other planets.MAKING Qi By Danny Exeter For centuries, people have gazed at the stars and wondered if there could be other beings out there. If so, how could we get ‘message to them? In the 1800s, people experimented with ‘érawing enormous symibols on the ground, which they hoped could be made out from space. But ever since space travel became ‘possible in the later part ofthe twentieth century, people have been Jooking for more sophisticated ways to make contact. In 1977, the Voyager spacecrafts were launched into space, each carrying a copy of the Voyager Golden Record, a twelve-inch ‘gold-plated disc, with sounds and images intended to introduce the human race to any extraterresrials that might fin it. But how can you possibly get across to an alien cilisation what it means to be human ‘and to live on our planet? Among other things, the Voyager record ‘contained an X-ray of a human hand, an image of a street in Pakistan, clagrams of the structure of DNA, greetings from Earth in fifty-five languages and ninety minutes of classical, popular and traditional music ‘racks from around the world. More than forty years later, Voyagers 1 and 2 are still sending back vital information about outer space but, as far as ‘we know, the messages about humanity have not been passed on. ‘You might assume that this is because aliens are simply something we .wil only ever come across in movies, but you'd probably be wrong. In fact, ithas been estimated that there may be as many as two billion potentially habitable planets in our galaxy alone, which means that we should take the possibilty seriously. China is so convinced that we will soon make contact, ‘that it has invested billons of pounds in building the word's largest radio page 172 @ 229 complete the conversations with no more than ‘three words in each gap. Listen and check your answers. Ben where wauld you live if you cauld tive anywhere in the world? 1 ___agoad question isntit2| don't think {ve ever really thought about it before, Hmm Somewhere a bit warmer, quess Yes,?____ too much rain inthis county isn'tthere? hyes, there is. But| wouldn't want to live somewhere too hot. mean, in some counttiesit canbe 45 degrees in the summer. That would be unbearable,*__? Actually, used to live in Dubat + your bet*___ really hot, wasn't? Bolling! But we had air conditioning, and a pool That sounds great. wouldn't mind living somewihere like that, actually. Meg Ben Meg Ben Meg Ben Meg ra Move up,¢_?Ireally need to sit down! Kate Have you been dancing? Ira Yes, love the music they're playing.’__? Kate It'snot really my thing, actually. | find ita bit boring. Ira ?But everyone loves this band,?_? Kate Not me. Ira Youhaveno taste in music then, Kate Erm, seriously? Ira Oh, sorry, 'm being a bitannoying,**_? Let's stop talking about music then, ™__ kate Yes, think that might be best! SPEAKING In pait Goto page 196. and role play a conversation. Mae et eceuer os1E LISTENING AND VOCABULARY 1 THINK BACK How good are you at identifying emotions? In pairs, look at the photos and discuss what emotions you think the people are feeling. Use the words from the box. annoyed confused frightened furious nervous sad surprised thrilled 2. Match the adjectives below with their synonyms in Exercise 1, Which of the words have a stronger meaning than their synonyms? 1 terrified frightened 5 tense 2 astonished 6 ecstatic 3 exasperated 7 bewildered 4 livid 8 devastated 3 complete the sentences with the adjectives from Exercise 2. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 t'mcompletely__about my exam results -I never thought 6 do so welll 2 He has no idea how he got home last night. He feels, completely 3 Shewas absolutely cheated in the exam again. 4 She felt very___as she waited for her job interview. 5 He's that someone will find out his secret, 6 Nothing is changing and he is becoming more and more ‘about the situation, when she found outhe had 4. inpairs, talk about occasions when you felt some of the emotions in Exercises 1 and 2. Give reasons for your answers. what le emotional intelligence? Which of he ideas 1-9 do you think are related to this term? Discuss in pais. 1 C1 Being aware of your own emotions Cseing able to reason and problem-solve. Being able to manage your emotions. Cgeing able to feel and show empathy. Di geing able to remember information. Ti being able to motivate yourselt. Lbeing able to deal with conflict i Being able to manipulate people's emotions. Ci eing 2 good listener. 6 @1.20 tsten toan interview and tckthe ideas in Exercise 5 which the speakers described as. being related to emotional intelligence. 7 @1.20 tisten again and complete the sentences vwitha word;a phrase ora number 1 ne piece of esearch showed that people with highemotionainteligence eammedS_—— more than those with slow £9 2 Emotional inteligenc isnot éiferent omg 5 ane way to become more self-awareistowrite a 4 we need to learn now to recognise our negative emotionsinordertobeablet— them, 5 Other people cannot make us feel a certain way wearelaigely_ for our own moods 6 ody language suchas___can demonstrate thatyou are listening 7 Acivelistening can also help youto avoid , which is, 8 SPEAKING In pairs, discuss the questions. 1. Which aspects of emotional intelligence do you think you are strongest at? 2. How could you further improve your emational Jnteligence? What could be the benefits? 9 SPEAKING in groups, discuss the best way to approach the situations below. Think about how you could use self-awareness, manage your own ‘emotions and listen to and empathise with the other person in the situation. 1 Aclose friend has started hanging out with 2 different group of friends. You get the impression that they are avoiding you. You feel hurt, and quite confused about what's happening, 2 Your brother or sister seems quite depressed. They rarely come out of their room and when you ‘try to talk to them they just grunt. You're getting a bitworried. Ian identity specific information in a radio interview and talk about emotional intelligence.1F SPEAKING 2. @1.11 uistento sxshort conversations. whatisthe Trin emotion each speaker expresses? Why id eath ponte feel hat? 2 complete the Speaking box with the phrases from the box, outafhere! I'm feeling a bitblue, artoroken. I'mworried sick about ‘chad itup tohere with 3 weight off my mind. SPEAKING | expressing emotions Expressing anxiety sbeen keeping me up at night. Expressing relief breathe a sigh of relief now. Thank goodness. Expressing annoyance and frustration is driving me up the wall! really gets on my nerves. Expressing surprise or disbelief You've got to be kidding met Who would have thought it? Expressing sadness F'm feeling a bit down in the dumps. Expressing enjoyment or happiness im walking on air! Ican‘tstop smiling! 3 @ 1.212 ustento sicstatements. When you hear a beep, choose and say a suitable response from the Box. Idon't blame you. Iknow, right? ''m really pleased for you. I'm so sorry to hear that What a pain! What's the worst that could happen? 4 Replace the underlined words with phrases from the Speaking box and suitable responses in Exercise 3. 1A \'mextremely cancemed about my cat -she isn't very well That's awiul.t'shorrible when a pets sick Ive got to give a presentation in class next week Vm eally nervous. 've been worrying about ita lot B There's noneed to worn, You'll be great! [A My parents are taking me to Florida this summer. B dant believe you You lucky thing! a a po Yes, 1m so happy. \'m completely fed up with people gossiping behind my back B I don’t blame you. i's awful 5 A /finally finished my Geography project. B That must be a relief for you. 5. inpairs, role play the situations. Student A, read the instructions below. Student B, go to page 200. STUDENTA In pairs, role play the two situations. Use language for expressing emotions and for responding from this lesson. 1 You can't decide what subjects to choose for your final year at school. You're really worried about this, Tell yur friend how you feel. 2 You di badly in your exams. Tell your friend how you feel For each situation which your partner describes, respond according to these instructions. 11 Express your happiness atthe situation. 2 Express your surprise and pleasure. [I can use fixed phrases to express emotions. ) 11.gba re 1G WRITING | An informal email 1. Discuss in groups. Which of the following forms 2. Read the email and answer the questions. Sabet lta ee 2 what has Scarlett been busy with recently? communicate with different people in different way: 2 Why is Maisie likely to be interested in news Give reasons for your answer. aa Mp wales ‘emailing messaging through social media phoning 3 what three questions does Scarlett ask Maisie? texting video calling writing ale ———— 3 whatisthe relationship between Scarlett and Maisie? What words or phrases make this relationship clear? From: Scarlett To: Maisie Subject: What's up? HiMaisio, Long time no see. How are things? | was sorry to hear that you've been il. Hope you're feeling better now? ‘Things have been pretty busy here. I've been rehearsing for a musical, Bugsy Malone, which we're putting on ina few weeks’ time. You lke musicals too, don't you? I'm playing the part of Blousey Brown, which is a pretty big role, so It's loads of work! I'm really enjoying It, though I'm sure I'llbe terrified when | actually have to step out infront of an audience. We're expecting over 200 people! BIW, | saw Janie the other day at a party. She said she was working hard for her exams, and that's why she wasn’t keeping in touch with you. Hmm ... '™m not sure I believed her, someone told me that she was livid with you for having moved away. How ridiculous is that? k's not ke you could help it, is it? | wouldn't let it keep you up at night, reckon you're better off without her if that's how she feels. Great news about you getting into Oxford University, BTW. Wow! I'm dead impressed. I'm stil hoping to get a place at Sheffield University. Actually, I need to speak to one of the tutors about the course. Do you think | should email her, orring her? What's the best way to communicate? What else? Well, we're all off to the coast for a few days for hal-term ~ sun, sand, sea, and sleep. 'm exhausted! What kind of holidays do you enjoy best? ‘Anyway, | guess I'd better go and get on with some revision for my exams. :( Give my love to your family, Take care, Scarlett j4 complete the writing box with examples from Scarlett’s email. WRITING | an informal email Organisation * Startwith a friendly greeting, e.g. Hi/Hi ‘+ Mention your last contact with the other person, e.g longtime* How are?__?/Haven’t seen you inages. ‘© Mention any news fram your fiend, e.g. was sorry to hear that... + Cover each topic in a separate paragraph, ‘* Finish with a friendly, informal goodbye, e.g. Well, that’s all for now. /Hoping to hear from you soon./ Can'twait to see you!/Give my’__to.../ Take*___/love,/Best,/Cheers, Informal style ‘© Use contractions, e.g. Hope you're feeling better. ‘+ Use more informal quantifiers and intensifies, e.g, whichisas____ bigrole,/'m* impressed./ it's*__ work, ‘+ Leave out the subject and auxiliary verb ifthe meaning is obvious, e.g. Great news about you getting into Oxford University;Reckon you're better off without him, * You may use question tags and rhetorical questions, e.g. You like musicals too, © ?___ else? 5 match the interjections 1-9 with their meanings a-i. In pairs, take turns to make statements and responses. A Iwon the lottery! B Yay! Data 4 Qamm. 7 Owow Coops! 5 OPhew! 8 Cl vikes! 6 Cluck! 9 Oray! That's amazing! l(orsomeone else) made a small mistake, © Now| understand! d I'mcross or frustrated @ I'mnotsure, f That'sscaryor worrying. 9 That's brilliant news! Congratulations! h Whataretief! i That's disgusting, 1 2 3 Clargh! a b 6 study watch out! Then choose the sentences which are correctly punctuated. Give reasons for your answers. 1. a Ibiza isa fabulous holiday destination because it’s warm, sunny and a lat of fun. bb Ibiza is @ fabulous holiday destination because it’s warm sunny and a lot of fun, 2 a Actually, !'m pretty sure she had the lead role in ‘the show, b Actually I'm pretty sure, she had the Lead role in the show. 3 a My cousin Jacques - the French one - is coming to stay. b My cousin Jacques (the French one) is coming to stay, WATCH OUT! We use commas * after the greeting, and also after we sign off, 2.9. HiAl, * after introductory adverbs, e.g, Well, However, Suddenly, Meanwhile, * to separate a series of three or more words or phrases We use * brackets and dashes to add extra information or make ‘a comment on what you have just written ‘exclamation marks to express emotions ‘© multiple question marks or exclamation marks to put more emphasis informal writing) 7 Read the email from a seventeen-year-old boy to his friend of the same age, Rewrite it to make it more informal. Use the phrases in the Writing box. To: Hany ‘Subject: Personal update Dear Sir, | hope that you are quite well? it has been quite a long time since we last made contact. You will be surprised to hear that | was able to pass all of my exams. | foe! greatly relieved. | was quite convinced that Ihad made a great number of mistakes. [will shortly be going on holiday with my parents to Madeira. | am afraid that it may be a itle tedious as | believe that only rather elderly people tend to holiday there. | would much prefer to go to Ibiza and go dancing with you. | am convinced that we would enjoy ourselves greatly My parents would rather eat out in nice restaurants, particularly seafood restaurants, but | greatly dislike ‘seafood. Do you? The thought af it makes me feel alitte nauseous. Please do tell me in your next email what your holiday plans are. Kind regards, Stefan ‘8 REFLECT | Society some people believe that ‘the younger generation is losing the ability to ‘communicate face-to-face or in any depth because of the rise of messaging online. Do you think there is any ‘truth in this point of view? 9 WRITING TASK Write an email from Maisie to Scarlett, in response to her email in Exercise 2. ‘© Share same recent personal news. ‘+ Answer the questions Scartett asks in her email ‘= Ask Maisie questions about her musical theatre show. (can write an informal email.4 REMEMBER MORE 1 two verbs collocate in each case, Cross out the wrong verb. ‘Then check with the word list. 2 You've got to lea how to release / cary manage your emotions positively 2 it’s unlikely we will ever deliver / make / establish contact with aliens 3 Thearticle aims to convey / process / spread animportant message. 4 Idon'twantto came /get/ tum Into conflict with anybody, 2 complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs ‘of movement. Then check with the word list. 1 Loffered her a coffee to the ice, 2 Whyareyou. down my throat? Calm down, 3 I don'tthink Ann and Tim itoffwhen they met. guess they don't have much in common, 4 lam on ait! | passed my driving test! 3 complete the phrasal verbs with prepositions. Then check with the wordlist. 1 figure__(how to do sth) 2 point ____(mistakes) 3 spell__(howto do sth) 4 pick___ (signals) 5 strike (a conversation) 6 speed____{your plans) 4 write synonyms (ending in-ed) foreach of these adjectives. 1 totally confused - b 2 intelligent ar made in acomplicated way-s____ 3 extremely upset- 4 annoyed-e ACTIVE VOCABULARY | Phrases When you lear phrases from the word lists, you may divide them into groups according to the way they are built, For example, find all. phrases with prepositions (with, off, up, et.) lke in Exercise 3 above or words that collocate with ‘the same noun, lke in Exercise 1 AGRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY Os: best sd bul eas ern bur oe) capture (pel cenyaressgs is rey come ligt i a. cette ont ‘communicate face-to-face kaimiurset fers to fer convey a message /anver 2 meses eliver amessage for 9 mest essential (a) sen ‘establish contact with sb 9 sabe stay kontakt ‘get aresponse (get 0 1spons ‘90 out (ight) ou ot (las) hal.) he Ingenious (a) ness kagp/stay in touch with sb ster tay m9 sambot {ose contact/touch with sb (Ju kontakt 9 sambodi/ ‘maintain contact with sb /mernjem kontakt v0 samboci make contact with sb mest kontae wid sambodt ‘means of communication ire 90 amjuinckerfor ass on a message [poss on 3 mend rapialy (a6) rep) rare(ad) (ro! share knowledge /je> nobd3/ since the dawn of ime jeans 00 'doin ay aur smoke signals (0) /smavk signal speedup (ot) spit ap! spota problem /spot » problam/ spread the message /sored ds meds stayin toueh je: tal text (els) ‘ext messaging / tekst mesa 1055 (0 tos turnout (pr) tin set) withouta doubt jnaBavt 9 dav 1B READING AND VOCABULARY allen chlisation sin sxalazexan assume (0) sm assumption (n) osienpfon/ being (bis bition (num) Peo brand-new (2d) brand ng! bring about (phy) bn about by chance jbo come across (phry) erm aicos! diagram (0) /éarsor=n/ stant (a) ston enormous ac) o:mas estimate] fesomst evolve (y/o entraterestial ad) ekstotareseia fearsb/sth (va sabodt saan) figure out (ohr /figar aot gaze (i) ge getacoss (pry) get akeos siven that /onan xt gol6-plated [ad /a20id plea) habitable (20) Phbotabal hazardous (2) hazados) hight ety rt any humanity (0 hjutmsent humankind (9 /hjuimaritarnal, insurmountable ) ansemmavntabal! launch into space />:nf ants Spe Linguist (in) Pungo ‘make out (oh v) mek at nuisance) sons ‘outer space (n}/avto Spe pass on (phir) pos tv physicist (0 lek up (phr¥ pt 9 point out (pir) pant ‘aut! process (y} /provses! puttogether (phrv (put tigets) ‘alo dish freiciou i) Fandom (36) frendorn real (n rel ridiculous (2) /tcijolos) sophisticated (36) sofistiexe spacecraft Sperstrostseecies(n) siz! spallout (ph) spel act! sty (20 sperior (sj (sueprva) ‘st ‘kein oh) (tern eal (25) Natal? seine out hv) arp aot! acvocaButary @ 5.3 approachable (20) /9provtjbal! se acr035.a5 [ph /kon alos 32! Sment onsth oment on sameuy) ‘eeate abond/connecton set 9 bone ‘Se questions at sb /far3 kwestonz at jumbo! ‘Sends fore ren f af et wordin edgeways [get 9 Wess in ese $= (somebody) an impression jar (swnbodl) sempre Aovealaugh /hav 2 tot! save the last word /)ov 00 jsst wad! ‘seitotf (with somebody) jt 0 2 simbod)/ imscere (ad) /ansin'so/ ‘sere down sbsthroat [mp aun ‘senbadi Wout) Stzomething drop Jet samo raph ‘moke favourable impression /yneik2 snake sal talk mest sr ay compliment pet» komglomant/ ‘patsb on the spot /putsimbodl on 62 spat) ssike up a conversation staik 999 ‘ake tosb tek > sambool/ ro Grammar @ 5. akcondtening je nf annoying om) bet oe pot hot i et faye) have (no) tastein sth 2v (nao) wists carn! cenbearable (ad) /anbe=rabl 3 LUSTENING AND VOCABULARY @s5 annoyed (a) sho) apparent (2c apart astonished (a) aston be canscious of sth bi konfas av saan) bewildered (2d) wld denen jaws jeri >) confused (24) fanz devastated (ad) /devestert) cecstate (ad) stmt ‘emotional intelgence /imaefanel miteloons/ ‘empathy (7) fempa6i 9 (emotional quotient (ni: iu (,mavjonst "wroufont!| exasperated (30) /gzaspareatid/ ‘xed (ac) st getinto confit get ants komt runt 0) 1 (intltigence quotient (n)/ar iu: LanteladgonsTevaofont iid (ac ov od (no antl plece of research (ps av rts problem-solve(v) ps putoneselfinsb’s shoes /pot warsef an sembodl Juz! reason (v)/iizan/ release negative emotions is iegat meofens/ self-aware (20) /sef wes) self-awareness (1) se wesnas significant (2) /sigrtikont! snap (v) /snp/ take responsibility for sth fai nsponssbit fa sary) tense (a) tens! terrified (a) eran ‘tilled (a0) forte toalarge degree/extent/tu 2 o:a3 dict stent 1F SPEAKING @) 5.6 annoyance) joan! anwety zat) be fed up with sth fed ap a8 sandy! be heartbroken /ihoxtbrovkany be worredsickaboutsth bw ok abaut samen blame s for sth bier abo! fa sun breathe asigh of reli ri 9 sat av nil) bbe concerned about th /b fanto:nd abaut samen disbelief) sbi) ‘drives up the wal craw samba a> a wl! feel blue fl blu ‘eel downin the dumps 2 dam getonsb’s nerves /get on amboslnaaz) getoutot here /get ‘aut ov Jul have had itup to here with sth hav ad top ta ha a8 sammy) keep sbup aight ip sambod ap 3t pat relief) alk on alr 2k 09 6) ‘weight off (one's) ming /wext vf (vara) maind) 1G writing @ 5.7 be better off eta if bbe dead impressed (i ded zm'prest! be oft convinced (26) konvanst) cross (ad) hos! halter (n) past tar lead rote id aul) toads of work faz av wk! tong time no fon taam pao sil nauseous (20) /no15) utonamusial pvt‘on 9 mj reckon (rekon! rehearse (y) rts) relieved (2) rv? step out (onrv} /stepaut/ tedious (ad) fvcias! tutor (n) /tut/ 1516 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 1 complete the sentences with the words from the box. ‘There are four extra words. amy contact getacross hit itoff impression laugh passon realbond strikeup tookto 1 we 2 Wecreateda Ifelt like I'd known her for 2 year, notan hour. 3 | don't usually like someone immediately but I really a 4 My grandparents are really funny. We always have agood__. 5 It'ssometimes difficult to a conversation at parties with people you don’t know. 6 The canteen will be closed tomarraw. Can you please the message to the others? 2 complete the second sentence using the word in bold so that it means the same as the first one. Use no more than five words, including the word in bold, 2. found it hard to understand what the physics teacher \was talking about. FIGURE found what the physics teacher was talking about. 2 You must explain your idea very clearly so he understands. SPELL You must your idea so he understands. 3 Mary has drawn my attention to a problem, POINTED. Mary a problem to me. 4% | couldn't process so much information. TAKE 1 allthe information, 5 The arrival af aliens could cause panic. ABOUT The arrival of aliens could 3 choose the correct words to complete the text. I'm a very good student, so was realy ecstatic / devastated when | found out 'd failed an exam. Iwas really *ivid/ down in the dumps while my friends who had passed felt like they were walking on air! genuinely felt Sthvilled {heartbroken for them but at the same time | was ‘hazardous / bewildered as to why | hadn't passed. Iwas exasperated / worried sick too as had to tell my parents. Then the head teacher called me. She apologised and explained there had been a terrible mistake. Ihad come top, not bottam! What a weight off my ‘nerves / mind! 4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. 2 've been talking / talked on the phone all afternoon, 2 Urgh, that is sounding / sounds awful! 3 Lam thinking / think that young people generally spend / pa broblem solving A format email srammar@ documentary © n of ‘dystopia’ and discuss the questions. 2. Do you enjoy reading books, watching films or playing video Let's be honest. We may have seen some improvement in poverty and crime figures in recent decades, but why ‘essume that this pattern will continue? I'd argue that for most people life is actualy unlikely to get better from ‘Advances in robotics and arifcial intelligence will not only drastically reduce the number of unskiled jobs available, but will also eliminate semi-skilled administrative jobs which can be done by a computer. By 2050, young people {graduating today will have been trying, and failing, to get {permanent jab for most of their ‘working’ lives! In twenty to thirty years time, a few lucky people will be rich and the rest of us will be much poorer than we are now. Within twenty years, people will have stopped fighting cover cil - *we'll be fighting cover waler instead, as global heating is certain to lead fo water shortages in many countries 2. Read the magazine article about two different visions of the future. Which textis dystopian? Which of them is closest to your opinion about the future of our world?Future forms for predictions 9 @1.13 complete the article with the phrases from the box. 3 THINK BACK Look at two predictions from the hen letenond diese texts. Which verb form is used when there is islikelyto mean is unlikely willbe eating will be living some evidence now forthe prediction? willdefinitety have to_willhave willhave been working 1 Driverless cars are already a reality and are willhaveswitched willhaverisen will probably taste ‘going to become commonplace in the next few years. 2. Afew lucky people willbe rch and the restof HOt hein Lee eit SU Ae us will be much poorer than we are now. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the population of the Match the undertined phrases (1-4) inthe world was just under seven billon people, but according to article to these tenses. the United Nations, by 2075 that gure ~~ to more than 5 nine bilion. This? that we will need to use more and a Ci Future Perfect simple mare land for housing, especially as it is predicted that by 2050 b Liruture perfect Continuous Sees ieee tone © CiFuture continuous Itis obvious what impact this “__on the environment as ‘more and mare trees are bound to be cut down to make way ee mets te Senses oat In Eis tothe) for houses, We will aso need to produce more and more food explanations 1-3 below. nde tht eu be ale to procs enough mes 1 Clanactivity in progress ata specific time to feed all those people without further damaging the natural inte re Shuenmen Outestnghabes®-—erange 2 Dlanactivity which will be completed by Luckily, scientists are already working on alternatives to 2tpectc time ihe future meat such sets rast poten may sound 3. Clanactivity which continues up to a specific disgusting, but in a few years, all of us. itt In fact, point in heute most scot seve 2003 ne™— complete to Cheap syne meat neh” "nal he sl ng hoase the correct answers to complet the Chir Witon wha works fer company deveoning ata ; reas 8 the end ths yore on te projec 16) 205 sftarewillbeable/wit ave ben __artenjenrs gover ha tie Move sen edie able to predict traffic jams before they even developments. It’s now almost impossible to tell the start, difference between our artificial meat and the real thing.” 2 Ina ewyears ables won test ryore They witl be / wil have been replaced by 10 Read the sentences from the articles on page 18. Which 2 pojecin romyouraaie highlighted proses reer to cause andwniehte eee? 3 By the time today's young people retire, they 1 This may be dueto better education. will be working / will have been working for 2 Asalresultof better nutrition and medicine, young people seventy years or more. today are likely to live until the age of 150. ‘4 I don't think we will need / are going to need 3 Global heating is certain to lead to water shortages. posswats nate because compute il be able to recognise our faces. 11 Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 10 using the phrases from 5 Ina few decades, everyone will be growing / ‘the box. You can rewrite two of the sentences in several wal wilhave been tounge oun oogon tre MW Ras eas GAS Te a See 6 In fifty years, we are all going to live / will all be living on Mars because we wil have destroyed / will have been destroying our own planet. 12. PEAKING in groups, complete the sentence beginnings with alae ‘ your predictions for the future. Explain your choices. Look at the underlined phrase in the sentence. 12 By 2089, 4s Ahundred years from now a 2 Bythetime! 5 infitty years’ time, 3 Within ourlifetime... 6 Bythe time this school a almostdefinite b probable € improbable year ends, Technology is also making our lives easier and this trend is bound ta continue as we develop ®s Read the prompt and more waysto use it ‘watch the video. Say what Find four more examples of structures using the speakers answer. Then in be + adjective + infinitive in the articles and pairs, complete the sentence. decide how definite the authoris. Bythe time rm 66, |willhave Grammar Reference and Practice > page 174 Read through the predictions in Exercise 6 again. Inppairs, discuss how likely you think they are to happen. Use phrases from Exercise 7 and the article to explain your views. Cit can use a variety of forms to talk about future predictions. | 192B VOCABULARY | Threats to the environment 1 inpairs, took at the ‘before and after’ photos. What do you think happened? What impact did it have? 2 @21.14 complete the compound nouns with the ‘nouns from the box. Then listen and check. effect emissions energy erosion fuels fumes layer loss rain scarcity species turbine heating waste 1 8 ozone 2 endangered 9 renewable 3 exhaust 10 soil 4 fossil 11 toxic 5 global__ 12 vehicle 6 greenhouse 33 water 7 habitat 14 wind 20 ) Cilcantalk about threats to the environment. 3 PRONUNCIATION Read the compound nouns in Exercise 2 aloud. Is the stress on the first or the second word for ‘each compound noun? Underline the correct word. 4 @1.16 study active vocabulary. then tisten again and check your answers to Exercise 3. Practise sa\ the compound nouns. ACTIVE VOCABULARY | compound nouns compound noun is made up of two wards. Usually the firstpartof the compound tells us the type or purpose of the secand noun, e.g, climate change (climate tells us ‘what type of change we are talking about). ‘©The irstword can be a noun, adjective or a verb, butthe second word Is always a noun, e.g. climate change (noun, noun), industrial waste (adjective, noun), swimming pool (verb, noun) ‘© When both words are nouns, the stress is always on the first noun, e.g. climate change. When the fist word isan adjective ora verb, the sessis on the second ward, e., industrial waste. 5 Complete the sentences with compound nouns from Exercise 2. 11 Average temperatures around the world have risen by 155 degrees in the last century, almost certainly asa result of _ 2 Eighty percent of the energy we consume is provided by which pollute the atmosphere. 3 Deforestation causes__ because tree roots are no Longer in place to bind the earth together. 4& itis claimed that___ from cars kill twice as many people as accidents caused by vehicles. 5 Up ta 300 homes can be powered byone__, using 6 ___isthe greatest threat to to extinction. 7 Forsafety reasons, containers underground. 8 ____ damages buildings, forests, and kills fish. 9 By 2025, around 1.8 billion people are likely to face “asa result of climate change (mainly droughts ‘and floods). which are close must be stared in sealed 6 REFLECT] Culture In small groups, make a listof at least three environmental issues for each ofthe categories below. Then choose one category and present your choices to the class. Give reasons for your answers and say what people could do to deal with these problems. 1 The most urgent issues to deal with. 2 The issues where it would be easier to change people's behaviour 3 The issues which mostaffect people living in poorer countries. Go to page 163, watch ‘the documentary The plastic whale and do the exercises.2C LISTENING AND VOCABULARY 1 SPEAKING In pairs, look at the photos and make a list 5 study Active Listening. Then match the phrases for of weather-related vocabulary to describe them. signposting 1-10 with the functions a-f. Which of the types of weather have you heard about 1 Drm going tobe talking about... or experienced recently? tobegin with, ... when, in reality,/in fact, Dinother words, Di The second thing that people aften seem to think is, Dithefactis that Ci then there are the people who C...whereas Dsimitarty, 10 O50, tosum up, .. sequencing an argument b indicating that the speaker is going to paraphrase what he/she just said € indicating that the speaker is going to argue against what he/she just said d introducing the topic e concluding f indicating that the speaker is going to give another example ACTIVE LISTENING | understan ‘signposts’ are words or phrases thathelp you to follow what a speakeris saying, especially ina presentation or lecture. They can also indicate how something relates to what has already been said, 19 signposting 2. Make more weather-related collocations, using the moans Harn the Bowe 6 @1.15 Listen again and complete the notes with no floods heat humidity rain snow temperatures weather winds ‘more than three words in each gap. 1. The percentage of scientists who believe that climate change is real s about. 2 Tounderstand changes to climate, itis necessary to 2 bling _—_/__ 5 ah Tokai ahernanincare eater cre, i i 3 itis possible that warmer weather may actually cause 5 gale-force. 7 soaring ___ 4 Inthe past temperature changes were gradual and ‘Ea _—— 8 sub-zero__ caused by natural factors such as solar activity and 9 torent BR aa te ere 5 indi developmen ave been spon 1 iat pobime co sien waster condone ae pe ee 2 Doyouthink that theweatherischanging?ifso,what — write carbon dioxide may elp plans o grow italso 7 causes freak weather which destroys: 3 Look at some arguments people make about dimate 7 Higher temperatures may benefit people living in change Bo youthnknes tay anime tamper ay + Maryse enythateimatacngsinte3. 7 ger soutyn groupe, dente questions * The temperature is actually cooling rather than . a mona 1 oayeutinkeenteangein dinate ane weather aceon Crete ee te are due to natural or human causes? Do you find the beings, it’sjust a natural temporary change in efoumments ig the Lecnire Conc Og yn fash 2 islimne change someting natyou wor 000? Sayan + “inne range hasmoreposivehen neste effects. y bs a 3 What do you think individuals can do to make sae! 4 @115 tisten toa lecture about climate change myths and facts, Does the speaker agree with any of the arguments in Exercise 37 CI can understand signposting in a lecture and talk about climate change. a22 2D READING AND VOCABULARY 1 inpairs, ook at the photos on page 23.what do you ‘think all these creatures have in common? 2 Read the article on page 23 qui the creatures have in common. 3 Read the article again and match questions 1-10 with paragraphs A-t. Each paragraph may be chosen more than once. In which paragraph does the author 1 Cisuggestthat a creature's natural detence mechanism makesit more vulnerable to humans? 2 Di tell us what kind of creatures get the least funding in terms of research and preservation? 3 Clexplain how the behaviour of a particular creature protects the environment in which itlives? Ditell us about a creature whose body is perceived as useful by some humans? 5 Cimentiona belief that a particular creature might dea good/bad sign 6 Clexpiain how creature's physical features protect iffom an extreme environment? 7 Cexpiain why wildlife conservation institutions often choose certain animals to represent them? 8 Cl mention thata specificcreaturehad disappeared completely rom the wild before being brought back? 9 Cidescribe an animal thats very different from others inits cass? 10 Di mention that one o the species slike to become extinct asa result of chemical pollution? 4 Write the highlighted words from the article under the correctheading. Animals | Parts of the body | Adjectives to describe a creature L 5 Complete the collocations from the article with the correct words from the box. Then check your answers inthe text. chemical critically extinct natural poisoning 1. Animals that are classified as ‘endangered’ are atrisk of becoming 2 Lead islife-threatening and requires immediate care. 3 Tigers ~ the largest living cats on Earth - are at the top of their food chain so they have no __ predators. 4 Potentially harmful pesticides are used to kill pests such as insects, rodents, fungi ar weeds. 5 The orangutan, black rhino or Amur leopard are ___ endangered which means they are facing an extremely high risk of extinction, ly and find two things Complete the short texts below with words from The io} UT=MU ated (ed ‘The blue whale is the largest (and noisiest!) animal on the planet, but with less than 25,000 of these creatures: left, they are oriticaly * Blue whales are * animals, preferring to travel alone or in small groups. ‘They have few natural?___other than man. Nowadays, they are a protected species, but they are sii very much threatened by habitat loss caused by pollution and global heating. ur 7 pygmy. tarsier Until 2008, the tiny pyomy tarsior was assumed to be "nobody had seen one for many years before ‘a team of anthropologists found a small group in the mountains of Sulawesi Island in Indonesia. The animals look very cute and®__, with what looks like @ permanent smile. Unlike larger tarsiers, they have® __on their hands and feet, rather than nails possibly to help them climb the slippery trees in their damp environment. SPEAKING In groups, discuss these statistic. What can be done about the situations? How could less popular species be ‘marketed’? 1 In the last 500 years, human actvty has caused the extinction of over 800 species. 2 One in four mammals, one in eight birds and one in three amphibians are in danger of extinction. 3 Inthe UK last year, the government allocated £5,735 per vertebrate species, £95 82 per plant species and £432 per invertebrate species for research and protection. ‘SPEAKING Work in paits. Go to page 196. Prepare a presentation. Di Iean identity specific details in an article and talk about endangered species.EY NEED SAVING WU HEY NEED SAVING i! O11 y Think of an endangered species. What comes to mind? The giant: panda, the blue whale, the snow leopard? And what do these Ereatures all have in common? They're known as ‘charismatic megafaune’, in other words, large species of animals which appeal toa lot of people. It's no accident that the symbol of the World Wide Best poole po eae (oF both, and of course we all want to save them. This popularity enables organisations such as the WWF to raise much-neecled money to support a range of critically endangered species and protect their habitats. © However, less well-known or ‘exciting’ creatures are far more likely to actually become extinct because they don't get enough attention from researchers. Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) make up over ninety percent of all the creatures on Earth, but get only a tiny percentage of the money available to protect our wildlife because people just don’t connect to them in the way that they do to a tiger or an elephant. ‘And what about those creatures that many people would find positively ugly? The Ugly Animal Preservation Society's mascot is the blob fish, voted : the world’s ugliest animal. With its tiny eyes, big mouth and slimy pink body t's far from attractive. This marine creature lives deep in the ocean, where the & pressure is very high. As a result, thas tiny fins and no skeleton, which keeps 1 from being crushed by the water pressure. Unfortunately, when fishing boats sweep the ocean floor, looking for other fish and crustaceans, these fish can get swept into the nets accidentally, which is causing their numbers to drop. The California condor is another accidental victim of human activity. These huge birds with bald heads and big beaks weigh up to fourteen kilos, have a wingspan of up to two metres and can live as long as sixty years. They play an important role in the ecosystem by feeding on dead animals, thus preventing the spread of disease. Reintroduced into the wild after becoming extinct, other than in captivity, they are now under threat once more because of chemical pesticides introduced into the food © chain and lead poisoning from the ammunition used to kill the animals they feed on. The threat faced by the pangolin, however, is far from accidental. They are more often targeted by poachers than any other animal in the world. Unique among mammals, it is covered in scales, like a reptile. They may not look very cuddly or cute, but these scales are highly prized in traditional Chinese medicine, which has caused the population of pangolins in China to fall by up to ninety-nine percent since the 1960s. However, there is no research evidence that the medicine actually has a beneficial effect. Pangolins are a type of anteater. They have no teeth, but their claws are strong enough to dig through concrete. Their name in Cantonese means ‘the animal that digs through the mountain’. They are easy to catch because when & threatened they roll up into a ball, Their scales protect them from their natural predators, which cannot bite them, but i's simple for a poacher to just pick them up. Other creatures become endengered precisely because people find them aly. Take the aye aye for example. Found only on the island of Madagascar, the aye aye «is the world's largest nocturnal primate. During the day they sleep in nests in the trees, Coming out to hunt at night. They are solitary creatures, fury, but strange looking, with big eyes, large ears and long, thin, pointed fingers. The middle finger is particulary thin and they use it to gently knock on trees. Then they reach into the tree and pull out any insects that respond to the knocking. Unfortunately, the way they look means that they are tracitionally considered an omen of bad luck. Some people even believe that if they point that thin midale finger at someone, they will die. GLOSSARY ‘As a result, they are often killed, even though, like many endangered species, poacher - someone who illegally they are now protected by law. catches or shoots animals predator - an animal thatkills and eats other animals reintroduce - bring an animal back to an areaafter it has not existed there forsometime wingspan - the distance from the end of ane wing to the end of the other24 2E SPEAKING 1 inpairs, took at the notice for a competition. can you think of an idea that could help your school to protect the environment? 2 @1.17 oto page 197 and study some ideas forthe Competition in Exercise 1, Then steno. student committee discussing the ideas. Which idea do they finally choose? 3 @1.17 complete the speaking box with the words from the Box. listen to the conversation again and check your answers, fence finger grab mind second spot tack wha with SPEAKING | problem-solving Expressing indecision 'm torn between ...and I'mon the+___(about) 'mhaving?___ thoughts. can't make up my?__ On the one hand, ... but on the other hand, can't put my* ____onit, but. Expressing agreement You're’___on! That's*__1 was going to say! Absolutely! Expressing disagreement Itdoesn't” _me. Ithink we're on the wrong * That's good point, but 0k, but another option might be Seriously?! Reaching a decision So, let's make a decision on this Okay, so shall we go*__ Itlooks asif we agree that... 4 @x.28 complete the disc you have an idea help our school better © CD environment? uy 3 Up to £1000 available to help sur idea off the ground! in with phrases from the Speaking box. listen and check. Sam Which poster do you prefer? Milo |don'tknow.'m*___this one with the waterbottle, and that one with the bright colours. Jess can't put?___, but the one with the water bottle doesn't? Milo Maybe it’s just not as original? Sam_ | don’t think this idea will really inspire people to take part. It takes a lot of effort to remember to bring in a reusable bottle. We need to think about how to motivate people to doit, Milo That'sa* ___, butmaybe that depends on how we present the concept? Jess Yes,you're*__, Milo! That's why we need a poster that really makes an impact. Sam_ OK, let's make a decision on which poster then. Will the one with the bright colours? Jess Yes,itlooks’____thatoneis the best idea, In pairs, discuss the ideas for the compet in Exercise 1 and reach a decision. Use the language in the Speaking box. Insmall groups, took at three posters on page 197. Choose one of the posters, giving reasons for your choice. Use language from the Speaking box. iI can use fixed phrases to express indecision, agreement, disagreement.2F GRAMMAR 1 inpairs, took at the infographic and discuss the questions. 1. Do these statistics surprise or shock you? Say why. 2 Do you ever consider environmental issues when buying clothes? Say why. THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY <4. Dlthine production doubled from 2000 “© 10 2014, and the number of garments ¥ purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Consumers keop clothing items about half as long as thoy oi fiteen years ‘ago, throwing them away ater just seven or eight wears. HOUSE GASES Making one kilo of fabric ‘generates an average () of twenty-three kilos cof greenhouse gases! 2 @2.19 Listen to three students talking on a radio programme. What projects are they involved in? 3 @ 2.19 Listen again. why are denim and cotton bad for ‘he environment? How is Erin planning to sell her denim? How is lanie hoping to change people's opinions? Future forms for plans and hopes 4 Match the examples of future forms from the recording with the explanations a-e. 1 Ym going to turn them into pairs of shorts. 2 Csend me the details... and {Lake a look 3 Cl shellLbe explaining haw to understand the labels, ‘on clothes. CO £m meeting her next week to finalise the plans. 5 Ci ttstarts at 7 p.m. in the auditorium, a totalk about an action that is expected to happen in ‘the normal course of events to talk about a timetabled ar scheduled future event to talk about something which has already been decided d totalk about a future arrangement with another person @ to talk about a future action decided at the moment of speaking 5 Inpairs, discuss the pairs of sentences. Explain the difference in meaning, if any. 1a 'mhaving lunch with Josie tomorrow. bb I'm going to have lunch outside today because the weather's lovely 2a Which platform does the train leave from? The train will be leaving soon, Hutty up! 3 a Sorry about breaking your favourite mug. buy you anew one, | promise bb 'mgoing to buy a new coat this afternoon. 6 @2i.z0 Lookat these sentences from the recording. Then read the rules a-d below and complete the sentences with an appropriate form. Listen and check. 1 S0,|___setupasmall business recycting and customising denim, 21 selling them antine once | have enough items tosell, BI start working on a project to design a shop window display. ait g0.0n display to the public at the beginning ofnextweek, 5 50,1 get an expert to come in and talk to the whale school about the topic. 6 it___at7 p.m. atthe auditorium. We use these phrases to talk about the future: a forplans, we can use be planning/hoping to + infinitive or be thinking of + gerund b for things happening very soon, we can use be about to + infinitive € fortimetabled events, we can use be due fo + infinitive d for formal or official arrangements, instructions or commands, we can use be to + infinitive Grammar Reference and Practice > page 174 7 Look at the rules in Exercise 6 again. Choose the correct verb forms to complete the mini-conversations. Jon I've decided. I*am going to give up / will give up buying new clothes for a year ‘Amy Really? Why's that? Jon | think we all buy to0 many clothes and 4am thinking / am hoping to save some money aswell. Mary Why are youstill awake? Emma The onlinesale Starts /is about fo start at 2 a.m. Mary Are you really “planning / dueto stay up that long? Emma You're right. | think IShave / will have anap now and et my alatm for 1.55 a.m, Mary You're crazy! 8 SPEAKING In groups, discuss these ideas. 1 Anitem of clothing you're about to buy. 2 Aproject you're haping to complete soon. 3 Anexciting activity you're doing this weekend. 4 An event which is due to take place in your town this month, 5 Something you're going to do when you have enough money, Di Ican use a variety of forms to talk about plans and hopes. | 2526 2G WRITING AND VOCABULARY | A formal email From: Sean Bright yesterday at 20.13, To: Customer Service Subject: Reduce plastic! Dear Sir or Madam, ‘am writing to draw your attention to a pressing problem to which your stores are contributing significantly by their use of non-blodegradable plastic packaging. Like many others, *am deeply concemed by the huge quantity of plastic used to package items which simply do rot require it. We are told that since the 1950s the world has produced 8.3 billion tonnes of plastic, of which around seventy-nine percent has been thrown into a landfil or lft as waste in the general environment. °Itis essential that we all take immediate action to prevent this. Much of this plastic is a result of unnecessary packaging. It's vital that this is reduced as much as possible. Some ‘supermarkets have managed to cut the amount of plastic packaging by using sustainable cardboard instead of plastic, or simply by removing unnecessary plastic from tissue boxes, pizza boxes and other items. | would ask you to investigate alternative forms of packaging for your products as a matter of urgency. Inthe meantime, perhaps the quickest way to start to tackle this problem would be to sell rut and vegetables. without any extra packaging, creating a plastic-ree aisle, where customers could use paper bags or their own reusable containers. Around a third of consumers say that they base their buying decisions on ethical practices, 0 providing an opportunity to buy frut and vegetables plastic-free could help you to win over a large number of new customers. ° | urge youto consider these possible solutions very seriously, and do everything in your power to reduce the ‘amount of plastic you use in packaging, to protect the future of the planet. ook forward to your response. Yours faithfully, ‘Sean Bright 1. inpaits,lookat the photos and answerthe questions. 2 Read Sean's email to Customer Service. What problem 1 Inwhich photo doe vegetables tok more does he describe and what three solutions does Zopealing? Say hy, he suggest? 2 Wat environmental problems do you think the 3 ESS See lal AT CAUSE Read the email again. Do you think that the problems and solutions the writer describes are likely to persuade the reader that something should be done? Ci Ican write a formal emailComplete the Writing box by matching the sentence beginnings 1-12 with the endings a- ING | Aformat emait Greeting and signing off 2 Ciityou know the name of the person, Di ityou don't know the name ofthe person, Di ityou start a letter Dear Sit/Madam, 1 ifyoustarta letter with the name of the person, run \d the letter Yours sincerely. start the letter Dear Sir or Madam or Dear Sir/Madam, start the letter Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith. a > « @ end the letter Yours faithfully. ‘Structure of the email (or letter) 5 Clinthe introduction, 6 Clinthe main paragraphs, 7 Ciinthe final paragraph, 8 (before you sign off, ask the recipient of the email/letter to take some action, state the problem(s) and offer some solutions. mention that you expect a reply. state your reasons for writing. Formal writing conventions 9 Cbon'tuse contractions, e.g 20D) Avoid using phrasal verbs, e.g. 21 Ci) Make points less personal/direct by using passives, e.9. 12 Li make your tone less direct by using hypothetical constructions, e.g i use reduce rather than cut down on, J useWe are told that rather than Some people say. k use| would ask you to rather than Please 1_ use! am writing not!'m writing. S Read the email again. Match the underlined phrases A-Dto the categories below. Giving your reasons for writing | am writing to express my concern about pe ae mca |am writing with regard to Explaining why the issue i 2 | am extremely worried that | find it unacceptable that Itis for these reasons that! important Making a point forcefully apo Sh ere The situation cannot be allowed to continue. Call to action/asking for action would askyou to 4 would be grateful if you could 6 the sentences in a more formal style using the words in brackets. | heard that plastic litter in the sea is harming more than 600 species. (estimated) 2 t's important to look after nature. (vital) You've got to stop using plastic packaging! (urge) 4 5 alLthe best, James. faithfully) {1m realy bothered by the amount of plastic we use. (concerned) 6 Get rid of plastic packaging! (banned) 7. 'mwriting to tell you how bothered | am about (express) 8 YoU should look into other options. (ask/investigate) 9. I'simportant to do this right away. (essential/action) 210 You must do this very soon. (done/urgency) 7 Match adjectives from box A and verbs from box B to sentences 1-4 to make collocations with the words problem and solution. A complex ideal fundamental minor realistic significant simple workable B address dealwith face implement offer provide 11 1am writing to draw your attention to a pressing / pany means eee TOwLEM 2 However, probably the simplest way to tackles 1 {this problem would be 3 would suggest that this could be a(n) viable/ SE ATH MRSS ON 4 Acommittee might be able to devise / 1 {___asolution to the problem. 8 SPEAKING Read the factfile below. s the situation similar in your country? Can you think of any other solutions to the problems caused by this type of coffee cup? 9 WRITING TASK Write a formal email to a coffee shop chain in your country. Describe the problem of josable cups and urge the chain to take action. Use your ideas from Exercise 8 and the language from this lesson to help you. , The problem The UK uses 2.5 billion paper coffee cups fer year ~less than 1 percent of them are ‘recycled. The cups have a plastic coating which can only be recycled at specialist units. Possible solutions * The cups could be changed so there is a plastic lining which can be detached. * Customers could pay a fee to ‘rent’ a reusable cup and get the money back when they return it. * Cups could be made of something edible, like an ice cream cone, * Customers could be charged extra if they don't bring ‘their own cup (rather than getting a discount if they do).28 REMEMBER MORE 1 complete the statements with words from the word list in the correct form. Then decide which statements are false. 1 C1Japan isa country with one of the lowest average lifee (84.2 years). 2 CAsimple and effective way to reduce vehiclee__ isto drive at steady speed. 3 Cisugarhasab. effect ‘onthe brain ithelps us learn faster and remember more, 4 Cleachyear, over 140 million pound's warth of clothing isthrown away and ends upint__ 5 Oo. plastic cutlery and straws are on the way out. There are plenty of eco- friendly alternatives. 2 Make coltocations, using the verbs from the box. Then check with the word list. draw express _go/become make tackle A extinct 2 ___animpact 3 concer 4 ___aproblem 5 attention 3 write words or phrases with ‘opposite meanings. Then check with the word list. 2 vertebrate 2 sub-zero temperatures ~ 3 drop steadily -__ & single-use 4 complete the phrases with the correct adjectives formed from the words in bold. Then check with the wordlist. changes GRADE puppies FUR possibilities COUNT flowers EAT energy NEW 1 2 3 4 5 5 othe task below. ‘write your own quiz imilarto the one in Exercise 1 above. Find some interesting facts and write 4 true/false sentences with the phrases from the word list. You may challenge your classmates or publish your quiz antine, 2A GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY Ose vanes nah avast teat sth tnt tna aria tetigene feds asa consequence/resutof /2z 2 konsohwons rent ov! bbe bound pi! baond tl be dueto/ai ju: ‘be Ukely/unkety to bi ania ta) be sureto it bing about (phry) ban abant cause») ol countless (a) aura! rivers car fran obs kos drop steady op sted stop (0) stoop dystopian (2) st ace sth fxs sa ‘ight oversth fast awe sama ve set sth rane sam 00 human eror(n) (human eral Improvement () /sn!prusmant! Increasingly [a snes key tason / 09) leadtosth id to, samean/ Ute expectancy (0) la skspektons ution (n) /ojuctnfan/ ‘obvious (ad) /obvias permanent(ad) /p:manont predict (vic projection (0) pradzekn reduce (y) /sjus! reduction (n)tdafan) result from/insth zl romin wean) semisilled job /semishilé 6300/ steht synthetic poten inet prt) unskilled job sl 6306) water shortage(o) wot tds) ‘with any luc 8 i ky 2B VOCABULARY @) 5.9 acid rain (ns etd bind sth together ezine sandr tgedo/ deforestation (7) /forstexon endangered species ndesnded ‘piiz! cexhaustfumes figs fume! cextinetion (0) ssunfor {orsafety reasons /o eit yizon2) Aossituel (9) os sus slobal heating (sisal ity greenhouse eect) /ginhavs fet habitat ssn) /hebatt tos! Industral waste instil West ‘ozone layer(n) fouz5un Jers! pellute (1) provide sth (v)forvard samen renewable energy ruil en sealed container /ssd lantern) soll erosion /s 120300 storey): threat tosh (0) ret ta say toxic waste (1) tsk west vehicle emissions (nist majonz! water scary (n) aa shea wind turbine n) wn 2¢ LISTENING AND VOCABULARY @s10 Benet) est amboa blistering heattemperature (star i tempratf carbon dloxide (1) /cxbon datos) Freak anther ik wet sale tre wd es na areas ores. sreesowse gus rnin 5 beste hit we ey sow ai re aoe ‘humidity (n) justi’ (dae shomply ane Jaro ‘coin tempat son emp senting (a): sears ako savant temperate sa Yer temporary ac ener ‘eer foe en variation (0) /yerPexor