oB@Esst

By o group ol supervisors

THE MAIN BOOK

6nd
znE:t @l
lnteract ve E learning

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@ By o group o{ supervisors

THE MAIN BOOK

nd
PREP.
FIRST TERM

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 Preface
Thanks to God who helped us to intoduce one of our famous series
"El Moasser" in mathematics.
We introduce this book to our colleagues.
We also introduce it to our students to help them study mathematics.

In fact, this book is the outcome of more than thirty yea$

expedence in the field of teaching mathematics.

This book will make students aware of all types of questions.

We would Like to know your opinions about the book hoping that it will
win your admiration,
We will be grateful if you send us your recommendations and
your comments.

t...,/.,-,

Tuu slllItg
\,aratogtng - tIt - Publishing
Cataloging
Prepared by Technical Affairs Department - Egyptian National Library

El-Moasser: I\,4aths / By a group of supervisors.-

1si ed. - Cairo : GPS for Printing, Pub icat on and Distribution 2023.
4 Vols ; 30 cm.
For 2nd prep. First term.

LS.B.N : 978-977-839-632-B
1- l\,4ath - study and teaching (E ementary)

2- Education, Elementary.
372.7

Dep. No.8687 / 2023

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 ln
*. First Algebra and Statistics
C
o
+. Real Numbers.
C
o =I
U Fz f
Relation between
Two Variables.

!J statistics.

Second

F
z.
Medians of Triangle -
l lsosceles Triangle.

!$ ln"qr.rity.

f)
,j-
Notes
The notes found at the

rlI vgtE::"::'sl
geomcfry and refened tc bY

J (*)are theorems and corollades

have tFen studied before
 Algebra and
First
Statistics

Real Numbers g

=I -
F Relation Between
z
f Two Variables
_67

F
z Statistics
l
:
z Real
l
Numbers
Lesson One The cube root of a rational number.

Lesson Two The set of irrational numbers@.

Lesson Three The set of real numbers lR -

Ordering numbers in JR"

Lesson Four lntervals.

L€sson Five Operations on the real numbers.

Lesson Six Operations on the square roots.

Lesson Seven The two conjugate numbers.

Lesson Eight Operations on the cube roots.

Lesson Nine Applications on the realnumbers.

"o
-z
Lesson Ten Solving equations and inequalities of
the first degree in one variable inlR

Use
Unit objectives I By the end ofthis unit studentshould be ab e to i

. recognize the cube root ofa rational number.

. find the cube root ofa rational number.
. recognize the set of irrational numbers. E*!frE
. representthe irratjonal number on the number line.
. recognize the set of real numbers.
. perform the operations on the intervals.
. perform the arith metic operations on the real numbers.
. perform the operations onthesquare roots and the cube roots.
. recognize two conjugate numbers.
. applywhathe studied in the real numbers to find the volumes and the areas ofsome of the solids.
. solve equations and inequalities of the first degree in one variable in lR
The cube root
of a rational
number

Remember the square root ofthe perfect square rational number

The square root of the perfect squarc rational number (a) is the rational number whose
square equals (a)

The symbol fmeans the positive squarc root of a number.

For example:
25 has two square rcots which are 5 and - 5 The two square roots of
Because : (5)2 = ( s)2 =2s
25 , the rational number , each
of them is the additive
anduclrrire fis=s . - :s= s tt/z: -S inverse of the other and
their sum = 7.eno
.^[te =t , , *^[te =tt
"[ra=-q
.t/o=o . {*g"trr" ^rt"U", is meaningless.
'{7= ul

For example:

1E= zt=z ,,[t-ef =l-e)=a

. Sometimes , you need to factodze a number to its prime factors to facilitate findiry its
squarc rcot r then you take a factor from each two equal factors , then the product of these
taken factors is the square rcot of this number.
=IFor example: 441 3
'.441 = 3x3 x 'l x'7 )o
\_/ t41 3
+ + yur calc
cati use latot
= 3
You
...V++r < 7 49 7
to check wff answer.

=21
'l 't )o
l
The cube root ofa rational number
. The product of a number by itself three times is the cube of that number.

Forexample: 64 i"rheiubeof 4 t:ecau"e 4 ',4 , 4 = 64

.The re\erse ol l'inding the cube i5 linding lhe cube root.
. Finding the cube root of a number is finding another number if multiplied by itselfthree
times , we get the first number.

For example: 4 i. rh. .,' ,e -,., oI 64 because 64 = 4 ,4 .4

Definition
The cube root ofthe number "a" is the number whose cube equals a
l-
.The s5 mbol { (read ai rhe cube rool oi r i' used ro de.ignate the cube root.

For example: ffi designates the cube root of 64

. The cube root of a positive number is positive and the cube root of a negative number is
negative.
For example:
u{64=4^nd'{-oq= q

i.e. The cube root of any number has the same sign of this number.

Finding the cube root of a rational number (representing a perfect cube)

. The perfect cube rational number is the number which can be w tten as a cube of
a ratioial number i.e. (r'ational number)3 as the numbers : g =2: , -21 = 1-3;3
. The cube root of a perfect cube rational numbel is also a rational number.

ror example:31E= 2 ,'{n =-s

. If a number is not a pedect cube , then you indicate its cube root by using the cube root symbol.

For example: The cub" ,oor ol a 1.'{ a bccause 4 i\ not a perlect cube.
31F
ror example: = 5 ,'ftrlI=-t
! 6
=a wnerencl. For example: l/a6 = af = a2

"1r""
8
 Lesson one @0
. You can use factorization to find the cube root of a pefect cube number as in the
,
following example.

Exomp_le ll Find each of the foltowing:

t'r/zro ,,.rhi 3'{0"064

solution tffi=zrz=s 216

108
54 ).
21
9
3
j).
1

8 125 5-
V r25
2
: 1 25 ,)o
z :)" 5 5./
I 1

64 2\ 1000 2-
3'1/*A=,m 2x2 32 500 ,)e
2x5 16 :)e 250 z)
2r 5r
=#=0, 8 125
4
2 )"
25
5 ')o
5r
1 1

Exomple Choose the correct answer from those given :

1 3{-=-s
@125 @zs O-zs @ rzs

,'G-:'[4=
@-a @-z @+ @r
3 {c7-3GrF-
h)- tt @ zero @t @r+
a 3t/i=fi,
rr tren x=..........

@z @+ @a @*8
s 1[x" ='{-
@x @x' Oxo @xu
z1
Solution 1 (d) The reason ( 5)3 = 12s
(c) The reason lE :{-=, ( 2)=2+2=4
(d) The reason lRai ]{cif =i -(-'7)='t +'t =14
(c) The reason ..\l
. v^-Y+
"-t, ...''t,-.
I^-z
.).2 8

(d) The reason '..{X=xt .. (.r(2)3=x6 t*='W

Complete the following :

E{A-'1fA=
@ rr'{i=o,,rr"nx=

Solving equations in @
.If"a" is a perfect cube number , then the equation iX3 = a has a unique solution inQ r

which is116
For example :

. The equation : X3 = 8 has a unique solution in Q which is3lE = 2

*r"l
. The equation : X3 = t has no solution in Q because 9 is not a perfect cube.

Solve each of the following equations in Q :

1+ox3-t=-136 2 (y - 2)3 = -343

Solution t ...40x3 .1= tza .'.40x3=-136+1
. rn-J ,,^.,- __ 135
40
. yi )'7 .*.ln
^- -z 3
! 8

2 '. (Y -D3 = -343

Taking the cube root of each side : ' \f(X -8 =:^[443
:.Y= 1+2

Find in @the S.S. of eaeh of the following equations :

zt x1
! 21
lJ) -2-o2
x3 -z = az @r5x 3t' 2=6
 Lesson one @0

'gj Remember that

. The volume of a cube the edge length x itself x itself
=
. The area of one face of a cube the edge length x itself
=
. The lateral area of a cube = the area of one face x 4
. The total arca of a cube the area of one face x6
=

For example: If the volume of a cube is g cml rthen:

. The edge length
=3{8 = 2 cm.
.The area of one face = 2 x 2 = 4 cm?
.The lateral area 4 x 4=16crfi.
=
. The total area 4
= x 6 ='24 crl
Example Find each of the following :
I The length ofthe inner edge ofa vessel in the shape ofa cube if
itscapacity=8litres.
2 The radius length ofa sphere of volume !4 ficml
Knowing that : The votume of the sphere = fi C
f
where r is the radius length of the sphere , ,[ is the ratio between the
circumference of the circle and its diameter length.
3 The diameter lengrh of a sphere of volume equals 3SS08 cml (n=f)
solution I . The capacity of the vessel = 8 lites = 8 x 1000 8000 cml
=
., The inner edge lengrh =tltooo
fij- Remember that
= 20 cm.
I litre = 1000 cm1
2 .' Thevolumeof the sphere =
f Jtr 13

,. ! xs=ffx .4 i36
.'3
125

.. 36.1
t'= t25 ...,t=L
4 125

3
5
cm. .. The radius length of the sphere = 3
5
cm.
=I ', The volume of the sptrere =
{ rI 9261

...fnr'=:aros .+"+r3-38808 3087

to29 :)"
343
..Sc=:ssos .'. ,.3 = 38808
" # 19
,7
:)"
.'. 13 = 9267 , =\[s261 1
'.
;. r =3 x j =21cm.

., The diameter length = 2l x 2 = 42 cm.

Notice that ; You can use the calculator to nna'r/e-eiai.""tty.

ffi3 E Find the length of the inner edge of a vessel in the shape of a cube
,i,h capacity equals 27 litres.
]
[, Find the length of the diameter of a sphere of volume 36 fi cm?

(Knowing that : the volume of the sphere =

{ n f;
I

Now at
all bookstores

For all in
educational Maths & Science
stages
 ,arron 2
The set of 1",;r;,";:.7,;",
l:4 4) - a..1
." >. "; 6 .\;
.;
',
€ *'
irrational I o. e *
.' e, "-:1
Numbers @

The sets of numbers

You had studied before the following sets of numbers ;

. The set of counting numbers a={t ,z,z ,t,...}
. The set of natural numbeN ,2,: , ...} =cU {o}
w= {o , r
. The set of integels z={ .,3 ,z,t ,o ,-t ,*2,-3 , }
. The set of positive iltegers z.={r,2,3, }=a
. The set of negative integers z ={-r ,-z,-t ,...}
.The set ofrational numbe$ A={i:aez,bez,b*o}
Examples of rational numbers
i. - t .**.r.-s.0.2.2s%....
Notice that :

CC NC ZCQ
The opposite figule shows that.

Prelude
* You studied before that a rational number is the number that can be written where a and
as
f
b are integers and b *0 and the set of rational numbers is denoted by Q
'
=I
,r Based on the preyious , you know that :

AII integers AII decimals All percentages

are mtional numbe$ are ratiolal numbers are mtional numbers

For example: For example: For example:

3 is a rational number 2.5 is a rational number 15 7o is a rational number
because it can be expressed because it can be expressed because it can be expressed

,r? o, Q o, .-. e\L!.,r:/6r ---

l2 lo2 ""ffio,ffio'...
The square root of a perlect square The cube root of a perfect cube
ratiolal number is a ratioflal number rational number is a rational number
For example: For example:
la
Vco'rl are all rational
-'
t-;
numbers where tlg6=6 . ^ numbers whereffi 2,"{ - Oq = - q
l;=t =

fg s 273
V too to tooo lo

Irrational numbers

The square root of a rational number The cube root of a rational number
which is not a perfect square which is not a perfect cube
is not a rational numher is not a ntional number

For example: For example:

u{4
1[f Q because there is no rational fq because there is no rational
number whose square is 2 r number whose cube is 4 ,
u1l[
so {, cannot be written as
f where .o ."nno, O" -ritten as
fi
where
aandbareintegers,b+o aand b are integers rb*o
,tr is not a mtional number Other examples ofnumbers not rational

fi+r . r-"1F -z'lt . -[

(However
f ,3.14
3.142 ere
and
rational numbers r each ofthem
represents an approximating value offt)
The set of irrational numbers is rtenoted by @
Notice that:Qandd are disjoinr sers.
i.e. Qnd=U

,r
 Lesson Two @0
I Remarks
.(lF)' ="[i "G = wherc a > o ror e,a.ple: (@)2= "'[i
", ""[i =z
.(
G)' ='G"16'G= a, where a ce ro, example: (r/:71' ='[t ^l:, =-t
""[J

Exqmp Show which of the following numbers belongs to Q

and which of them belongs to @ :

r t[au 2 '^[- ao64 ,IB

s ,[8
^{# *]^[te

Solution r..t[uls=o.t=]a eq
,.. {o;re

z .'t/-oo+=-0.+= # ..
l-
I 0.06.r elq

"... 14e-V\7/
/E-[*-s- 7 ''
Vaq
._'

+ . r,ffi € O u*"rse there is no rational m.rmber whose cube is

fi
",,[#=o
s . i/x*ffi=S*ffi ,.. Th"r" i. no .ational number whose cube is 16

..Vro€q .,. {5+'fG}fla ... (rlx*t/ro,;eqi

'fl co^pt*" uring one of the symbolseor@:

t2l6e l!se.. ...

{3-se @'r/-re
IEGC @'{-e

15
=ISolving equations in
*r"l If x Cd , final the S.S. of each of xhe following equations
I X2=5 'l vl -t
?*,= I, 4
25

4 64 X3 -2=-29 s (x2-10)(x3 4)=o

Solution r ...
x2=5 :. x=!^F Notice ihot
we used the concept of
rh" s.s = {1tr,-{r} the square root to find
the value of x according
X3 ='7 .'. X=:F to the following rcmark :

rhe s.s. = {'1F } If X2 = a : then X= tG

- . *2- 4
s" -25 2,t ",
xz=Z
f
.'.x=l
*"'. ={.F,-,,8}
1 ..64x3 -2=-29 ...64x3=-29+2 .'. 64 X3 = - 2'1

..s--
''^ L64 1.1
^-.{-64 ,. ^__ 3
-T

.. -l =,n . 3 rLA
,,-zF*3 .. The S.S. = O

s ...(x2- 10) (x3 -4)=o

.'.x2-10=o or x3-4=o ci_ rym!m@!j!!!

For any two numbers X , y :

:. X2 =70 .'.X3=4 If Xy=zerc then

'
X=zerc oty = zeto
... x=t1r0 ... x=1[i
... rtre s,s.= {{io , -1/. , 1/r}

Find the s.s. in @ fot eacn of tne following :

(1)z x3 -'t =z fil
t1 1o2 s-r
2-"
 Lesson Two @CI

Finding an approximated value of an irrational number

If yon use the calculator to find the v.LLues of some irational lumbers , you will find that :

tlz= 1.4t42 , 1[= 1.73205... , ^[i= 2.226...

i.e. The ilrational number is represented by an infinite decimal ancl not recurring.

And you can deduce an approximated value of thc illational numbo without using the calculator,
For example:
You can deduce an approximated value of the irrational number]/5 as follows :

4 < 5 < 9 (notice tl1at we chose 4 and 9 because each of them is a per.fect square r and
the number 5 includes between them) and by taking the square root for all the tems.

,.tp.1G.t$ .. z.]/i. :
i.e.1,/!= 2 + decimal less tban I
To find an approximated value ofthe numberfi , you search for the values
ofthe fbllowing number.s : (2.1)2 t (2.2)2 and (2.3)z

, then yor find rhar 12.02 -- 4a )2.A2 = 4.84 , 12.312 = 5.29

zr84<s<5.2q ... fit"./s.r/-- .tt-tfi-tt
We can say tltat 2.2 and 2.3 are approximated valucs of
],8 and thus we can ger more
accurate values for the inational number]/5 and we can use the calculator to check the
approximated value of the number{i
I Remarh
Each irrational number lies between two mtional numbers.

Exomple Et proye that :

3{12
I \E lies between 1.7 and 1.8 2 lies between 2.2 and 2.3

Solution , (1tr f =1tr,. "[1=3,(1l)2=2.8s,o.B)2=3.24

'.. 2.89 <3 <3.24 ..\Z.Ee .F .t!.zt ... 1.7 <{a< 1.8
i.e.{5tes between 1.7 and 1.8
You can solve the problem using the calculator as follows :
'. ^'[i
= t.tz t...t:t <t:73<1.8
... 1.7 <G < 1 .8 .. {alies between 1.7 ancl 1.8

r r/ \! /Lr (C; 1L! -L+14) r6lr.OJl

z1
.r-,1 l- l- .l-
: . (1/rr) -'tfrz ^ Vr: .1/rz= rz. (2.2,'- t0.648.,2.J,r l2.lo/
,... 10.648 < 12 < 12.16',7 .l^[a.
... z.z <.3{a <z.l
i.e.3{12 lies between 2.2 and 2.3

You can solve the problem using the calculator as follows :

... 2.2 <2.289 <2.3
'^,[a =z.zto
r]itz
... 2.2 <1[D <2.3 .. lies between 2.2 and 2.3

@ Find t*o "o,,.""rtive integers such that{iilies betweel them.

@ Prove that : 1F lies between 2.6 and 2.7

Representing an irrational numbet on the number line

.If you drarv the right-angled t angle ABC at B such that :

AB = 1 length unit , BC = 2 length units , thei according to Pythagoras' theolem you find r

(AC)2 = (AB)2+ (BC)2 = (l)2 + (2)2 = 1

.. AC =llr length unit.

+4= 5
N
n-\
B2c
i.e. The length of AC- represents the irrational number1F
.If you draw the number line and you open the compasses with a distance equal [o the length
of AC and using O which represents zero as a centre and dLaw an arc cuttiig the number

line at the point X on the ght of the point O , thei the point X rePresents the number

]Eon the number'line.

- l-)

. And with the same length of AC , if you use O

as a centre and draw an arc cutting the number line at the poitt Y on the left side of O , then
the poinl Y represents the number ]E on the number line.

Generallg
Each inational number can be represented by a point on the [umber Iine.
 ,G)A
Lesson Two @U
I Remark
If you draw the dght-angled triangle ABC at B such rhar
AB = 2length units rAC = 3 lengdr units r
rhen (BC)2 = (AC)2 - (AB)2 = (3)2 (2)z =9 4=s
i.e. gC = \Elength unit. then lou can u.e rhe length ot BC
to derermine Ihe point which represent. \E or - \E

From the previous , we deduce that

To get a line segn]ent with length that equals the itational numberG , we search for two
numbers , the sun of their squares or the diffelE[ce between their squares = a , then lve
u.e them ro drau ,r righr-ingled r-iangle.

The lollowing ligures can help you to get two numbers such that the difference between
their squares equals the square of the irrational oumber.
. To draw a line segment with length 1/t lergth unit ,
then the length of one of the two sides of

lhe right angle =-= 1 length unit. rlt.-,

_ \,
and the lengrh ol rhe h) polenuse -,' =2lengtnunits.
BvT \l_,c
. To draw a liue segment with length{5 length unit ,
then the length of one of the two sides of

the right-angle = !:a = 2length units.

and the length of the hypotenuse = 4 = 3 lengrh units.

. To draw a line segment with lengthGlength unit ,

then the length of one side of the ght-angle
2* t"ne'l' unit'
=
? =

ancl the length ofthe hypotenuse = @ = 3j length units.

en erslrg
To dray a line segment wilh lengthla lengah unil wbere a > I

, dmw a ight-angled triangle in which

thc lenglh olone side of the dght-angle =
a1 lenStl unrt.
and the length of the hypote use= lla length unit.
2
zl
Exom plc !t Draw a line segment with length]i7length unit , then use it to aletermine
I
the points which represent the following numbers or the number litre
I :

lrilz
tlt ) z-'{1 I s,,fr
42tF s2'{1 |

Solution Draw the right-angled triangle ABC at B such that :

AB = = 3 lengttr tn i ts .

-:
'7 +l
= 4 length units.

r then (BC)2 = (AC)2 - (an)2 = to g

= I
. . 96 =1F tengft unit.

U.ing tlre conpa.,es wilh i di\ri,nce equal to tne leng,rr ol BC t ing O

as a cente , dlaw an arc to cut the number line on the right side of O at
rhe po rr X . rhen \ .. lhe poinl which repre.ent"{i
o rX
32-lzerol2\3
Using the same previous distance and taking O as a cenhe , draw an arc to
cut the number line on the left side of O at the point Y, then Y is the point
which represents the nurnber -! 7
wO
3l -2 1zercl2 3
-!r
Using the same previous distance and taking lhe point which rcpresents
the number I on the number line as a centle, draw an arc to cut the
number line oo the dghl side of the prelious pornl atZ then Z
'
reore5enr. rhe number { t-v / |
1
o
21 123\4 5
It!7
Uslng the same previous distance and taking the point which rcprcsents
the number 2 on the number line as a centre , draw an arc to cut the
number line on the left side of this point at the point N , then N is the
poinr \\hich represent. the number (2 - \8 )

-4-321/
2-1 r
 Lesson Two @0

5 Using the same previous distance and taking the point O on the number
line as a cenhe , dmw an arc to cut the number ljne on the dght side of
O at the point D , then taking D as a centre and with the same previous
distance in the same direction, draw an arc to cut the number line at E ,
rhen t r. rl^e pornl n hich represenr. rl-e rr.mber 2 \F
I)
DE
' zerc I 2'3 4 5\6
{1 2.[1

! Remark
In the previous example we can determine
the pornr uhich repreoenr" rlle nrrmber fion
the number line by drawing the right-angled
triangle directly on the number. line as in
the opposite flgule.
 ')
l ,'{
(r

The set of real

and ordering
numbers inlR

The set of real numbers

It is the set obtained from the union ofthe set of rational numbers and the set
of irrational numbers. ltisdenoted byR

i.e. m = Q U d (as shown in the opposite figure)

Noticingthat:Qn0=O
R,
. The opposite Venn diagram shows that : Set ol ,ltional Du,nber (a)

NICZCQC]R,
anadcn nil

The fottowing diagram shows the relation among the sets of numbers
that we studied till now :

Natllral numbers Negative irtegers Z

Positive integers Z+
 Lesson Three @0

Ordering numbers in IR
. Each real number is reprcsented by a unique point on the number line.

. The set of real numbers is an ordered set.

.If the point represeiting the number X oo the number

x
line lies on the left of the point representing the number
y as shown in the figure , then .l( < y or y > -)(

. Each real number represented by a point lyiflg on the right side of the origin O is greater
than zero r and all these numbe$ folm a set called "the set of the positive real numbers"
denoted by lR+

R+ = {X: x eR , r(> zero}

. Each real number rcpre$ented by a point lying on the left side of the odgin O i6 less than
zero and all these numbers form a set called "the set of the negative real numbe$"
denoted by R_

lR_={X:XCR.rX<zero}

R- R,+

Nesative real numbers O

I Remarhs
.qnR=u
.rR=R_u{o}uR_
. The number zerc is neither positive nor negative.

.R*U{0}={x:r(€R,x>0}
and it is called the set of the non-negative real numbe$ .

.R U {0} = {x: xeR,xs 0}

and it is called the set of the non-positive real numbers.

. The set of rcal numbeN without zero (The non zero real numbers) is denoted by R.

i.e.R*=lR {0}=qUR
=I
Exomple I Arrange the following numbers ascendingly :
I
1tE,^[6,, {q5, s,land {n
solution . Arrange the positive numbers which are lEs ,l/os ana I
.. j ={4e
, . 4e<68<7s ..18r.{A.1ti
i.e.t <{es <{x
. Arrange the negative numbers which are -1i+i, a ana -]i:z
' ' s =11 et

,.. 64>45>32 ,.{4,{G,^tE

,. t[u.-{u.-^[i
i.e. s< {+5< 1/32
.. The ascending order is : - 8 , t/+!, {zz,l ,@ *a t[E
! Remark
You can use the calculator to get the solution by finding approximated values of the rcots.

Exqmplsl Write three irrational numbers included between 11 and 12

Solution '. (.t112 = 121 ,1t212 = 144

.'. 125 126 a].rd 130 are three intege$ included betrveen 121 and 1,44
'
... 121 < 125 < 126 < 130 < 144

.. {r:r . ffi. \,ill;. r,r,:o. l',*

.. The required irational numbers are : { 1 25 , {tN ""a {l,x
(Notice that : There are other inational numbers included between 11 and 12)
 Lesson Three @0

*rfl Find the S.S. in R for each of the following equations

"J-
3 xz + 125 = 221 z !xt s=za
:

3 2x2 +6=4
Solution |'. 3x2+125=z2l .'.3x2=221-125 .'.3x2=96
''' "2-90
- l v2-tt ...x=tfn
...rheS.s.=fft,-{t}
..
z f x3 s=zs ".fx3=:o .'.x3=6x36
.. X3 = 216 ... x =1,[zra
... rhe s.s. = {6}

3 .'2X2+6=4 .'.2x2=4 6 ,',2X2=-2

. vz- 2
..,'_ .',x2= I :,X=l[j
2

, .{_r em,-{-r 6m .. The S.S. = O

Complete each of the following using one of the swbols>or<:

fa,[i t @-11 -t t3r6 :

t^f:
@tlt z.e @ -lfG. ... z.sz

Li/\o /Ltla,' rLiJ otiLJ) JElr.@Jl

 Lesson

lntervals

PfelUde Through your previous study , you knew different methods to express a subset
of the set olllatural numbeN and a subset of the set of integer-s and you learnt
how to represent them on the number line.
For example:
If X = the set of i]1rcgers which are greater than or equal to 3 and iess than 2
* Then you can express the set X by
the description method as follows : X={a:aez,-3=a<!-}
't, You car also express it by listing
method as follows : x={-3,-2,-L0,l}
The sei X is represoorcd on the number
':,
<-+--{+__{++
line as shorvn in the fisure: 4 3-2 )za6 12 )
. And now the question is : Is it possible to use the same preyious methods to express
a subset of the set of real numbers and represent it on the number line ?

Assuming that : K = the set of rcal numbeN that arc greater dlan or equal to - 3 and less than 2

,.You can express the set K try thc dcscription

method as lbllows : r={a:aC1R <a<2} '-3
,,But it is impossible to express the set K by listing method because there are an infinity of
real numbers existing betweei 3 alld 2
+ For the same reason , it is impossible to represent this set K by separate poillts on the
number line as shown in the previous ligure lherefore we use aflother method to express
a subset ofthe set of real numbers , which is thc intervals.

. In the following , 1ve will shov the types of intervals :

 Lesson Four @0

First I Limited intervals

E closed interval Notice

{X : X €lR,
.The set 3<X< 2} expresses ihe set of rcal The smaller number must
numbers which consists ofthe two numbers 3 and 2 and be written ftst when you
all the real rumbers ircluded between them. write the interval.
We denote it by [-3,2] ard it is called a <closed intervabr.
.It is reprcsented on the number line as shown in the figure :

<+ {.....F +
432lzetol234
Noticethat:. r-[ 1.)l .)-t ]. )l
We expless this by drawing two shaded circles at the two poiDts representirg the two
numbers 3 and 2

I opened interval
. The set
{i( : X eR' - 3 < X < 2} expresses the set of reai numbe$ included betweei the
two numbers - 3 and 2 such that the two numbers 3 and 2 are not contained in this set.

We denote this setby l-3,2[ and it is cal]ed an <<opered intewal>'.

.It is represented on the number line as in the figule : < -r- o+r.....{, +
432lzetol234
Notice that. 3q) 3,2land2+) 3,zl
We express this by drawing two unshaded circles at the two poinls reprcsenting the two
numbem-3and2

E Hafopened interval (Halfclosed interval)

tt. t " s"t {x, x €R r - 3 < x < 2} expresses the number - 3 and all the real numbers
inciuded between- 3 and 2 without the number 2 , we denote itby l-3 ,2L
and it is called a <half opened interval>> or <half closed interval>>.
. It is represented on the number line as in the figure : ----r---.{-,,-,,-,,-a ,
4 3 2 I zero | 2 3 4
Notice that : -3€[-3,21, 2€.[-3,21
A. The set {x : x eR, - 3<Xs 2} expresses the number 2 and all the real rumbers
included between - 3 and 2 without the number - 3 , we denote it by l^3 ,2)
and it is called a <half opened interval) or (half closed interval).
. It is represented on the number line as in the figure : ++_re-r--r-<+
'4 -3 '2 '1 zcto 123 4
Notice that | -3e13 ,21 , z€)-3 ,z)
z1
second Unlimitedintervals

tl . me set
{X: XeR ,X> 2} expresses the set of real numbers which consists oftle
number 2 and all the real numbers which are greater than 2 with no end.

It is denoted by [2 ,
- [ where the symbol <<-> is read as positive infinity and it
doesn't represent a real number
. It is represented on the number

line as shown in the figure : -iar.

-4 -g -2 1.etu12 3 4
Notice that | 2el2 ,-l
f,1. tne set {X: X C1R r X> 2} expresses the set of a1l rcalnumbem which are greater

than the number 2 with no end.It is denoted by

. It is rcpresented on the number

12 '*l
<...1.....i.....
line as shown in the figure : 4 3 2 tzerol2 3 4

Notice that | 2+12 , -l

f,!. the set {X: X C1R r X< 2} expresses the set of real numbers which consists of the

number 2 and all the real numbeN which are smaller thai the number 2 with no end.

It is denoted by l- - , 2l where the symbol < -) is read as ncllativc inlinity and

it doesn't represent a real number.

. It is rcpresented on the number

.r...r......1......++
line as shown in the flgure :
4 3 2 I zetu l 2 3 4

Notice that ; 2el - ,2)

A . The set
{x : x eJR , )( < 2} expresses the set of all real numbers which are smaller

than the number 2 lvith no end. It is denotea Uy l- oc , ll

. It is represented on the number

line as shown in the f,sure : 'ii;-i;;1-2-;-;*

Notice that | 2+l - ,21
. We can express the previous symbolically in the following table assumillg that :

aelR,bCRanda<b
 Lesson Four @0

rypes of The Expression by Representation on the

Notice that
intervals interval distinguished property number line

.ac[a,b]
Q
[u,t] {x: x€m,a<x< t} .ue[a,r]
.afila,u[
lo,tI {x:rcm,a<x<t} b
.bela,b[
. a€[a, b[
[a,u[ {x:xcn,a<x<t} .t@[a,t[
F
;= .a(la,ul
ln,tl {x:xCm,a<x<t} .lcla,tl
t" ,-t {x:r(€R,x>a} ae [a,-[
la ,-t {.x:xeR,r(>a} uGlu,-[

l--,,1 {xi x€R,x< a} a€l -,a]

Fi
l--,n[ {x: xCR , x< a} "Gl -,u[

! Remarhs
.R= I -,-t .R_=lo,-t .R_=l--,ol
. The set of non-negative real numbers = R+ U
t0,-t
{0} =
. The set ofnon-positive real numbers = lR U
{0} = ] - ,0]

Exomple E Write each of the following sets in the form of an interval , then
represent it on the number line :

I {r:r(eR, 3<xs0} 2 {a:aeR,l>a> 2}

3 {x:xCR,x>0} 4 {y:y€R, 1>y}
solution
'2t0
t-t0t)
=I 3 lo ,-[ <_r___+_ +r+
32l0t2l
4
, , I l) I I l

Exomple Choose the correct answer liom those giyen :

14C.....
@14,71 @[ 4,4[ O12,5[ @ [-11 ,,4]
z'{T 1 s, z;
@e @6 Oc @c
3 {1 ,6} 11 ,61
(re @e (,C @q
4 fixel 5,-[ ,then..

@x' s @x= s @x.-s @xs-s

5 The sum ofthe rcal numbers in the interval [ 3;3[is
@-6 (D-3 @,ero @o
Solution (c)

2 (b)Thereason: .'tl-s- z,[ 8, 2[isopenat 2

... -zqlB '-z[

3 (d) The reason : 1 e ]1, 6] because the inteNal is open at 1

4 (b)

5 (b) The reason r Each number belongs to the interval has its additive

inverse except 3because3fi[ 3,3[

comptete using one of the symbob e , q. , C or Q. :

@r [4, 1[ Ej lo,rt
l1l{2,4} [2,sl @17 )2,3)
[3{-r,o,r} .[0,1] [q]t-s . l--,ol
 Lesson Four @0

Operations on intervals
You studied before the sets and how to cany out the operations of inteNection , Lrnion ,
difference and complement on them.

For example:

rf x= {1 ,2,3,4} , Y-{3 r4:5,6} rthen:

. X a Y = the set of elements which are conlmol in X ard Y = {3, 4}
.X U Y=the set of all elements in X or Y without repeating = {1 '2,3 ,4,5 ,6}
.X
- Y = the set of elements which are in X and not in Y = { 1 , 2}

.Y X = the set of elements which arc in Y,,,i,161;11)( = {5 r 6}

.Ifrhe univeNal ser={l ,2 ,3 ,4,5 ,6,'7},
U

then the complement of X which is denotecl bV i = U X

i.e. i = the set of elements which are in UandnotinX=

{5 ,6 ,7}
The following examples show how to carry out the operations ofintersection , union
and difference on intervals

*r"l
:

rrx=[-3,3]andY=[-1 ,5 [, find using the number line :

l XUY 2 XaY
3X Y 4Y X

solution l
. tr$:.*
il
2
=+- r r .i 5

xuv -=i,-----1,- xn Y
-l
!

xuY=[_3,s[ xny= [ 1,3]

--f--..-.* Yri *jffi-* x

-, i35 i-
x y=[ 3, t[ y y=l:,s[
z1
*'"1 r)--,2)nl-3,-t
Find each of the following :

l-,31U[ 2,5[
3 [s,-[ ]5,-l [2,-[n] -,2[
Solution 1

l2 j

l--r2lnl-3,-[=] 3,21 l-,3lut 2,5[=] -,5[

3.-. .Y- 2

[5,-[-]s,-t-{5} 12,*lal-* ,21=a

IfX =] - - ,2 [ andY= [- 1 ,5] , find using the number line:

1 XUY 2 xl.lY
3 X-Y 4Y X
6Y

Solution -x
r 2
-r lY
'i i' v ' -
---;* -ii+
xUY=l -,51 ;1 1-lY=[-t,z[

x-

-H*
+ I

x_y=l_-,_1[
I
25
y_x= [2,5]
'l Y '5

-i_-,----t.*
 Lesson Four @0

sT-* X
6 - i!---.?r-
<-o_-o_
2 I5

i=tz ,-t i=1--,-11u1s,-1

=R-[-1,5]

*r"l Ifx = [1 ,4[anrlY={1 ,4)

l XnY
, nnd
XUY
3 X-Y 4 Y-X
Solution 1 xnY={1}
2 xUy=[1 ,a]
3 x y=11 ,4[ Y

4 Y-x= {4}

IfX=Pl,3[and1.,]0,41 , find using the numbet tine:

LllxIY [4x UY Ex-to,-t
14t0,-t-Y trx- [r]xn1-z, 1 ,,0,1 ,2,3]

a t / \o /Lt lor suJ oq-tJ) ,.6lr.OJI

Operations on
the real
numbers
x I
a
o

First I Addition
. We know that 2 X and 3 X are two like algehaic tems and their sum is an algebraic term
them.
like Remember thdt
'.:i- oomomhoy thdt
Gj-
Where2X+3X=(2+3)X-5X 2{i is produced
The real number
Then we deduce that : zt$ + lfi = t.z + 21fi by multiplying the rationai nulnber
=s1/] 2 by thc irrarional number{ 5

. We kl1ow that 2X ard 3 y are two unlike algebraic terms and we express tl]eir sum by an

algebraic expression whose simplest form is 2 x+3y

Therefore we dedtce that :

The two rcal numbers z {T and 3 {7 , their sum is expressed by a real number

whose simplest form i z^'[i + z1E

"
Properties ofaddition of real numbers

Closure

For every a CR and b eR we find that (a t b) CIR

i.e. The sum of any two real numbers is a real number, therefore we say R is closed
under addition .

For example: 1E em ana z1E em, we find that : 1E r 2{s =: 1trem'

g4
 Lesson Five @0
Commutative propeny

For every aeIR and b CRir will be a + b = b + a

For exampre: s.[i + ti^[i =s'di , ql[i * =g"[i

s't[i
i... s'.,[i +ql,[i= qlE * t',8

Associalive properly

For every aCJR rb€lRandc€R it will be (a+b) + c = a+ (b +c) =a+ b+ c

For example: (t/5- zil: ). s1tr=:rii+ si/: = t{: ,

{T. (zrl,.st/I)= 1E +t^,[z =qE

i.e. ({i+ zG) + s ",{i =^'[i * (z^{i - s^,[ t)

The additive neutral

For every a€Rit will be a+ 0 = 0 + a = a

i.e. Zero is the additive nertral

Forexample: ri:-o-.0-V:=ti: . yE+0=0r ( ff)= 'fi,

The addilive inverse of every real number

For every a €R there is (- a) eR where a + (- a) = zero (the addirive neutal)

For example: . The additive inverse of {: is \[and vice versa because tr- (:F) = ,
. The additive inverse or : + fiis (2+\E)andequals 2-
Vs
inverse or : -18 t - (: -t/- ana equUs
{z - :
. The additive
)
. The additive inve$e of zero is itself.

I Remark
Since every real number has an additive inverse , then the subtraction operation is possible
entircly in R , and it is defined as follows :
For every a eR and b elR ir will be a-b = a + (- b)
i.e, The subtaction operation (a
b) means adding the number a to the additive inverse of
the number b

And $e can deduce thal :

Subtraction operation in lR is not commutative and it is rlot associative.

*l
=I
Exomple Choose the correct answer from those giYen :

rtE*lt=
@1/,4 @2fr @r @ra
t c tG ' ttE = ......

(u) 1 @)-V2 @tt @sE

3 4+F-1 1/:=
@-t zt! @-:*z1E @-: @:
r trx nVs .t =51[ .rhenx-y=
@q{, @+ttr @+l/: @s{t sG
5 The addilive inuerse oll/: 18," "' """
@-fr F @l7.tB O{i-fi @f-{t
e tfr+x=o -{i t then x = .. """

@zero @-{t @-z^{, @zX,

solution 1 (b)
2 (b) The reason ztE - z\-i = rz - ztt? = -tE.
3 (c) The reason t+$
t -!1=e-rl*(16-t[)=-:*o= :
4 (d) The reason x y =g\E 5{land this is the simplest form of
the difference.

5 (c) The reason The addirive inve$e orlF-16i. ({' 1F)

i"t is -lF +l/iorlE 1,E
'ut
6 (c) The reason l( is the additive invelse of{- which is lE
...x-\tr=-E zl,
^D=
A Wi& t'he additive inverse for each of lhe following numberc :

"',12, t!s.^'lt+^'lt '1i s 3 '-!6 17

A Simplw to the simqlest fom :

@z+2fi -r -s''[i l2:t/s +rF-:{s + stl:

r.6
 Lesson Five @0

Second I Multiplication
.We krow that : 3 x2 X= (3 x 2) X= 6 X

Thcrcfblc we find that: 3 x 21/3 = 1: x 2)18= 618

.We know also 2X x 5X=(2x5)(Xx{)=lOX2

rherefore we fincl thar : 21E x s1E= (2 x 5), (1tr, 15) = t0 (F)'- t0 x 3 = 30

As example: . zx![i=1 zxz>tE=-elG

. t^[i =+ ("[i)' =
q *z=a
""[i
. zfix+^[i=r.-2"q"(li)"= 8x7= 56

Properties of multiplication of real numbers

Closure
For every a CR and b ER. it will be a x b CR
i.e. The product of any two rcal numbers is a real number thercforc we say :

lR is closed under multiplication.

For example:f €R and 2{tGR. Wefindthat:{5x21/:=2x3=6GR

Commutative property
For evcry a €f,ti and b e Lil it rvill beaxb=bxa
For example: 2{s x:{s =o x: =:o , 3lixzli=exs=zo
i.e. 21E y 3fi= 3li "zli
Associative property
For every aClR , bCRand cClR itwillbe(a x b) x c= a x (b x c) = a x b x c
For example: (ztfi
"a"[i)"t[t =se "fi =se',[l ,
z^,[ t
"
(a^,{1
) = z^r[ t x z8 - s6.,[1
"^,{i
t.e. (2fi a^'[i ) = z';[t (afi
" "fi " "fi )

The multiplicalive neutral

For every aelRitwillbe a x 1= 1 x a= a i.e. One is the multiplicative neutral inlR
t1/t= t1/t
ror example:3{5x 1= 1 ,
=I multiplicative inverse of any non-zero real number
The l---
11
For every real number a *0 , there is areal number
f where a x -: = 1

which is the multiplicative neutal.

For examPle: N^ri--.h^r .
Notice
. The multiplicarive inr"r'" ot 1i-l i. I . Both the number and its
1l
uecar"e{:, ]=1 multiplicative inverse have the
v3 same sign.
. The multiplicative inverse of _^E .5 . There is no multiplicative inverse
5 ,I;
for zero because !zeto is meaninsless
. The multiplicaLive inverse of I is ilselt
(i.e. UndefiDed)
and also the multiplicative inverse of - I is itself.

I Remark
Since each non-zero real number has a multiplicative inverse r then the division operation by
any real number does not equal zero is possible in R and it is defined as follows :

For every a CR and b GR- ir will uea= b=a ^*

i.e. The division operation (a + b) means multiplying the number a by the multiplicative
inverse of the number b such that b + 0

And we can deduce that

Division operation in lR is not commutative and it is not associative.

Exqmple Find the result of: 45 * o E = ':

1 rz,,lz z",lz

-l (9"#).#=it'# =fi'tE=t
Solution

Exomp!q I Write each of the following such that the denominator is an integer :

9 ,3 3=
tq rG 3!5
Solution 1 Multiplying the two terms or 1rv' fl
1i:
,*"g"t|= 9
"t,
sF=Jl/J
^.- Noticethat:f=t
!r I
 Lesson Five @0

2 3 3 *lr=-3{,
- ,{,
t, l, 2
. s _ s *1/s_sli={i
3x5
zli z'[i {t 3

Another solution : ...5

""'[i =s "rt-
. s _l[s"{s -_'[i
"'O '
Exqmp Choose the correct answer from those given :
G
_:
I The multiolicative inve$e of
'10 is ..........

@fi0 @,/5 @z'{i @-2"[i

The additive inverse o1L i" ....... .

.t=
@tr' @r
"E
r1, )
o-V, @-t
l-he multiplicnt ir e inverse ol a equals

@+'[z @y[i -
@'t, 6)a
-:E
solution
(c) The reasotr : The multipljcative inu"rr. offt0
ro{J ..-
. to= -!rox -i-{J = -----!
is '!
t/s tis "ls 5 =2! 5
'

(c) Ihe reason : The a46i1ive illvsrgs q11

fr
.^ 1 t.l,\___:__t, t'[1 ,G
'!t ,lt "!t 1

J
(lr) The reason : The mulriplicaLive inverse o[ l2
4

. 4 c ,[, 4,,[, 2,1,

Y[i t'{i "E 6 3

te
z1

O Find each ofthe fonowing :

or/l^ ! {s
t/s
E!,'tr'.'!
.-l 20 1tr

Ql Make the denominator an integer :

arl3
'^t; e2_ 2 ''16

on addition ond subtraction

For any three real numbers a , b and c it will be :
.a(btc)=abtac .(b!c)a=baica

Find each of the following I

r z^[i(s^[z-t) (r.la)(,,e.r)
t (t"[i-s)(t"[i*s) (ttr')'
solution t , \tr
-f\ili
(s o)= z,{, s fi*:fi . , ,,
=tox3-8x{5=:o-s{5
/4ar\ \

3 By multiplying by inspection :

tfi - s) (t ^:[i. Notice thot :

(t s) = (, "E )' - ot' (a+b)(a-b)=a2
=f"(t[i)'-s"
=49x2 25=98-25='73

l+o
 Lesson Five @0
Multiplying by inspection

.. (sffi z)'= (siff )2,2 x stS xz + 1-z;2

=s'?,({i)'?zolE++
Notice thot :
=2sx3 201Il+4 . (a + b)2 = i +2 ab +b2

=1s-nS+a=T 2015 .(a,b)2=a2-2ab+b'z

*rrl rfx=51E 2 , y=s''[312

, find the yalue of the expression : x2 + 2 X y + y2

Solution From multiplying by inspectior I we flnd that :

--_] (.x+yf=fa2Yt*tz
.. f +2 xy + y2 = (s tP -z + s'[z * z)2

I = (ro{i)'= 1ro;' , (1/T)'?- roo' : = :oo

Exomplq I Giye an estimation for the result of :

(t-{a)(, '1/,
) , th"n
""t
"t
your answer using the calculator.

Solution First : The estimation of {io i, : (be"ulrs" tp = :)

. . The estimation of (s +1fro
) i, s + : = a
3{7
, the estimation of i" z (r."uu."'18= z)

. . The estimation of (: '18

) i, : z=r

.. rhe estimation of (s *{to ) (: -'tE) i, s " r=s

Second r By using the calculator , we find that the result approximated to
the nearest thousandths is 8.873

i.e. The estimation is accepted.

ll Find the resutt of effh of the following ifi the simplest form :
@s^@(z^[i z) E(z{r-:)(216.:)
fltf x=zla - l and y = 2113 * 1

. lind (he \dtue olrhe e\pression : x2 -2 X1+ 12

\ l/ \J /Lr (a, - !L! ol=;r.,r JoL-OJI

 'o
Operations o
-
on the square

If a and b are two non negatiye real numbers , then :

G,.16-{"b
For example: .',{i *tfn=lii =e .{s0=1[s r=\Dt ,,8=s"[i

tE= ,l f rwhere b + 0t

For example:. E ="/* ti+ z . [ro-{G-s

-Gq-
\ = =
",12 ' 1i4o 7

- tf=f.f=$,-n*"0*0,
This operation is carried out to make the denominator an integer.

.tr_ \tr r,tr \[ \,G

,r-
vr "r- 1/:-
v) -r- _5 \i2- \tr \,[ \[ 2
 Lesson Six @[
I Remarks
O{**8+u*a , t[* -t + a.t
For example:
.1G'***6+8b""uo."1G'*f ={too = ro

.
1Es - 9 * 5 - 3 becaur"lEs - o =1rio= +

oaytr=fi-
For example:
t-- l-----------
.r'\z-\
/a- lt )- -tlr't
2
-n
.r,rr I =s. 3 -n -l-.
.
{+=5,/ " +=rl';
Exomp Write each of the following in the foran a l/b where a and b are two
integers , b is tle least possible value :

t ^[i z s1[54

s:{fF 4L
fM
'lt
Solution 1
\'i =\5"3
=6 "lz =zttl
z s{s4=5,[s"6=s,16'1G
=sx3x1,G=r5{a
.r:.[=:
r .E .F
fi: =,.Fi/: Vt =,,8
'',/ =,t"

Another solution :

,E=F"i=,hn=iG
. {i'=.[+ =Vr: =Va. r -G' rtr-:r/l
€l
=I
Exom Plq E Simplify to the simplest form :

11/15 21/20+21s z z{n+t[i-n

. ,.b, . /-L q
"-'-'-v3 r,tr

Solution 1 rE :/:o*:V, t/n.s-:\E sr:Vs

=^,{ e
"^,[i z "^fi ,\G * ztti
=r\E 2 :F-:6
.rfi-r /s :1i.=1ir
i'j
.2 )V sr Vso- 42
il =21.r,2+1/
,r..r-+2. i'
\2
=z.r[.{:*{:s.{:-a:.,rV2
V'
V2

- t. " zli + s"'{ z - zrt[i = tolti

.r:v: -!r
, /t b -
=rrEJ ,^fr^{t
" o
\,tr V: tr tr^Vr{:
=r^lr rt.' +
=6',[i ztE-zlz
"li
Exqmple I Find the result of each of the following :

r z^'[z(t[6.s) z (2,'[i-s)(2,'[itr) . (l[.G)'

I

solution r zr/r(fi.s) -:1['t/o+u 1/:. s

= zlrrr + ro{:

= zt[s "i + ro^,[i

= e ^r[i + to'r[1

lqq
 Lesson Six @0
z (2fi s) (tf; .s) = (:tr)', isf fr !:-:-!"r:!lt
=z'"('E)' of (a b)(a+b)=a2 b2

=9 x2 25

=18 25=-7
I 1r/:+Vo)'=(1[)'*z^t[,6*(r/o)' _
0 Remember thdt
= t zl, .o z
'(a+b)2-*+2ab+bz
=i+z1i+,:=s++6 .(a b)2 = a2 2ah+b2

*rr1 il;-15
Iia=t-, '-
Vz
.lind (he\alueold'r 2F
Solution To facilitate the solution r we will make the denominator an integer by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by {7

._6-1tr. r[=6,q E^"[, =!y,

\tr \D te^^l;
_l+ t z. z{,r-z_:,F. r,_,6_,
22z',
* =('O t)' =(l z)' -z "tSx 1 r 1 = 3 z''[ z + t = + -z^'[ z

:. u2 + z^[ z = t - 21fi + z''[1 = a

Anothqr method to simplify o :

\k-\tr G {t_ /o '-"-'

,_,i,
" 1D ,

'E-lz
,,t
2

3l Simplify to the simplest form :

@{i-z^[i,],
A Write each of the fo owing such thatthe denominfrtor is an itteger:

.IIE mr+F
2\15 - r{,
 ,"*on 7
4r tD

e,..)
coniugate

t'

If a and b are two positive rational numbers

Then each of the two nu.u"r. (16+16) -a (f 16) i. "or.;rgate to the other one and
we find that :

. Their sum = (1f-16) .(G 1Io) = 26 = r*,." ,he rirst term.

.rheirproduct= (C.1,,;) (C-{t)=(G)' - ({o)'=" o

the square, the square

.
of .=: of
t"t term 2'd term

ror example: ({T 1E) it i. (1E +1E) , then we find that

"on;ugut"
. Their sum = 2{3
.Theirproduct=3-2=1

I Remarh
The product of the two conjugate 11umbeis is always a rational number.

46
 la,,on S"u"n @
! Remarn
It' we have a rcal number whose denominator is written in the lorm
(G.18 ) * ( G-{b ), we should put it in the simplest fom by multiplying both the
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

Exqmp Cboose the correct answer from lhose given :

I The number:--L in rhe simptest form is .......

V7 13
@{, V: @\F-6
@qli -ql, @+1i7 ++{i
2 Theconiugateof ......
-1 V2-is
13
@^[Z-^'l; @rtr z @"{1.1i @1/5*z
J The multiplicatire inverse of | 1tri'....... .

@t[i-r @l-^,ry @ t {, @t*ttr

I rrf =lrro -: x = , then

@fo*: @fo-s @: {io @ : {,0

Solution t (b) The reason : Muldplying the two terms of the number by the

conjugare o[ Ihe denominaror wnicrr is ( 1F t 1[ )

. 4 - a ^ 1/z-V:
\F-tE f ,/l 1,E,fi
, +(rF-{:)
-a(rF.l6)
0E), (f,), '7-3

= li *1,
(a) The reason : Multiplying the two terms ol the number by the
conJu8ate ol the denominalor which i. ( fi - \D)
r V:.rD
^F-lq ^F-^,q $-lS
=f''{'
-3 2
,n',n
IJ-YZ
.. The conjugate ot
-'
VJ -,'tE-,,D
V2
-*)
=I -l {o The reason : The multiplicarive inverse ol I \,[is
.
| _l{2
by multiplying the two tems of the number by the
conjugate of the denoninator which is (1 +{r)
. I I " r+1F_trtr[
r-!z r-r,r' r*16= r-z
r *{i ,rf,
I

4 (a) The reason : ..'x1

=fin : x=:
vlu 3

*'"1 llx-'-
2 -"{i
0,,J1='f
;+21/:
.wrilcedLhot).and).Lrchlhar

its denominator is a ratioDal number , then fincl X+y

Solution 4 7 l/'- 1(' vr')

- '(z lz\
' /' 2 \D= I 2

=z(z*t[i)=+*ztp.
... r :\D, :-zr,E
'-:r:\[ :21tr
_(r-rlr)' s o^[i*e
= tl D\[r.
9-8 1

:. x+y=4a2fiav n\E=zt rcE

Write each oflhe following such that the denominator is a rutional

r/T
t
G-\5 3+212
 lar, o n Sauan @
I lmportant remarhs from direct product (multiplUing bU inspection)
. We knoq lhal: ( Y )r{).+ ))=,\ v-
. And we lmo\y also :

(x+y12=fa2Yr*rz (X y)2.=X' 2Iy+y'

Then : Then :

.f+xy+y2=(X+y)2-Xy ,* xy+y2=(x-y12+xy
. * +y2 =qx+yy2 zxy , * +y2 =(x y)2 +2xy

Exomple I llX= -r=2-anA1=r[-fi. prorettrurXandJ are (onjugate

l vs-13
numbers , then lind the value of each of :

I *+2xy+y2 2 *+xy+y2
Solution .. , 1/s +1/ l
!s ri_r 1/s + 1/:
5-3

=,([':D=1r.6

l ,. y=1/,-{t
. . X and y are conjugate ]1umbers.

t * + z xy + y2 =([i*{i)' * z (1tr*i/:) (F
=(s + z^[G +z) +z(5 -

=8+z{ls+4+8 zt[G =zo

3) + (s
15). (ltr
- 2{15 + 3)
t/if

Another solution using the prcvious remorks :

SirceIc+2Xy+y2=(x+y)z
... x2 +2 xy + y2 =l({t.{a) - (16-15)]'

=(z^'[s)'=t"s=zo

\ I / \a /Lt \a; - rA -141.,) Jol-@JI

=I
2 f + xy + y2 = (g.dr)'. (ttr 16) . (1tr-l6)'
(1tr.16)

=(s*:*z1rr5) +12;t(s +:-z rfis)= rs

Another solution using the previous remorks :

i + xy + y2 =(x+ y)'-xy= (tE*fi*fi 1tr)' (t[-F) (1,tr l,tr)

=(z^fi)' -z=zo-z-n

x= :-andy=2\tr
2V2-Vs
\,tr , find the value olthe expression :

,y,

5o
 Lesson

on the cube

If a and b are two real numbers , then :

i,6"'1f,='1/*
For example:

. ',ta =1.[z* =l@i =z

"tt
. \q ":,[-q =:^[r"-^='{-s = -z
. 'lffi='ris r , ='{s lE =r"E
'
3"[4
. =1f-ri n =]{tt,.[i = z,[,

$= \/11where u+0.1

For example:

iirr frr ,- 'lE -r -

.==3\/;=V8=2 'E='v-t -3
3-
-f8
. )^l ) 1/t .,1 zt - ''l zt 3
=-=
Y 125
1125 =5 1 ea- \J6a 4
I
Z

*rfl Find the result of each of the following in its simplest form

,,^8"..8
:

.,F ,t,
'!a=1x
I

Solution
"8"'E='8"+ -32
--]
'\/4=175 r
..ti .tl '!.ts4=2s ! 6
l 12s
3-
1i l2s s

18

I Remarks
If a and b are two real numbers , then :

O'{",......._F + u+a , '{f -b, *a b

o't;= F
O"'1F ='1Fb

. r,fr = o ,. r,fr =
^.5-i = ^^1;
(Where b + 0)

ro,
","mpre:,n[=
.81=,[+ = +@

Exomple B Put each of the following in its simplest form :

,',[*.^{a 1^[i
ta
Ys++oVrr,-6r{f

'^[i *{rz - zt[z - z,[i

 Lesson Eishr @0

Solution t 'yro.r7: ffi-1G : fi r/rr ,.

=:^8,'^A.'O-W"'"'1,
= z'f *'1,E -:'f = ,",o

2 r-r-Ft-r-I'
vs4+6v'6-6'r/,i-vrr.2+ov8.z :' z!i-
='i/2, ..'{: . a .. rtr,'r[- :,,[e,]
=txV+e "2"3^[i z "3li
= z'^'[i + o1"[i - t',[i = tz'"{i
Another solution :

l-
.. ir- /, to- /to-Vo- 1,,f;
Va-V4 ro-V64 io,-+ v'"
=+'^[r*= + "r,,tr= +^[,
r- i- l; 1-
...'{a-u'ilro-u,J} =:!z *0. :',/z o l'r/z
= z'^[i * ni,fi, z'^[i = n1"[i
one more solution :

t, .- 2V'-o ,D
..Vsr+b1ro o ,i -.tVz+
ri :
= z'^,[z * o','{i - z'18 = o1^,[i

'1ti-{" ztS - zfi ='1riV *{ q " 3 - z'l z - zt5

=W""18*tp"1tr zl^[1 zil
=21fi *z^,[i -z'tfi -rttr =tF

53 I
=I
*'"1 Fird in rhe simptesr torm
lt\
: z"'la ( s 'r/ j 1,zJ

,i '\ r-
Solution , V- (' r/i ^[n)=r. ' { o. j z . ,[+ . :z

I
= rcl'^fi z, ffi= ro 1tr 2 ,, iG1 L
I
= to,'{i z, t'^Q = rclE z'15 = z'15

Eromple rx=3'[i+zatd,y=tt/s-2,trdtlreratueof (x + y)3 - (x- y)3

{
Solution ... x+y =3^,[i +z+\$ -2=2itti
--]
, x y =31[i + z ('li -r) =1^{i *, -1^{i *, - +

... (x+y)3 .x rr, = (2,6),_r+r, _ rr:[:^r=

r^ =r
^f
Simplw each ofthe following to the simplest fonn :

@s"[i-:^[t6.1Ja
A't-.,8,'^t-

lsa
 Lesson

Applications
on the rea!
numbers

I@
It is a solid whose six faces are congruent squares.
!
i.e. All its edges are equal in leDgth.

Assuming that the edge length of the cube = I iength unit , then :
I

I @ rh. "r." of."ch face = 12 square unit.

2 lts lateral
^r", = 4 !' square unit.

3 lts total area (the area of its 6 faces)= 6 1' .qr"r" ,nit.

;@," uolrm" = 13 crb" ,nit.

Exomple Choose the correct answer from those giyen :

I Acubeof volurne 64 crnl rthelthesumof its edge lengths is .. ..

@ to c,". @ lz cm. @ +s "-. @) e+ cm.

2 Acube ofvolume 125 cml , then its total area = ........

@ zoo
"-? @ tso c-? @ tzs cm? @ z: ".?
3 Acubeofvolume216cm1 , then its later al area - .......

@:o cm? 0)'t2 . ? @ t++ cm? @ ztr cm?

=I 4 The lateral alea ol a, L be i. a cml , rhea it j \oltme -...
@t".i @ z ",r1 @a ".1 @ to "-l
The total area of a cube is 294 cm? , then its lateral area =

I
@ 28
","? @+0.-? @ rso "-? @:+:".?
solution (c) The reason '. The volume ofthe cube = 13 where 1is irs eclge length

..1'.b4 ../.Voa=4crn.
,. Tl'te sum of the edge lengths = 12 I = 12 x 4 = 48 cm.

2 (b) 'fhe reason '. Tl'ie volurne of the cube = ll rvhere I is its edge length

... l' r's .. I fiE=s c,n.

.. The total area ofthe cube = 6 12 = 6 x 52 = 150 cm?

-3 (c) The reason '. The volume ofthe cube = 13 where I is its edge length

..I =2to ... 1='r/:ro=0.,,.

.. The lateral area of thecube=4!2=4x62=l44cm?
I (a) The reason '. The lateial area of the cube = 4 12 where I is its edge length

:.412=+ ... /:1=1

1-1,[=t"tll. ...
.. The volume of the cube = ll= lr= l cml

5 (c) The reason '. The total a.rea of thc cube = 6 12 rvhere 1 is its edge length

...6!2=294 ... 12-294

6
-$
.'. I he larercl atea = 4 lz ' 4 49 = 196 crn.

WfrI Complete the following tdble :

l Edge length
the cube
of
Area of one face Lateral area Total area Yolume

tr 3 cm.

l2) 49 cml

lal 144 cn'z.

E] 150 cmi

Ill 6a cm1
t

56
 Lesson Nine @0

The cuboid

It is a solid that contains 6 faces each of them is

'
a rectangle and each two opposite laces are congruent.
Assuming that the lengths ofthe edges ofthe cuboid are
X , y and z length unit , then : x

. ,1] lts lateral area=the perimeter ofthe base x heigt't=2 (x + y) xz square unit.
' [1] tts totalarea (the area of its six faces)- the lateral area + twice the area ofthe base

=2(x+y)xz+2xy
=2 (xy +y z+z n square unit.
, [.1] tts volume = the area ofthe base x the height

=xxy xz cubeunit.

I Remarks
. The cuboid may contain two opposite faces , each of them is a square.

. The cube is a special case of the cuboid.

i.e. The cube is a cuboid with edges having the same length.

The height of a cuboid is 4 cm. and its base is a square of side

length 5 cm. Find :

I Its volume. 2 Its lateral area. 3 Its total area.

Solution I The volume of the cuboid = the area of the base x the height

=5x5x4=100cml
2 The lateral area of the cuboid = the perimeter of the base x the height

=4x5x4=80cm?
3 The total area of the cuboid

= the lateral area + twice the area ofthe base = 80 + 2 x 25 = 130 cm?

W2 The dimensions of a cuboid are 3 cm. r 4 cm. and 5 cm. Calculate its volume and its
I tnt,t ,o,
L

/Ltl,; Jl.l rqrLf,) J6lt @Jl

^t/\L
z1
The circle

l) lf M is a circle with radius length r , then :

l!].rhe circumference ofthe circle = 2 fi r length unit,

T.t-,
2 The area ofthe circle Jf r'square unit.

Exomp!e I Theareaof a circle is 25 r1cmi Calculate its circumference in terms ofr[

I

Solution '. The area of the circle = Xtr r2 .'. atrz=254t

..,2-2s ....={E=s"..
.. The circumference of the circle = 2 Jtr r
=2x5xJI=10JIcm
Exomp_ In the opposite figure :

A circle M is drawn inside a square (touching its sides).

If the area of the square = 196 cm? r find : F

1 The area of the shaded pafi.

2 The perimeter ofthe shaded part.

Solution '. Tlre area ol the squ ue - 196 cm?

.'. The side length ofthe square ={ 196 = 14 cm.

, . the side length of the scluare = 2 r
..14=2r ..r=7cm.
I The area of the shaded part

= (the area of the square - the area of the citcie) + 4

=l q6 ,;. j,j)+a
/ rl
-az+.1 = to s c,n2
7 The peimeter of the shaded part

= BE + BL + 1 circumference of thecircle=7+7 *(!:zrl,z)

=14+11=25cm.

The cilcumference of a circle is 88 cm. Find it, *"u. (n = f )

 Lesson Nine @0

The right circular cylinder

. It is a solid having two parallel congruent bases r each of them is
a circular-shaped surface wlile its lateral sudace is a curved surface
which is called cylindrical surface.
. The line segment MM drawn between the two centres of the two bases is per?endicular to
each plane of the two bases and lt is called the height ofthe cylinder,
. If we draw IE on the cylindrical sudace slrch that A €the circle M , B €the circle M ,
Ag // MM and if we cut the lateral surface of the cvlinder cr A-B and tlattened it out, then
we will obtair the following ligurc :

I
ilil1 h

t
I

-2It -
This figurc consists of the suface of the rectangle ABB'A and it is the same cylinddcal
surface ofthe cylillder in addition to the two surfaces of two circles which represent the two
bases ofthe cylinder , then we fi0d :

AB = the height of the cylinder.

AA = the circumference of the base of the cylinder.
. . The lateral area of the cylinder = the area of the rectangle ABDA = A.d x AB
= the circumlerence of tle base ol the cylinder x its height
and if we assume that the length of the radius of the base = r and its height = h , then :

I [1].rhe late.al area ofthecylinder-2 Jtr r h square unit.

I [2]rhe total area ofthe cylinder = the lateral area ofthe cylinder

+twicethe area ofthe base=2 n r h +2 Jx r2square unit.

I @rhe volume ofthe cylinder=the area of the base x height = Ji 12 h cube unit.
=I
Exompllq [t A right circular cylinder is of height 10 cm. and its yolume is 1540 cm?
Find its total area (n =
f )
solution '. The volume ofthe cylinder = ltr r2 h

... 154g=!x12x10 ... 1540

.. t2 = )s4o x*i=49 ... y ={49 =7 e111.

.. The total alea olthe cylinder = 2 JI rh + 2 Jtr 12

=2"?xtxlo+2x!x72
= 440 + 308 = 748 cm?

W4 A right circular cyliider is of volume 90 Jtr c# and its height is 10 cm.

Find the diameter length of its base.
1_
The sphere
. It is a solid with a curved suface whose all points are
eq distant from a llxed point inside the sphere.
. The equal dislances are callecl the radius length olthe sphere.
. The fixed point is called the cente ofthe sphere.
. If we cut the sphere by a plane passing tluough its centrc , then the rcsulted section is a circle
having the same ce]1tle ofthe sphere and its radius length is the same ofthe sphere.
Assuming tlnt the radius length ofthe sphere = r , then :

' areaofthe sphere=4fi

[!The 12 square unit.
I @.rhevolume ofthe sphere=$n rscube unit.

Exqmple The volume of a sph""" = rr fira the length of its diameter,

I $ "rrl
Solution '. The volume of the sptrere =
{ n 13 .. 5OO4r
1 ffi= r ffir"
..'r=iP^l=rzs ...,=ffi=s"-.
.. ll_c diameler le'rpln o rhc.pnere = 2 )= 10 cm.
 Lesson Nine @0

A right circular cylinder is of height 6 cm. an4 v6lums = the votume

;15
t
of a sphere whose radius length is 3 cm.
Find the radius length of the base of the cylinder.

Solution Let the radius length of the sphere be r, cm. and the radius length of the
base of the cylinder be 12 cm.

'. n ri = n
"." = f {
The volume olthe spt 1:13 = 36 x6
"-:
'. The volume of the cflincter = the volume ofthe sphere.
]
..x$n=ltz6x ..rlx6=24
,.2_,,t ,r=@ =2
"'7 - .'.
" .

.. The radius length ot' the base ofthe cylinder = 2 cm.

The area of a sphere is 36 ,[ cm? Find its volume in terms ofJtr

In the following , we will sumnar.ize the previous rules of areas and volumes ofsome solids l

The solid The lateral area The total area Th€ volume

The
cube f4'
t'
1t 6t l'

The
cuboid
2(X+y)r<z 2(Xy+yz+zX) xyz

The 2ttrrh+2ll12
Zltrth n/h
cyliIrder
E. =2fir(h+r)

The /a-\
sphere K-i;l 4ll 12
t n,'
 I

+ 7 +
'I
and inequalities of
the first degree in x ? I
-
one variable in IR

First ofthe first degree in one unknown in IR

* Each of the equations | . z^-c=c is called an equation of

the first degree in one variable
llsx-Fe (one unknown) which is X
because the exponent of
the variable X equals one,
f,x-ttr-o
,r, Solving the equation of the first degree in one variable means finding the real number
whjch satisfies this equation.

':. The following examples will show how to solve an equation of the first degree in one va able

Find in lR the S.S. of each of the following equations , then represent

the solution on the number line :

l3X+2=1 z {z x-t =z
3i x li=6ll 4 x-^,[i=t
 Lesson Ten @o

Solution I , 3 x+2-1, (adding - 2 to both sides)

..3X+2-2=1-2 ..3x=-1
(multiplying both sides by the multiplicative inverse of the
{
coefficient of X)
...rx j=-r.j ..x'-j .rhess={-+}
. We can represent the numUer -{ on the number line as lollows :

+_].-----#
-2 -r :1 0 l 2
3

r.,fio, r-'> .. 1/r^-z Tr

.'.ll x=z -. ) tr
]/3 {,
31/3
x= iz
... rhe s.s. = il3]
. We can represent the nu-b".
'.? {t
,i'h'lr'--\
{i
on the number line as follows : -l' o t 1z 3
'
t ..t x ^fi =e^fi .'.tx=afi+tfi
...1x=1^F .'. x=1fr
7

' '- rf,

... rrre s.s. = {r/;}

. We can represent the
'.4

numberfi on ihe number' L ,., "'.,.{7

* i-i'-r--r-ji-
line as follows :
z1
4 ...x-li=l ...x=t+1[i
... 11," 5 5. = {r *{s}
. We can represent
| '..3
the number (1 +{t on
2

r !' rtr ".rrt

)
the number line -
' ol,r/\r5
as follows :
rE* r

Fin(t inl,thes.s. of each ofthe forrowing equdtions , then represent

W the solution on the number line :

Qzx s=+ l4lix-t=q 3x 1[t=2

Seeond I Solving inequalities ofthe first degree in one unknown in IR.

. Each of the inequaliries :

2 x <5 is called an inequality

3x+2<l - > ofthe first degree in
one un known denoted
5+ x>2x. l>g+ x - byx

. Solving the inequality means finding all values of tlie unknown (I) which

satisiy this iDequality.

. The S.S. of the inequality in R will be written as an inteNal as will be shown later.

The methods of solving these inequalities in lR depend on the properties of

the inequality relatioll which will be summarized in the following :

, b and c be three real numbers and assuming that a< b , then :

. 6*
"
Yltgtllli . is positiye or negative (the adclirion properry)
"
,if
ac < bc c is positite (rhe propefiy ofmultiplying by a positive real number)
-
'
.if
ac > bc - ! is ncgatil e (the propefiy of multiplying by a negative rcal number)
i.e. When we multiply (or divide) the two sides of an inequality by a negative lumber , we
should change the symbol ofthe inequality.
 Lesson Ten @o

Exomple fl Find in lR the S.S. of each of the following inequalities ,

then represent the solution on the number line :
L 2X+6<2 2 5-4x< 3

solution | .' 2 x + 6 <2 (adding the additive iiverse of the number 6 (it is 6)
to both sides)

..2X+ 6-6 <2-6 ..zx<-4

(multiplying both si<1es by the multiplicative invene of tne number 2 (it isj))
..zx"l< t"! ." x<-2
,. The S.S. is all the real rumbers rvhich are less than 2

i.e.TheS.S.=] -, 2[ .#.+
-3-2-t0127
2 .' 5 -4 X=-3 (adding - 5 to both sides)

.'. -4X<-8 (dividing both sides by 4:) ..X>2

(Notice the charge in the symbol of thc inequality bccalrsc wc divided by
a negativc numbcr)
+a-
... rre s.s. = [z , -[
Exomp!9,[t Find in lR the S,S, of each of the following inequalities , then represent
the solution on the number line :

1 3<2X 1<5 2 3<3 5X<t3

solution | . - 3 <2 X- l =5 (adding 1 to all sides)
. . 2 < 2 X < 6 (di't).ding all sides by 2)

... I <X<3
l
...TheS.S.=l 1,31
2 .3<3 5X< 13 (subtracting 3 from all sides)
..0< 5X< 10 (dividing ail sides by 5)
:,0>x>-2
(Notice the change in the symbols of the inequality because we divided by
a Degative nunlber).

... The S.S. = l- 2 , 0[

\ ./ \ o /tY (a; - o LJ oq!C,) Jol-@JI

=t
Exomple I fina in R the S.S. of each of the following inequalities :

I x-2>lx-5 2X 1<3X 3<X+5

Solution
| . X -2>3 X- 5 (adding2to both sides)
.. X>3.1( 3 (adding 3 Xto both sides)

.'. 2 x> - 3 (multiplying both sid* by -+)

. . x sf ( Nc,tice Lhe ch rge in lhe syrrbol r)f thc incqullity)

.'.TheS.S.=] -,;]
2 . X- I <3 X-3 = X+ 5 (adding 3 to all sides)
.'. x+2 <3 x<x+8 (adding -xto all sides)

.. 2< 2l{< 8 (multiplying uy})

... 1<x<4 ... 11," g.g. = ]t , a]

Fifid inR<lhe S.S. ofeach of the following inequalities :

lll:x r,a i.z)z -z x> - e

p]-16<sx+a<9 il)zx+t>4x 3>2x 11
: Relation
z
f
TwoVariahles

Lesson one Relation between

two variables.

LessonTwo Slope of straight line.

Lesson Three Real life applications

on the slope.

Use
Unit Objectives, By the end ofthis unit. student should be able to, you.smortphoreor
. recognize the relation between two variables offkstdegree. tdbletL..n the
, representthe relation between two variables offirst degree graphically. wdi.hlnovideos /:l
gidftq sw't
;I
. recognize the slope ofthe straight line.
,$flfr
' find the slope ofthe straight line passing through two given points. !-/
. recognize the slope ofthe straight line parallelto x-axis and the slope
ofthe straight line parallel to y-axis.
. verifi/ using the slope ofthe straight line thatthe three points are

. find the uniform velocity ofa car by using the slope ofthe straight line.
. solve applications on the slope ofthe straight line.
 f"rron I \

Relation
\
h
\\ \\

+ ss
*

two variables

t L!-!
The concept ofthe relation between two variables
Islam has 50 pounds.Iflslam went to the amusement park r he ryould flnd two kinds of

--'--f^
faYourite games : . .]

I rhe second kind ]

costs $ pounds for costs lO pounds for
playing one game. playing one game.

What are the differenl possibilities for playing the two kinds such that he spends all his money

To find all the possibilities :

- Assume that he will piay X games of the first kind alld y games of the second kind.
- Then the cost ofplaying the first kind is 5 X pounds
and the cost of playing the second kind is lO y pounds.
In order to spend all his money, it should be : 5 X + l0 y = 50
- This is an algebraic relation between the two variables X and y
and it is called an equation ofthe nrst degree in two va ables. 5 : +l0y=50 -5
We can simplill b) diriding aJl term.
rhe previous relation : +2t =lO
by 5 to get an equivalent equation which is I X+ 2y = 10
ll can be written al.o in rhe lolm: 2y = lO X
2S =lO x t;2
. to-lc l _lO-x
-2
68
 Lesson ooe @0
For example:

.If lslam decided that he will not play the fiNt kind.
.r.e. X=0 rtheny==
ro o
=5
i.e. He can spend all hil money Uy playing S games ofthe second kind.

We express that by the ordered pair (0 r 5)

.If he decided to piay one game ofthe firct killd.

l.e. I=l,theny= l0 I =4j- r

but in this case , rr" ptoy a] games of the secoltd kind because the numbel of games
"unlnor
must be a natural number.

.Ifhe decided to play two games ofthe first kind

. tn_)
r.e. X=2 'then] = ".'=4
i.e. He can spend allhil mon"y by playing Z games of the first kind and 4 games

of the second kind . We express that by the ordered pair (2 ,4)

Thus we can know the different possibilities and put them in a table such as the following I

Number of gam€s of the 1"t kind (.iq 0 2 4 6 13 10

Numbq of gam€s of the 2nd kind (y) 5 3 2 I 0

I Remarks
. There is an infinite number of ordercd pairs which satisfy the previous relation but some

of them can't reprcsent the possible numbers of each games because the number of games
must be a natural number'.
As \ve mentioned before (l , 4 j ) satisfies the relation but it is not possible to represent

the number of games because 4 | ( x{l

- Similarly ( 2 ,6) satisfles the reiation but it is not to be used because 2(N
.To find all the possibilities ,we write the equation: x+ 2y = 10 puttlng y in one hal1d

srdeas:y=
t0 x
We can also put X in one hand side as i X = 10 - 2y
And the 1bllolring example shows that.
i
Z
f

Exom ,"1 What are the different possibilities for a person to pay L.E. 45 using
two kinds of bills (banknotes) of L.E. 5 and L.E. 10 ?

Solution Let the number of bills of L.E. 5 be X , then its value = 5 X pounds
and the number of bills of L.E. 10 be y , then its value = 10 y pounds.
.', 5 X + l0 y = 45 , dividing the two sides by 5
:. X+2y =9
Putting X in one hard side , then the equation will be in the form :

X=9 2y
The following table shows all possibilities to pay the sum of money :

v x (n,y) Number of bills of each kind

0 9 -2 x0=9 (9 ,0) 9 bills of 5 pounds

7 bills of 5 pounds and

I 9 2xI=1 (7,r)
I bill of 10 pounds

bills of 5 pounds and

2 9 2x2= 5 (s ,2)
5

2 bills of l0 pounds

of5 pounds and

3 9 2x3=3 (3 ,3) 3 bills
3 bills of 10 pounds

bill of5 pounds and

4 9 2x4=1 (l
'4)
1

4 bills of 10 pounds

Notice that:
If y = 5,then x=-l #tr{,then y = 5 is impossible.
Find tlie dillerent possibilities for a person to pay L.E. 65 of bills
(banknotes) oIL.E. 5 and L.E. 20

The linear relation

.The linear relation is a relation ofthe first degree between two variables Xand y ,
it is in the form
ax+by=c r where a , b and c are real numbers , a and b are not both equal to zero
. There is an inlinite number ofordered pairs which satis6/ this relation.
 Lesson one @0
. lf we represent it graphically , the graph will be a straight line therefore it is called
a linear relation , this will be shown later when we study the €raphic rePresentation

ofthe linear relation.

*r"l Find three ordered pairs satisfying each of the lbllowing relations
l3r(+y=5 2 3 x-2 Y =6
:

3 2 x=3 4 Y =-z

Solution We can find these ordercd pairs by setting a value for X and substituting in
the relation to get its coresponding value ofy or we do the converse :
I . SetX-0
.'. J 0-Y=5 1-5
.. (0 ,5) satisfies the relation.
. Set x= 1

..3x1+y=5 :,Y=5-3=2
.. (1 ,2) satisfies the relation.
. SetX= -2
..3 x (-2)+Y=5 .. Y=5 +6= 1l
.'. ( 2 , 11) satisfies the relation.
2 By substituting directly as we did in I we can get the ordered pairs but
we will present another method of solution by putting one of the two
variables in one hand side alone.

'.3x 2y=6 :. 2y =6 3lt (multiply by (- I))

3 X-6
:.2y =3 X 6 2
. Setx=0 3x0 6
2 2'
.. (0, 3) satisfies the relation.
3tl 6 lt -2
SetX= 1
2 2
. . (t , r
{) satisries the relation.
3 x2 6
Seti(=2 =0
.. (2 , 0) satisfies the relatioll.
i
z
l

This lelation will be satisfied for all ordered pairs (X r y) where X

= 1j
rvhatever the vatue of y suct as (r j ,0 , (t 1 ,r) ana(r],z)
4 v =-z
This relation will be satisfied for all ordered pairs (X , y) , where
y= 2 , whatever the value of i( such as (0 , 2))(l ,-2)anC,(2, 2)

Exomple Choose the correct answer from those given :

I Which ofthe following ordeled pairs satisfies the relation = 2 x y=1 ?

@ro,rl @rs,:t Or:,st @r z,st

2 If(2 ,-3) satisfies the relation : 2 X - y =c , then c =..........

@-r @)-t @r (07

3 If ( 2, 1) satisfies the relation 3X+by=l rthenb=
@z fr) s
@" G)7
4 If (k , 2 k) satisfies the relation 5 X-y =$, thenk = ....

@rs @-z @z @rs

5 If (k r - 2) satisfies the relation )-t+4v=/rlhenk=.....

@-: 6)t ri)1

v5 6r:
Solution (c) The reason : By substituring each ordered pair in the given

relation , we find that (3 , 5) satisfies the relation as

X=3,y = 5
follows : putting :

.'.2x y =2(3) 5=6-5=1

.. (3 ,5) sarisfies the relation.

(d) Thereason: . (2 , - 3) sarisfies rhe relation : 2 X - y = c

:.2(2)-(-3)=c
...1+3=c
.'. c ='7

t,
 Lesson one @0
(d) The reason : .' (- 2 , 1) sadsnes the relation :3)(+by=1
3( 2)+bx1=l ..-6+b=1
b=l+6
(c) The reason : ,' (k ,2 k) satisfies the relation : 5x-y=6
5k 2k=6 ..3k=6

(d) The reason : .' (k , 2) satisfies the relatio11 t5X+4y='7

5k+ 4 (- 2) ='7 ..5k 8=7

1 *u'u ai *" ,",",,"" , 3X+y=2

Find four ordered 0.,r,
W [3lf(]k.2krsarisfiesrherelarion:x-3y=9 r find the value of k
|
The graphic representation ofthe linear relation
. We mentioned that linear rclation between two valiables X and y is usually
w tten in the form : a X + b y = c, where a, b and c are teal numbers r a and b
are not both equal to zero.
This linear relation is reprcsented graphically by a straight line (that is why it is called linear).

. To graph a linear rclation , you need to graph at least two oldered pails satisfying this relation.
You can add a thjrd ordered pair to check that the thrce points lje on the same shaight line
which is the graphic representation of the relation.

Exomplq Represent the relation:2X y = 3 graphically

I
Solution To reprcsent this relation graphically r we should determine three ordered
pairs satisfying the relalior : 2 X - y= 3, as follows :

. SetX=0 ..2x0 y=3 'i-Y=3

.SetX=1 ..2x1-y=3 ,i-y=1
. SetX=2
It is preferable to put the values of X and y in a table as the following :

x 0 I 2

v 3 1 1

\- t/\o /t-t t(? oe-l*}rr) r€lr-oJl

L
z
=

Then we determine the points which represent

these ordered pairs : (0 ,- 3) , (1 , - 1) and

(2 , 1) on olthogonal cooldilates system

, then we draw the straight line passing
rl,rougl, rhese poinl< - ir u ill be the graphic
rcpresentation of the relation : 2 X- y=3

I Remarh
A11 the points ofthe straight line which represents the relation determine ordered pairs
which satisfy the relation.

For example:
The point A detemines the ordered pai. (- 1 , - 5) which satisfies the relation when we
put X= - 1 we find that 2 x (- 1) -y =3 i.e. y = - 5 and also the point B ( 2, 7)

y -2 X= - l graphically.

Specialcases
We studied before the relation : a + b y = c, where a, b are not both equal to zero and
x
it is called a linear relation and it is represented graphically by a straight line and now
we study the following cases :

,. Examples
Ifa=0,b*0
For example :
Then the relation becomes Therelation:2y=4
the fo1m : i.e. y = 2 is represented by
a straight lire parallel to
bY=c
x-axis and intersects y-axis
and it is represented graphically by
at the point (0 , 2)
a straight iine parailel to X-axis and
Notice thot :
9
\ , b,)
inte$ects v-]xis ar the Doint 1O Therelation:y=0 is Ieplesented by X-axis
 Lesson one @0
Ifb=0:a*0
Then the relation becomes in For example :

the fo1m : Thereiation:X=-3is

aX=c represented by a straight

and it is represented gmphically by line pamllel to y axis

and intersects X-axis at
a straight line parallel to y-axis and
the point ( 3,0)
intersects x-axis at the onint l'! , ol
Notice thot :
The relati(nl : X= 0 is rcpresented by y axis

Ifc=0
Then the relation becomes I For example :

aX+by=0 r Therelation:2X+y =0
1s represented graphically
and it is represented by by a staight line passing i jo
a straight line passing thrcugh i=l
through the origin point as
t.
the origin point (0 ,0) shown ir the opposite graph : lr.
x l I 2 .
i
v 2 2 4

Exsmple ft Graph the straight line which represents the relation : 2 X + 5 y = 10

and if this straight line intersects X-axis at the point A and y-axis at
the point B I find the area of A OAB where O is the origin point.

so{ution :2x+5y=10 ...2x=10-5y

10-5 y

10 s (0)
'Sety=g
.. (5 ,0) satjsfies the rclation.
t0-512) -
'Sety=2 ''^= , ='
.. (0 ,2) satisfies the rclation.
.Sety=4 ... 1=lo s(4) -5
.. ( 5 ,4) satisfies the relation
=
Z
-

x 5 0 5

v 0 2

'. Tl'le shaight line intersecls

X-axis at the point (5 ,0)
.. OA = 5 length units.
, . the stmight line intersects y-axis at the point (0 ,2)
.. OB = 2length units.
.. T\ea-eao'AoAB= jO,t.Os j S :=s.qucreuni.S.

I Remark
In the previous example , we can get the points of intersection of the straight line
rcprcsenting the relation 2 X + 5 y = 10 and the coordinate axes without using the graph
as the following :

.Sety=0 ..2X+5x0=10
..2X=10
. . The point of intersection with X-a,ris is (5 : 0)
.Seti(=0 ..2(0)+5y=10
'''5Y=10 :.y =2
. . The poiit of inlersection witli y-aris is (0 , 2)

76
 ,"rron2

Slope of
straight line

If a point moyes on a straight line L from

the location A (X1 , yr) to the location

B (X2 , y2) , then :

The change in the X cooldinates = l(z - X r

It is called (the hodzontal change).

The change in the y-coordinates = y2 - yl

It is called (the ve ical change).
The latio ofthe change in the y coordinates to

the change in the X-coordinates is cailed the

slope of the straight line (S).

-Definition
the change in y coordinates the vetical change
The slope of the stmight line =
the change in X-coordinates the horizontal change

i.e..S= Yu-It ,wherex. *x^

Xt-xt
. S is undefined ifx = x2
1
i
zf

Exomple ll In the opposite frgure i

Find the slope of the straight line L l- I T l-
Solution We detemine two points on the straight EFH:
line such asA= (1'2) andB = (3, 3)
lz lt
xz-xt
c- l ?--L
''. "- -
3- | 2

I Remark
In the previous example , lotice that if we used another two points of the shaight line to
fird its slope as the points C ( 3,0)andD(-1 ,1)wefindthat:
I
1'1l = I -O{ -J) = {z
S Xt-Xt lrhe.ame reculrl

i.e. The slope ofthe straight line is constant for any two selected points ol1 it.

E4!qpleg Find the slope of the straight line passing through each pair of points
in the following :
t (2,4) , (4 ,5) (1 ,3),(4,2)
I

( 2, 3),(-4,t) (3,1),(-1,0)
I

Solution YzYr 5-4

" x. 1

x, 4-2 2

c-]: ]t 2-3--
"-xr
1

xr 4-l r

.- \: )t I I l) - 4
"-Yr - )
x, 4 r2r- 2-'
"'- ^ )r Y, o 1 -t4 4l
r:-xt l-l
'll ,,no rn" ,,o0" ofthe struight linepassing through each wir of points
in the following :

C e 'r),o ,q) l4 r.z ,-r,( q,zt

frl( :, r),(r,o) l+l 1-o,l;,1-+,21

78
 Lesson Two @'/[

! Remarks
. If a point moves on a straight line ftom the location A (X 1 , yl) to the location
B (X z' y), wherc X z> X r, thet

lDIfyz>yr
---- ---;4Ftx''4t
i.e. y increases as X increases r then the slope of
the straight line is a posirive number.

i.e.S>0

Olf yz<yr
i.e. y decreases as ,( increases , then the slope

of the straight line is a negative number.

i,e.S<0

O If yz = yr
i.e. y is constallt as X changes r then the slope
(ar Yr)
'
of the straight line = zero
i,e.S=0
t.e. The slope of the sfaight line paralle] ro
X-axis = zero

@rf x2= x I
: then the slope of the straight line is undefined because B(xz, y2)

therc is no change in the X-axis.

r(xr, vr)
i.e. xr-x,=O
i.e. The slope of the straight line pamllel to I
y-axis is undefiled.
i
zf

Exomple In the opposite figure :

ABC is a triangle in which

sc//if,.q.o-Lec
Comllere lhe lollorving usirg orre ol the
words (positive , negative , zero , undefined)
in ihe spaces :

I The slope of AB is

2 The slope ofEd is

3 The slope of AC is 4 The slope of AD is ......

Solution 1 Negative 2 Zera

3 Positive 4 Undellned

Exomple I If the slope of the straight tine passing through the hvo points
(- 3 4) and (l r y) is 2 : find the value of y
I '
Yz Yr v-4 y-4
Solution 5=xz- X
^- 1-(-3) ...2=
t

I
y 4=2x4 y 4=8

I An important remark
In the previous we found that the slope ofthe straight line is constant and it does not
'
change whatever the two selected points oI1 the line , thereforc to prove that the t]tee
poiots A B and C are collinear , then we ind the slope ofIE and the slope ofEd
'
Il rhe 5lope or AB - the (lope ot BC . then A . B and C are collinear.

Exomp!q I Proye that the points A (2 ,3) r B (4 ,2) andC (8 ,0) are collinear.

Solution .. Yz Yt
s= Xz Xt
.. The slope of iE = 4r- = - + , the slope of Ed = o-2 _ 2
8-4 - 4 -
1
2

, . the slope of IE = the slope of Ed and the point B ls common.

.. The pointsA, B and C are collinear.

 / C_\)^
Lesson Two @7U

*rfl ff the points A, B and C are collhear where A (3,

anil C (1 r k) r ffnd the value of k
2), B (5, - l)

Solution ...g= xz-xt

Yz-Yt

_ _1_1 1
.. The slope of AB = s_;=;
, trre srow orEd=\l-D = 1r
r '. A r B and C are collinear , the slope of the straight line is constant for
any two points or it.

.'. The slope of IE = the slope of Ed

" -3
k+ I
2- 4
..2(k+1)=-3x(-4)
..2k+2=12
..2k= r0 .. k=5

ll ff the slope of the straight tine passing through the two points
(3, - l), (7, a) is find the value of
f , a

A Provethat: C( L2)EiE:whereA(1 r3)andB(3r4)

\ \ r/ \ o /Lr {Cr,, rLl -!rLJ) ,Elr-@Jl

 ,"rron 3
Reallife
I
/-1
applications on
the slope

We studied before that if there is a linear relation between two variables i( aDd v , then :

The slope ofthe straight line which represent. thi. ,"lrtion = ,.@PT1IITqI€
the change in x-coordinates

i.e. The stope ofthe straight line (S) expresses the rate of change of y with respect to X

In our life there are many applications which need to know the rate of change in dealing
'
with them.

lI If the opposite $aph represents the motion of

a cal then :

The unifom velocity of the car (v)

= the rate of charge of the distdce (d) with
respect to the time (t)

i e. The unifom velocity of the car (v)

= the slope of the sffaight line (S)

and by selecting two points on the shaight
line as A (2 , 80) and B (5 , 200)

d" d, 200 80 120

!.v- i'L) ,tl '- : -r-., -40km.hr.

82
 Lesson rhree @0
(The capitd in thousand,
B If the opposite graph rcpresents the change in the
capital of a company (y) withirl the rime (r) , then :

The rate ofchange in the capital ofthe company 200

= the slope of the shaight line IE rio

.. The rate of change ofthe capitalofthe company ,,u,

- Yz tt
Yt _200-50
4 0 io
\.
150
=4 = 37.5 thousand pounds / year. I 2 I l lTineiil,edd

i.e. The capital of the company increases in the rate = 37.5 1000 = 37500 pounds/year.

@ A person filled the tank of his car whose

capacity is 40 litres with fuel. After he

covered a distance 100 km. , he found that
the remained fuel in the tank = 30 lihes.

The opposite figure shows the relation

betweei the covered distance in km. (d)

and the amount of the remained fuel in

the tank ill litres (y) , then : 0 50 100 150 200 150 :r00

The rlte olcon-umprion oJ luel = the slope ofiE

' )r J0-r0 .0 t lrtre
-. =:': =
l.e. The rate of consumDtion of fuel
d-l = = . -m.
rOO O r00 Id
(The negative sign denotes the amount of fuel decreases in the mte of one litre for each 10 km.)

Exqmple Waleed rode his bicycle from

Cairo to Benha , then he
returned back to Cairo.
The opposite graph represents
the bicycle motion during going 30

and returning back : 20

1 Find his velocity in going trip. l0

2 Find his velocity in retuming back t p.

3 l-ind the average \elociry during allrrips.

4 What do you say about the horizoDtal line segment in the graph ?
i
Z
=
Solution 1 Taking the two points A (0 J 0) and B (4 , 50)
5n-n
.. r (d.rringgoing rip,-;_; = 12.5kr.hr.
Taking the two points C (5 , 50) and D (10 ,0)
0 !9 -
.. \ ,.lurinp retr'ninp b-t.kt.ior
' 10-5 -!9 - lgL-
5
1.,..

(The negatve sign means that Waleed moved in the opposite direction
ofhis first motion returning back to Cairo with velocity 10 km./hr.)
rhe lotxl d srxnce_ loo
-- = l0lm./hr.
Thc /\crdpe velocilv =
the rotal unrc l0
The horizontal line segment in the graph shows that Waleed stopped for
an hour after he covered a distallce equal to 50 hn. , then he retumed
back to the sta point.

Exomple I The follo\ying graph shows the change of the capital of a company
within 10 years :
I Find the slope of each of AB r BC and CD What is the moaning of
each ofthem ?

2 Calculate the capital of the company at the beginning.

Solution '. A (0 , 40) , B (3 , 100) , C (5

'
100) and D (10 , 80)

. The .looe
' ol AB '"-l0 " = Y'Y = 20
J
It exprcsses the increase in lhe capital of the company within the llmt
three years from the beginning in the rate of 20000 pounds/year.
.'tl,c stooe or - loo - g
Ei = lnn53 u
' /
It expresses that the capiial of the company is still constant without
increasing or decreasing within the fourth and the tifth years from
the begindng.
 Lesson Three @0

.TherloneolCD=
on
"" tnn
'"- ,n
'" -
' - l0 5 - 5
4
It e{presses the decrease in the capital ofthe company within the last
five yeais in the rate of 4000 pounds/year.
:1 ... A (0 ,40)
. . The capital of the company in the beginning = 46696 Ooundr.

A tank of water is filled with

watel completely.
A tap is opened below the tank
to empty it. The opposite graph
represents the relation between
the time (t) in minutes and the
amount of water remained in
the tank (v) in litres :

I What is the greatest capacity

of the tank ?

2 What is the time needed to

empty the tank ?

3 What is the amount remained in the tank after 20 minutes ?

4 What is the rate of emptying fte tank ?

Solution From the graph , we find that AB intersects the axis which rcpresents
the amount of remained water (v) at the point (0 , 750)
.'. The greatest capacity of the tank = 750 litres.
From the glaph , we flnd that AB intersects the axis which represents
the time (t) at the point (30 , 0)

.. The needed time for emptying the tat1k is 30 minutes.

'. The point (20 , 250) e AB
. . After 20 minutes , the remained amount of water in the taik is 250 litres.

Thc rate of emptying the tank = the slope of IE

vL
_vz _250 500_ 250
tz-\ 20 l0 10

.. The tank is emptied by the rate 25 lihes/minute.

85
:
z
l Statistics

Lesson One Collecting and organizing data.

Lesson Two The ascending and descending

cumulative frequency tables and
their graphical representation.

Lesson Three Mean.

Lesson Four Median.

Lesson Five Mode.

Unit Objectives , By the end of this unit, student shoLrld be able to ,

Use
. organize data in frequency tables with sets.
. form each ofthe ascending and descending cumulative frequency tables.
. graph each ofthe ascending and descendin.t cumulative frequency tables

' find the mean of a set ofdata organized in afrequency table with sets.
Effi
. find the medlan of afrequency distribution with sets.

. calculate the mode from afrequency table with sets.

 ,arron I
a-
aaafl
J
Collecting and
organrzrng
data

In the last year , you knew how to organize data and put them in a simple frequency table
, but whe[ summarizing large masses of data , it is useful to distribute them into sets and
'
determine the number of individuals belonging to each set.
The table consisting of sets and the corespo[ding firquencies is called "liequency table with sets"
The following example shows how to organize dara into a frequency table with sets.

Exomple In thelb owing table , these are the marks of ore

54 students in
of the dass€s in grade two preparatory in a school I which they
took in an exam itr matiematics where the full mark is 60

42 54 36 46 34 45 51 40 4a
4a 40 47 25 4A 45 36 56 44
38 47 30 37.5 40 @ 42 2a 50
47 55 ,7 45 30 42 5t 43 46
29 43 @ 3s 44s 32 24 39 54
4t 36 45 39 42 58 35 50 45
The required is forming the frequency table with sets.

---l
Solution , Detelmine the mnge
(it is the difference betweer the greatest mark and the smallcst nrilrk)

I
'. The smallest mark is i2O)and the greatest ma* is i59l
I
.'. 'I\e rarrge = 59 - 20 = 39
t
z
l

Divide these data into a suitable number of sets of marks , say 10

disjoint sets , the length of each of them is 4 , then you obtain the
following sets :

. The lirst set :

The students who obtain 20 marks till less than 24 marks ,
which is written as (20 -)
. The sccond set i

The studellts who obtail 24 marks till less than 28 marks ,

itisw tten as (24 -)
. l'he third set :
The students who obtain 28 marks tilt less than 32 marks r
it is written as (28 -) afld so on till you reach the tenth set.

. 'I'he tenth set :

The students who obtain 56 marks till less than 60
'
it is written as (56 -)
-l Form the tally table as follows :

Sets Tallies Frequency

20- I

3
2A- 4
32- 4
36- 7
40- to
44- t2
4A- 7
qo^ 4
56- 4
Total 54
(The tauy table)
 Lesson one @0
4 Onit d1e tallies column fiom the lab1e to get the final form of the fiequency
table with sets. It can be written vertically or ho zontally.
The following is the horizontal lbrm ofthe frequency table :

Sets 20- cz- 28- 32- 36- 40- 44- 48- 52- 56- Tota I

Freq uency I 3 4 4 7 t0 t2 7 3 54
From the preyious table , we deduce that :

. The set that has the greatest fiequency is 44

-
. The set t]1at has the least frequency is 20

fo owing is the weights of 50 peysons :

52 35 40 5',7 43 40 36 49 43 58
41 48 5t 30 59 36 45 4I 44 37
42 54 38 55 42 41 46 31 53 44
4',7 32 41 62 50 39 58 46 43 49
40 41 61 14 54 45 38 40 48 4t

Form the frequency tdble with sets.

\Y'/\J /LrlC' rtJ JL:L)j,6t -OJl

 ,"rron 2
and descending

frequency tables
and theirgraphical

Prelude
.In the previous lesson , you leamt how to form a frequency table with sets and how to
get some information fiom it as the following lable which rcpresents the distribution of
lveekly wages of 50 workers in one factory :

Sets ofwages s4- 58- 62- 66- 70- Totai

No. of workers (Frequency) 5 t2 22 7 4 50

From this table , you can tr.r-Iow the number of workers (the frequency) in each set.

For example:
The number of workers whose wages lie between 58 and less than 62 pounds

is 12 workers.

-The number of workem whose wages lie between 66 and less than 70 pounds

is 7 workers.
. But some other information cannot be obtained directly from this table such as :

The number of workers who obtain wages less than 62 pounds.

The number of workem who obtain wages equal to 58 pounds or more.

. In order to be able to know such information r you need to study how to form another
type of tabtes called cumr ative fiequency tables (asceuding and descending) and
this what will be shown in the following examples :

9o
 Lesson Two @0
Exomplq I
The following frequency table shows the weekly wages in pounds of 50 workers in one
factory :
Sets of wages 54- 58 - 62 70- Total
No, of workers (Frequency) 5 12 22 '7 4. 50

Form the ascending cumulative frequency table and represent it graphically

r then find :

I The number of workers wl'tose weekly wages are less than 60 pouncls.
2 The percertage of the number of wolters whose weekly wages are less than 60 poun<1s.

Solution
. Folm the ascending cumulative liequency table as follows :

The upper Sets ofwages 54^ 58- 62- 66- 70-

boundaries Freq uency Number ofworkers q cc
ofsets (rrequency) 7 4
Less than 54 22?O + Less than 54 = O -l
Less than 58 5* Lessthan53=5+O=5

Less than 62 t7 tessthan62=5+12=17

Less than 66 Lessthan 66=5 + 12 + 22= 39

Less than 70 46* Less than 70 = 5+ 12 +22+7 =46

Less than 74 50* Less than 74= 5 + 12 +22+7 + 4=SO
The ascendn8 cumulatirt frequency table.

Notice that:
The ascerding cumulative frequency begins with zero and ends at the total frequcncy.

To represent the ascending cumulative frequency table graphicaly , do as follows :

I Specialize the horizontal axis for sets and the vertical axis for the ascencling cumulative
frequency.
2 Choose a suitable scale to represent data on the vertical axis so that it contains the
ascending cLlmulative Itequency ea.rly.
tz
=
of onul ivc llqDen.y
3 Represent the ascending cumulative frequency
As.cndiD!
"'
each set , then draw the gaph (the cure) such that it
50
passes through the points which we located as shown
h the opposite 1lgurc. 10

. Fron the glaph , we find that : iu

I The number of wo1*ers whose weekly wages arc to

lessthai 60 pourds = l0 workers.
10
2 The percentage of the number of workers whose
weekly wages are less than 60 pounds = x 1007o 0
5.1 58 62 66 70
$ T he ,sc€ndiry cu
71
o ulrtive freqtre ncy cu.ve
- 204/o

Exomple I
The following lrequcncy table shows the lveekly wages of 50 workels in one factory :

66, '/0
Sets ofwages 54 58 - 62 Total
No. of lvolkers (Frequency) 5 T2 22 '7 1 50

Form the desce[ding cumulative frequency table and represent it graphically , then flnd
1 The number of workers whose weekly wages are 60 pounds or more.

2 The percentage ofthe number of workerc whose weekly wages are 60 pounds or morc.

Solution
. Form the descending cumulative frequeDcy table as follows

sets ofwages 54- 58- 62- 66- 70- lhe lower

boundaries Freq uency
N umber ofworkers
(Frequency/
5 t2 22 7 4 ofsets

54 and more= + 12+ 22+ 7 + 4= 50 54 and more 50

58 and more = 58 and more 45
-.12+22+?+4=45
-,5more- 22+7 + 4=33 62 55
62 and and more

66andmore= | 7+4=ll 66 and more It

7O and more - 4 70 and more 4

-
T4andmore= iO 74 and more zefo

l he dGcending cunulaiivc fr€quency table

 Lesson Two @0
Notice that :

The descending cumulative frequency begins with the total frequency and ellds with zerc.

.To represent this table graphically , follow

the same previous steps in the ascending 50

cumulative tiequency table to get the opposite

graph.

. From the graph , we find that :

20

I
10
The number of workers whose
weekly wages are 60 pounds or more = 40 workers. 5J 53 62 66 70 7.r

The dclcctrding cumulative fr€quency cu.vc

2 The percentage of those workels = ,.
S 1OOZ" = SOZ,

I Remark
You can graph the two cuNes of the ascending

and descending cumulative frequency of

a frequency distribution in one sketch

as shown in the opposite graph.

20

fhe following table shows the frequency distribution of md*s of 40

students in math exqm :

Sets 10 - 20 30 40- 50 Totat

!'rcquency 4 8 t2 t0 6 40

Graph each
il]The ascending curmrlative frequency culve.
pl The descencling cumulative frequency curvc.
 Gi_ !9tn9tn!9!th!7
To calculate the mean of a set of values , do as follows :

1 Find the sum of these values.

i 2 Divide this sum by the number of these values

The sum of values
i.e. The mean of a set ofvalues =
Number ol values

For example:
If the marks of 5 students are 25 ,21 ,24
'23 '22
- 25,)\t)lr))-)4
, lhen lhe mea[ ol marks = - 2J lnarks.
5

Finding the mean of data from the frequency table with sets

Ererpfg The following table shows the distribution of the marks of 50 students
in mathematics :
- Sets l0 20 30 40 50 Total
,.1
Frequency 8 12 14 50
Find the mean ofthese marks.

g4
 Lesson Three @0

Solution t Determine the centres of sets according to the rule :

the lower limit + the upper limit

The centre ofa set =
2
, then the centre ofthe firsr set = 19129 = 15
2
20 n 30
, the cetrre of the second set = = 25 ,,. and so on.
)
Since rhe lengrh. ol the sub.er. arJequal and eacn of lhern _ l0
Lherelbre ,,\e con"ider rhe uppe. limit ol lne last -et O0
50+50
!Inen lIS centLe = = 55
2
Form the yertical table :
-
Centre of Frequency
Set
theset<I> xxf
10 15 8 t20
20 25 12 300
30- 35 t4 490
40 45 ,10s
50- 55 7 385
Total 50 1700

The sum of (l( x l) _

3 The mean = 1700
= 34 marks.
The sum of/ 50

fhe following table shows the ddily wages in pounds of S0 worke$ in a factory :

Sets 5 15- 25- 35 45 Total

,7
Frequency t0 12 13 8 50

Find the mean of the wage of the woker in pounds.

 Median

:Gi-.rym:m4!!!!!
The median is the middle value in a set of values after a.nanging it ascendingly or
descendingly such that the number of values which are less than it is equal to the
number ofvalues which are greater than it.

. To find the median of a set of values , do as follows :

Arrange the yalues ascendingly or descendingly
ther

Il the values number is odd Ifthe values number is cven

Then : The sum of the two values lyillg

in the middle
The median is the value lying in the middle TI're median =
exactlY.
For example: For example:
. If the values are : . If the values are :

42,23,17 ,30,20 27 ,13,23,24,13,21

. We arrange them ascendingly as follows . wc arrange them ascendingly as follows
t7 ,2O|23 ,3O,42 tg ,13 , 21,23 ,24,2?
+

The median = 23 f he rr,edian = a!-:4:a = 22

 Lesson Four @0
Finding the median ofa frequency distribution with sets

To find the median of a frequency distribution lvith sets graphically , do the following
steps :

tt Form the ascending or the descending cumulative frequency table , theIr dnw the cumulative
liequency curve of it.
The total offrequency
@ Find rhe order of the median =
2
f,t Determine the point which represents the order of the median on the vertical axis, from
this point , draw a horizontal straight line to illtersect the cuNe at a point , then f.om
this point , draw a pelpendicular to the horizontal axis to intemect it at a poiit wltich
represents the median.

The follotving example shows how to find the median using the two curves (the ascending

or the descending cumulative frequency curve).

Exomple The following table shows the lrequency distribution of marks of

50 students in math exam :

Sets of marks 0- t0- 20 30 ,10 50 Total

Number of students 2 5 8 19 l1 2 50

Find lhe median mark of lhe students.

Solution * First : Using the ascending cumulative frequency curye i

The upper
Frequency
boufldaries of sets
Less than 0 0
Less than 10 2
Less than 20 7
Less than 30 15
Less than 40 34
r0
Less than 50 48
Less than 60 50
r0 20 l0 .10 50

The order of the medi = = ZS

^" !
From the graph , the median = 36 approximately

1Y r/\J /LY(a; ot .l or:LJ) ,r6u@Jl

z
=
=
* Second : Using the descending cumulative frequency curve :

Tbe lower I -
h rndaries ofseis l

o andmore ] 50
10 and more 48
20 and more 4l
30 and more I 35
40 and more I 16

50 atrd more Z

60 and more 0

.. The order of the me dian =T =25

.. From the graph , the median - 36 apploximately

I Remarh
You can find the median by more accurate method
, this by fuawing the two curves (the ascending and
descending cumulative frequency curr'es) together
in one graph to intersect at or1e point.
From ihis point , draw a vertical straight line tn
meet the horizontal axis at a point which reprcsents
the median as shown in the opposite
glaph to get the median = 36 approximately.

llsing the ascending or descending cumulative frequeney cuwe , find

the median of the following frequency distribution :

Sets 4- 8 12- 16 20- Total

tr-requency 2 4 8 6 4 24
:Gi- Remember that
The mode of a set ofvalues is the most common value in the set , or in other words ,
it is the value which is rcpeated more than any other values.

For example: The mode ofthe set ofthe values

7.3.4.1 .7.g.7.4 i"7
Finding the mode for a frequency distribution with sets
The follorving exarnple shows how to find the modc of a fiequency distribution with sets :

an exam :

Sets ol marks t0 20 30 40 50 'fotal

Number of students 16 24 30 2A 10 100

Find the mode mark for these students.

solution You can find the mode of that distribution graphically using the histogram
as follows :

I Draw two orthogoral axes r one of them is ho zontal and the other is
verlical to rcprese11t the frequency of each set.

esl
i
Z
l

Divide the horizontal axis into a number olequal parts with a suitable

drawing scale to reptesent the sets

Divide the vertical axis into a number of equal parts with a suitable
dralving scale to represent the greatest frequency in the sets
Drerv a rectancle whose
brsc is the set (10 , 1
cnd ir. heignr equal' the
liequency (16) I
25
Draw a second rcctangle
adja(ent to the frrst or,"
tu

\\ hos< balc i. the 'cr i 20 ) rI

L

cnd its height cqurls the n I

freqtency (24 ) I I

Repc,rl drJw'ng lhe

]
renrinerl ldj.'cent
rectangles till the last set (50 -)
Determine the set which has the greatest frequency then draw two lines
as shown in the histogram to intersect at a point.

From this point , draw a vertical line to intemect the horizontal axis at
a point which represents lhe value of the mode.

i.e. Thc mode mtu k i. J4 rpprorimciel) .

Find the mode for the follotrting frequency distribution :

Sets 2 1 6 E- 10 Total

Fr€quelcy t0 t2 t0 5 40
srriltil Geometry
Notes
The noles found at the
margin of some pages in
geometry and reierred

- _102 to by (*) are theorems

z1 Medians of Triangle
lsosceles Triangle
and corollares have
been studied before

lnequality 130

=5
o
F
Medians of
z
f Triangle-
lsoscelesTriangle

LessonOne Medians of triangle.

Lesson Two Medians oftriangle "follow ". l_

Lesson Three The isosceles triangle. I I

Lesson Four The converse of the isosceles
triangle theorem.

Lesson Five Corollaries of the isosceles

trianqle theorems.

I' Use
UnitObiectives By the end ofthis unit, studentshould be able to I
'
. recognize the median ofatriangle.
. recognize the intersection pointofmedians ofatriangle and the ratio wdtchirq videos /:-l
a*se i'w.l
that the pointdivides each median.
. dedLrce the relation between the length ofthe median from the vertex of
the right angle in the right-angled triangle and the length ofthe hypotenuse.
ffig/
[J
. recoqnizethirty and sixty triangle.
. recognize the properties of isosceles triangle.
. recognize the properties of eq uilateral triangle.
. recognize the axis ofsymmetry ofthe line segment.
. recognize the axis ofsymmetry ofthe isosceles triangle.
. so ve miscellaneous problems on the equilateral triangle and the isosceles triangle
. appreciate the role ofgeometry in solvjng of real life problems.
 ,"rron I

Medians of
triangle

-Definition
The median of a triangle is the lille segment drawn from any vefiex of this tdangle to the
midpoint of the opposite side of this vertex.

For example:

In the opposite figure : median

;\
- //l\
ff D is the midpoint of
, then AD is a median of
BC-

A ABC
,/ l-\
///\
-++
llDC
-Notice thot : '... -._
Any trjangle has thlee mediam. ,,,,
midpoint ofBC

The mediam of a fuiangle are conculaent.

For example:

In the opposite figure :

point ofconcurrent

AD , gF and Cl are the three medians of AABC

afld they arc concunent at M
(i.e. AD- n BF a cE = {M})

*,
i
z
l

In the opposite figure :

ABC is a right angled tdangle at B in which :

AC = 10 cm. rBC=8cm. r

D cnd E ar'e the midpo,nL, ol BC ancl ,\C

respectively
wheLe et ft eE = {M}
Draw CM m cut AB at F
Fiid lhe perimeter of A AFE

solution
m (lABC) = 90",AC = 10 cm.,BC = 8 cm. r D is the midpoint of BC r

E is the lnidpoint of AC

The peimeter of A AFE

In AABC :

'. m (z ABC) = 90'

... (AB)'z= (AC)2 (BC)2 = 100 64 = 36(*) ..AB=6cm.

, . D is the midpoilt of BC .. AD is a median in AABC
, . E is the midpoint of AC . . BE is a median in A ABC
, . ADnBE={M}
.'. M is the intersection point of the medians ofA ABC
.,. .. CF is a median in AABC
, M CCF
. . F is the midpoint of AB
..AF-lAB=lcm.
,|

, . E is the midpoint of AC ..AE=;AC=5cm.

,inAABC:
'. F and E are the midpoiits of AB and AC- respectively.
...pp.=lBC=4cm.l'*l
2

. . The perimelel of A AFE = AF + FE + AE

=3+4+5=12cm. (The req.)

(+) Remember Pytha!oras theorem n a right'ang ed lriang e , the square of the le ngih of ihe hypotenuse ls
equalio ihe sum ofthe squares ofthe lengihs ofthe olher two sides
(*+)Renrember Th e ength of lhe line segment join ing the m idpoints of two sides in a iriansle eq ua s half
the length orthe th rd side.
 Lesson one @0

The point of concurence of the medians of the tdangle divides each median
in the ratio of 1 : 2 from its base.

For example:
In fhe following figure :
M is the point of concurrence of the medians of A ABC : then :

) uo=]mr
A\
K.
CM=2FM

lfAM=6cm., If FM=4cm. r

thenMD=3cm. thenCM=8cm.

I Remarks
. The point of concurrence of the medians of the triangle divides each of them in
the ratio of 2 : 1 ftom the vertex.
. In the opposite figure :
IfABC is a triangle , M is the point of corcurrence of its medians
AD , BF and CE , then :

rrao={eo-ama=] AD
For example:
If AD = 9 cm. r then MD =
{eo=:cm. , eru= terr=0"^.
Similarly:MF=]BF, nn=Jnr , ME=+ CE and CM - Z.u

Exomp In the opposite figure :

ABC is a triangle in which : eD and B-E are two medians

intersectingatM,BM=6 cm. , BC = 13 cm.
and DC = 12 cm
Find the pedmeter of A DME

Solution
G iven ABC is a triangle in which : CD and BE are two medians , M is the point of
their intersection , BM = 6 cm. , BC = l3 cm. and DC = 12 cm.

R.T.F. The perimeter of A DME

Proof '. CD- and BE are medians intersecting at the point M

.. M is the point ofintersection ofthe medians ofA ABC
\tt/\- /LY \C!: lLl n*!,J) JElr@JI 105
t
Z
l

..ME=+BM=jx6=3cm.
,DM=+DC= !xn=4cm.
'. CD and BE are two medians in A ABC
.. Di.t1c m'opoinl ol ABand E.stlre rnidpointolAC
... j
DE= + BC= x 13 =6.5 cm.(-)
.. The pe meter of ADME=ME+ DM +DE= 3 +4+ 6.5 = 13.5 cm.
(Thc rcq.)

t@
The point which divides the median in a triangle by the ratio of1 : 2 from the base
is the point ofintersection ofthe medians ofthis triangle.

In the opposite figule :

AM = 2MD
If AD is a median in AABC and Me AD-
such that AM = 2 MD ,

then M is the point ofintersection olthe mediars ofAABC

In the opposite figure :

ABCD is a parallelogram r

M is the point of intersection of its diagonals ,

NFBMwhereBN=2NM
andafr n AB- = {E}
p.oo" 1lu1 ;61,t= j nC
Solution
ABCD is a parallelogram , M is the point of intersection of its diagonals ,
BN = 2 NM, N eSM- ana afr 0 AB = {B}
EM=+BC
'. ABCD is a parallelogram.
, . The two diagonals bisect each other.(ou)

.. M is the miclpoint of AC . . BM is a median in A ABC

(+) Remember The lenslh olthe ine sesment jo nins the mid po nis of two sldes in a triangle eq ua s halr
the lenqih ofthe ihird side.
(+*)Remember The two diagonals ola paraLlelogram biseci each oiher.

'106
 Lesson one @0
, . NeBMwhereBN=2NM
. . N is the point of intersection of the medians of A ABC

, . CE passes through the point N .. CE is a median in AABC

, . E is the midpoint ofAB

In A ABC

'. L i( rhe midpoinr oi A B and V is rhe midpoinl ol AC

..EM=+BC"' (Q.E.D.)

In the opposite figure :

ABC is a triangle and M is the point ofintersection ofits medians.

If MD = 3 cm.,BM =4 cm. andBC =9 cm.,
E
complete the follot4ting :
[1eF = cm, [2]MC = .......... cm.
[3.]Mn = .......... cm.

For all in
educcttional Maths & Scicnce
stages

(*) Remember The length ofthe line segmentjoining the mdpoints of hvo sides ln a trianote equats half
the englh ofthe third side.

107
 ,arron 2
Medians of
triangle
i

"Follow"

E@O
In the dght-angled triangle , the length of the median from the veftex of the right angle
equals half the length of the hypotenuse.

c iven ABC is a trianglc in which m (1ABC) = 90" ,

BD is a median in the triallgle ABC

R,T,P. BD=1AC
I
Construction DIaw BD and take the point E eBD such that BD = DE
Proof In the figure ABCE I

'. IE and EE bisect each other.

.. The figure ABCE is a pamllelograrn.(u)

, . m (z ABC) = 90' .. The figure ABCE is a rectangle.(**)
... BE = AC
,.. BD=+BE = 1o" (Q.E.D.)

For example: /a
In the opposite figure :
,.$,,r,'
AABC is a ght angled triangle at B , /..,.-.
,".lt
.,2 \
D is the midpoint of AC and AC = 10 cm. r then DB = 5 cm. \
(*) Remember r A quadrilaleral is a parallelogram lf the two diagonals b sect each other
(++) Remember A paralLelogram is a rectang e f one oi ts ang es is right.

108
 Lesson rwo @0
In the opposite figure :

ABCD is a quadrilateral in which m (Z ABC) = 90.

, AC = CD, E is the midpoint of AC-

and F C AD such rhar EF // CD

ProYe that : BE = EF
Solution
Given m (Z ABC) = 90" ,AC = CD , E is the miapoint of eC and nn ll CD
R.T.P. BE=EF
Proof InAABC:
'. m (Z ABC) = 90" and BE is a median ... BE=
+AC
I.,.AC=CD BE= (l)
...
+ cD
InAACD:
'. E rs lhe nxdpoinl o1 AC and tf '/ CD .. F is the midpoint of AD-(*)
..EF=1cD ) (2)
From (1) and (2) : .. BE=EF (Q.E.D.)
-ll
,noor" rn" ,oo* answer from those giyen :

[fJ In the righFang]ed tdangle , the mrio between the lengt]r of the hypotenuse and
the length of the median d1awn from the veftex of the right angle is .

(a)1:1 (b)1:2 (c)2:1 (d)2:3

t1]L1 llnc *n;"h is ghrarB rifAC= t2 cm. , D is the midpoinr of AC,
then BD = ...... ... cm.
(a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) 3

E] A ABC is righr ar A , rhe length of rhe mediall drawn from A is 4 cm. , rhen

(a) 12 8 (b) (c) 4 (d) 2

L!]A X\ Z i. righr ar \.ilX\ o cm. . y/ = 8 cm. . L i, rhe midpoinr ot \Z

, then YE = .... .. cm.

(a) 4 (b) s (c) l0 (d) 20

(+ ) Remem ber : The ray drawn from the midpoint of a side of a trrangte paraler io another side bisects lhe ih ird side.

10el
tz

lf the length of the median drawn from a vertex of a triangle equals half the length of
the opposite side to this veftex, then lthe angle at this vefiex is risht.

Given ABC is a triangle , BD is a median and DA = DB = DC

R.T.P. m (z ABC) = 90"

Construction Drarv EE : then take the point E €ED

such thal BD = DE

Proof . BD=+BE=+AC
,.. BE = AC

.. In the figure ABCE :

AC and BE are equal in length and bisect each other'

. . The figurc ABCE is a rectangl".(o)

A
.. m (Z ABC) = 90' (Q,E,D.)

For example:

In the opposite figure :

If BD is a median in AABC ,

BD=3cm.andAC=6cm.,
then m (Z ABC) = 90" "because BD -2I
In the opposite figure :
DC
ABD is a rjght angled tf,iangle

E is the midpoirlt of AB and CE = DE

at D ,
,&<\
/-Y\
Prove that : m (Z ACB) - 90"
solution
c iven E is the midpoinr of AB , m (Z ADB) = 90' , CE = DE
R.T.P. m (z ACB) = 90"

(+) Remember Aquadrilateral s a para lelogranr if theiwo dagonals bisecteach otherand if thetwo diasonals
are equaLir length, then it is a rectangLe.

110
 Lesson Two @0
Proof InAADB:
'. m (Z ADB) = 90' r DE is a median DE=+AB
But CE = DE cE= + AB
..InAACB:
CE is a median with length equals half the length oftB
.. m(1ACB) = 90" (Q.E,D,)

In the opposite Ftgure :

ABCD is which m (Z BAD) = 90. ,
a quadrilateral in

M is the midpoint of BD and CM = AM

Prove that :
m (Z BCD) = 90'

The length ofthe side opposite to the angle ofmeasure 30" in the right_angled
triangle equals half the length ofthe hypotenuse.

i.e.
In the opposite figure :

If AABC is right-angled at B and

m(ZC)=30',then AB=
to.
For example:
If AC = 20 cm. , then AB = 10 cm.

I Remark
The right angled triangle whose measure of one of its angles is 30. , then the measure
ofthe third angle is 60" is called rhirty and sixty rriangle.
tz
=

Exqmp_ In the opposite figure : .)a

ABC is a triangle in which m (1 ABC) = 90' , ..f11
n(LC)=30',AC=
L is the midpoint ofAC
16 cm and
"k::A
Find : I I he lengih ol each ot A B and BL

2 The pedmeter ot' A ABL

Solution
m(ZABC) = 90', m (Z C) = 30' 1

AC = 16 cm. and L is the midpoint of AC

1 AB ,BL 2 The perimeter of^ ABL

'. AABC is right-angled at B , m (1 C) = 30'

..AB=1AC=8cm.
I
, . BL is a median in AABC
..Rr.=1AC=8cm. (First rcq.)
2

'.AL=JAC=8cm.
I
.. The perimeter of AABL = 8 + 8 + 8 = 24 cm. (Second rcq.)

In the opposite figure :

m (Z ABC) = m (Z DBE) - 90' ,

D is the midpoint of AC and m (Z E) = 30"

Prove that : AC = DE
 ,arron 3

The isosceles
triangle

Prelude

Tliangles are classified according to the tEgths of their sides into three tj,pes which are :

Scalene triangle. lsosceles triangle. Equilateral triangle.

(two sides are congruent). (three sides are congruent).

AB*BCTCA XY=YZ=ZX

. In the followi[g we will study the relations between the angles in the isosceles triangle
and in the equilateral triangle.

\b t/\o /Lrtr1 rt! ol";Lr),€u€Jl

t
z
=

The isos(eles triangle theorem

The base angles of the isosceles triangle are congr-uenl

Given ABC is a triangle in which Is = A-C

R.T.P. LB=LC
Construction Draw AD I Et -here to 1 sc = [o]
Proof '. M ADB r ADC in which
I mIZADB)=m(1ADC)
(const.)
lan-=ac (given)
I
I AD is a common side

... aADB =aADC(*)

, then we deduce that LB L C (Q,E.D)
=

For example:
In the opposite figure :

IiABC is a triangle in which :

AB =AC , m (1A) = 40. ,

thenm(l-B)=m(1C)= 180" - 40' = 76"kd

I Remarks
O Both of the base angles in the isosceles triangle are acute.

O The vertex angle in the isosceles tdangle may be acute , riSht or obtuse angle

Choose the correct answer from those given :

1 ABC is a niangle in w6"1,43 =AC ,n(LB)='70' , then m (ZA) =

(a) 40" (b) 50" (c) 5s' (d) 70'

2 IL LXYZ tXY =XZ, m (Z X) = 100" r m (1 z)=

(a) 20" (b) 10' (c) 80' (d) 100'

3 AXYZ is right atY, if Xy =YZ' then ff' (L Z) =

(a) 30' (b) 4s' (c) 60" (d) e0'

r tr-.r r Two Iighlangled lriangles are congruent , if the hvpoienuse and a side of one triang Le are
( ) Ro nr e nr
conqruent to ihe corresponding parls ofthe otheririangle.
l*, n. rig.rber : The sum of measures of the interior angles of a triangle = 180'

| 114
 ,/Nra
Lesson Three @7U

4 LMN is a triangle in which LM = MN , rhen Z N is ............

(a) acute. (b) righr. (c) obtuse. (d) reflex.

5 XYZ is an isosceles triangie , m (Z X) = 110.
,then m(Z Y) = ...........
(a) 30" (b) 3s' (c) 40' (d) 4s"

Solution I (a) The reason '.' AB = AC

.'. m (LB) = n(LC) ='70" A
.. m (z A) = 180' (70" + 70') = 40"
C
1-\
2 (b) The reason '. XY=XZ x
.'. n (LY) = i.t (LZ)

. .m (z z1 = 1EQi 1Q!l = 40'

3 (b) The reason '.' XY = YZ x

.. .,1(LX)=n(LZ)
,'. m(1 Y)=90'
/t
... 11 11 71 = 180" -
)
q0" _
,15.
'' 1__t
M
4 (a) The reason '. A LMN is an isosceles ffiangle
.. Each ofthe base angles is acute /l
.. ZNisacute
/\
NL
5 (b) The reason '. A XYZ is an isosceles triangle
.'. Each of the base angles is acute x
... / X is the vertex angle .y'rro'\ \
,,.
''. n(.LY)-i1(LZ)
'q'r") l0'-ls'
''' n '-\'
Exqmp_ In the opposile figure :

ABC is a tliangle in rvhich AB = AC , flt (L t) = 12.

anct D € Bd

Find:m(1ACD)

11sl
i
z

Solution
Given AB =AC, m (1 A) = 42' and D CBd
R.T.F. m (1 ACD)
Proof '. The sum of measures of the intedor angl", 1n X 4gf = 1800

'1I1(LA)=42'
.'. m (1B) +m(ZACB) = 180'-42'= 138"

, . AB = AC (given)
.. m {18} =m (1ACgt = llq = og"
)
'. / ACD is an exterior angle of A ABC

.. m(ZACD) = m (ZA) + m (Z B) =42' + 69" - 111"(.) (The req.)

In the opposite figure :

B eDE,CEDE : AB =AC andBD =CE

ProYe that ' AD = AE
Solution
AB=ACandBD=CE
AD=AE
Proof '. AB = AC (given)
.. m (1ABC) = m (Z ACB)
'. 2 ABD supplements I ABC

, Z ACE supplements l ACB

.. m (z ABD) = m (z ACE)(**)

..InAAABD,ACE:
r AB =AC (given)
I o.,=",
1
(given)
mrzABD|=m(ZACE) (by proo0
I
.. AABD = AACE(***) , then we de<luce that AD = AE (Q.E.D.)

(.) R"*"rb., Jh" t*sure olthe exierlor angle ola t angle equals the sum of measures of its non adjacent
interior angles.
(++) Remenrber : The supplementaries oiihe equalangles in measures are equal in measures'
(**+)RememberTwotrianglesarecongluentlfhvosidesandiheincludedangleofonetrlanglearecongruentto
the corresponding pafis ofthe othertriargle.
116
 ,/Era
Lesson Three @7U

In the opposite figure :

AB=AC,m(ZBAC)-6X,
m(zC)=3xandBC//DE
Find: l The value ofX 2 n(LEDl\)
Solution
Given AB =AC,m (Z BAC) =6 x, m (L C\ =3 Xand BC // DE

R.T,F. 1 The value of .r( 2 m (z EDA)

Proof '. AB=AC ...D1(LB)=n(LC)--3X
, . the sum ofmeasurcs of the interior angles ofthe tdangle = 1800
..6X+3X+3X= 180' ... 12X= 180"
.._180" ,." (First req.)
t2
. . m (Z C) = 45' . nc ll DE ana td is a transversal
. . m (1 EDA) + m (Z C) = 180' (mo iuterior angles on ttr same side of ttre rransversal)(*)

.. m (Z EDA) = 180" - 45'= 135' (Secod req.)

In each of the following frguret find the values of the symbots used
as measurcs ror the angles :

o
Z2,^--__?r
\x r\-\
,, x=.......e,y =.......?
^ 'J_,,,,,,,

(+) Remember:lfa siralght line intersects 1wo paralelstraight ttnes then each two lnteriorangtes in the same
side of the lransversalare supplemeniary.
i.e. The sum oftheir measurcs is 180'
i
Z
f

If the triangle is equilateml , then it is equiangular where each angle

measure is 60'

For example:
In the opposite figure :

If XYZ is a hiangle in whi,ch XY =AZ = ZX

, then m (Z X) = ]n (Z Y) = tr (L Z) = 60"

Exomple [t In the opposite figure :

AB =BC =CA=AD andm (Z D) =70' D

I
Find: t m(1 BCD) 2 m(ZBAD)
Solution
Given AB - BC = CA= AD and m (Z D) - 70'

R.T.F. 1 m (Z BCD) 2 m (z BAD)

Proof '. A ABC is an equilateral lriangie. .. m (Z BCA) - 60'
InAACD: . AC-AD .. m (Z ACD) = m (Z D) = 70o
. . m (Z BCD) = m (/ BCA) + m (Z ACD) - 60' + 70' = 130" (First req.)

'. fhesumofmea\u-c'ol 1e interior. gle.ol $e quior:lclera IA BCD = Jb0'

,m(ZB)=60'
.'. m (Z BAD) = 360" (60' + 130' + 70') = 100" (Sccond req.)

In each of the following figures , frnd the values of the swbols used as
measures for the angles :
,o

x=.......: , y = .......s ,,,,,,, , y_,, '',

^_

(*) Remernber The sum ol measu res of the inierior angles of a polygon of n sides equals (n - 2) x 180'

lrrs
 Lesson

The converse
of the isosceles
triangle
theorem

If two angles of a tdangle are congruent , then the two sides opposite to these two angles
are congruent and the t
angle is isosceles.

civen ABC is a triangle in which LB = L C

R.T.P. AB=AC
Construction Bi.ecr ,/ BAC by AD lo inlersect BC dl D

Proof '. LB= LC

:. 1\(LB)=nt(LC)
'. At bisects Z BAC
.. m (z BAD) = m (z CAD)
'. The sum of measures of tie interior angles of the triangle = 180.
.. m (Z ADB) = m (z ADC)
. . In AA ABD and ACD :

I AD is ] conrmon si,l-.
I

I nr fLBAD) = m {lCADt (uonsr.)

(,u ADB) = rn r ADC., tb) prouD
m
I
. . A ABD
= A ACDI , then we decluce that :

AB = AC , then A ABC is an isosceles t angle. (Q,E.D.)

l"l Renrer.bcr Two triangles are congrlenl, if t^,o angles and the slde drawn bet/veen theirvertces of
triangle are congrueni to the corresponding parts of the other trianqte.
119
a
Z
l

E-'1 ABC is a triargle in which m

Prove that : A ABC is an isosceles triangle.
(1A) = 2 m ( LB) ='72'

Solution
Given n (L A) =2lljL(LB) =72o
R:I.P. AABC is an isosceles triangle.
BC
Proof InAABC:.2 (LB)=12'
'. tD (L A) = 72" .. m(zC)= 180" (36" +'72')='72'
.'. m(zA)=m(1C) .. BC=BA
.. AABC is an isosceles triangle. (Q,E,D.)

Erqmple In the opposite figure :

D CAB and E CAC

where AD = AE and DE // BC

Prove that : DB = EC

Solution
Given AD = AE and DE // BC

R.T.P. DB=EC

Proof In AADE : . AD=AE .. m (z ADE) = nl (Z AED) (1)

'. DE // BC and AB is a transversal

.. m(-B,- rr(. A DE r { corre.pondinS angles) (2)

similarlv - DE // BC and AC is a transversal

.. m(z C; m,zAED,rcorre\ponciinganglesr (3)

From (1) , (2) and (3) : .'. m(ZB)=m(zC)

." AB =AC I ...AD =AE
Sublracting : .. AB -AD = AC -AE .. DB = EC (Q.E.D,)

(*) R-.member lf a straighi Line intelsects f,ryo parallel slraight lines, then each two corresponding angles are
equal in measure.
 Lesson Four @0

In the opposite figure :

Ifm(ZA)=4x-11"
,.n(LB)=3X+4'
,m(LC)=82a
, prove that : AABC is an isosceles tdangle.

Solution
civen fn(LA)=4x 11' ,m(ZB)=3x+ 4 ,n(LC)=82"
RJ.P. A ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Proof '. The sum of measures of the interior angles of the triangle = 180"

.. 4 X- 11" + 3 X+ 4' +82"= 180" ..,'7 X+75. = 180"

..'7 X= 105"
..,(= 15" .. m(zA)=4x 15.-11"=49"
,m(LB)=3x15" +4" = 49' :. ,n1(LA)=n(LB)
.. BC=AC .. AABC is an isosceles triangle. (e.E.D.)

In each of the fo owing frgurcs , write the equdl sides in length :

\'1r/\o /Lr(a, -r.r: .L*1,.r .loL-OJl '1ZI

i
Z
f

Iffitrtrl
If the angles of a triangle are congruent , then the tdangle is equilateral

For example:

If ABC is a triangle in which :

L A= LB = L C,thenAB =BC = CA
i.e. A ABC is an equilateral triangle.

I Remarh
The isosceles triangle in which the measure of one of its angles = 60" is an equilateral triangle.

. In the following figure : . In the following figure :

A x

CB
If AB = AC and m (Z A) = 60' If XY = XZ ald m (Z Y) = 60'
(Z 180'- oo"
, then m (Z B) - m c1 = 'thenr..,(LZ)=60"
= 60' :m (z x) = 180' - (60'+ 60') = 60'

.. A ABC is an equilateral triangle. . . A XYZ is an equilateral tuiangle.

Exomp, In the opposite frgure :

BM bisects 1 B , aM bisects -4 C,

MB = MC and m (1 BMC) = 120"

Prove that : AABC is an equilateral tuiangle.

Solution
Given EM bisects z B ,aMbisects z C ,MB =MC a1ld m (z BMC) = 120"
R.T.P. AABC is an equiiateral t angle.
 Lesson Four @0

Proof InAMBC:. MB = MC and m (Z BMC) = 120.

r.m(1 MBC)=m(zMCB)= l!q-l?q' =30.
,. BMbisectsZB .'. m (Z ABC) = 2 m (Z MBC) = 60"

,. EMbisects ZC ... m (Z ACB) = 2 m (Z MCB) = 60.

.. h AABC : m (1 BAC) = 180'- (60" + 60') = 60.

.'. m (Z ABC) = m (z ACB) = m (Z BAC) = 60.

.. AABC is an equilateral rriangle. (e.E.D.)

In the opposite figure :

DA
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which :
\=:.7\
AD=DC=CB=CA,AD-//Ba
\/\
Prove that : L ABC is an equilateral triangle.
.\4"

i4
Corollaries of
the isosceles
triangle
theorems

The median ofan isosceles liangle ftom the veltex angle bisects it and is perpendicular Io ihe hase

In the opposite Iigure :

ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and ID is a median , then ;

Ad bisects Z BAC i.e. m (1 BAD) = m (Z CAD)

AADInc

The bisector of ihe vertex angle of an isosceles t angle bisects the base and is peryendicular
to it.

In the opposite figure :

ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and A, bisects Z BAC r then :

tl D is the miclpoint of BC i.e. BD = CD

EADTBC

The straight line draw11 passing through the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle perpendicular
to the base bisecB each of the base and lhe vertex angle.

124
 Lesson Five @0
In the opposite frgure :

ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and 16I BC , tl,"n ,

!l D is the midpoint of BC- i.e. BD = CD

A m (z BAD) = m (z CAD)

Notice thot :
The plevious three corollaries can be proved using the congruence of A ABD a11d A ACD

Exomp In the opposite figure :

ABC is an isosceles triangle where
AB = AC , D € BC sLrcl ttrat ,qD I BC ,
m (Z CAD) 28" and BD - 3 cm. Find :
I m (Z BAC)

2 The length of BC

Solution
civen AB =AC m (Z CAD) = 28' , BD = 3 cm. and AD
' -L BC
R.T.F. I m (Z BAC) 2 The length of BC
Proof InAABC : . AB =ACandAD-LBC
.. A D bi\ecls ecch ol rhe renex angle BAC and rhe ba.e BC
.'. n (L BAC) =2 n (Z CAD) = 2 x 28' = 56' (Firsr rcq.)
BD =2 x 3 = 6 cm.
'BC =2
(Second req.)

Choose the correcl ansuer from lhose given :

1 In A ABC, if AB = AC, AD is a meclian, m (Z BAC) = 100"

, then m (Z BAD) -
.......

(a) 100' (b) 50' (c) 90" (d) 40.

2 tt LXYZ r if XY = XZ , XD bisecrs Z yXZ , then A XyD is
(a) acute-angled. (b) righrangled.
(c) obtlrse angled . (d) isosceles.
3 In A LMN, NM = NL, D eLM- where ND a LM, if LM = t0
"..,
then LD = cm.
(^) 20 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 2.5
L
z

4 ABC is a triangle in which AB =AC , AX is a median r if BX = 5 cm.

,m(1BAX)=30",thentheperimeterofAABC- " cm.
(a) 10 (b) ls (c) 25 (d) 30

Solution (b) The reason '. AB = AC , AD is a median in AABC

.. m, BAD, = m,- cAD, %..'
= so'
mr .Z- | -\,
loro"
.. BaD,=

2 (b) The reason '. XY =XZ , XD bisects Z YXZ

.,. XD LYZ
.. A XYD is right-angled. Z

3 (c) The reason '. NM=NL:NDILM

, . D is the midpoint ofLM

-LD=f=scm.
(d) The reasol '. 49 = AC , AX is a median
. . Ai bisects Z BAC
.. m(ZBAC)=2m(1 BAX)
=2x30'=60"
, . A ABC is isosceles , m (/ BAC) = 60'
.. AABC is equilateral
r'. BC=2BX=10cm.
.. The perimeter of AABC = 3 x 10 = 30 cm.

In the opposite figure :

ABDC is a quaddlateral in which :

AB=AC,BD=CD,AD-IBC,
AD- n BC = {E}, m (1 BAD) = 30"

m (Z BDC) = 80" and BE = 4 cm.

Complete the fouowing :

[1]m (z DAC) = lg 1n (z BDE) = .....
(3] m (z ACB) = .. ......' @lEC = cm.

{!lAC = cm. l!AE = ........ cm.

 Lesson Five @0
Axis of symmetry of a line

Definition
The straight line petpendicular to a line segment at its middle is

-
called the axis of synrmetry for that line segmenr , in bdef it
is known as the axis of a line segment. axis of
symmetry
In the opposite figure : OfAB
If the straighr line L _L AB and C Cthe srraight
line L where C is the miclpoint of AB , then
Lhe .rraighr line L is calred llre a\15 ol AB

@il
Any point on the axis of symmetry ofa line segment is at equal distances from its
terminals (end points).

In the opposite frgure :

L is the axis ofAB
If the straight line L is the axis of AB- r
DCL rE€LandFGL,then
DA= DB rEA=EB andFA=FB

The converse of tJle preyious property is true

i.e. If a poillt is at equa] dista[ces from the two ter.minals of a line
segment , then this point lies on the axis of this line segment.

In the opposite figure :

IfC is a point such
that CA = CB , then
the point C lies on the axis of AB

Erqmple In the opposite figure :

The straight line L is the axis of AB-

If the points C , D and E belong to the straight line L

A
,LO As= {M} whereAC= 13 cm.,
DB = 7 cm. :AE = 5 cm. and MB = 4 cm.
Find the length ofeach of: CE . DA , LE and MA

127]l
!
z

solution
The straight line L is the axis of AB , C , D and E belong to the shaight

lineL,LnAB = {M}
AC = 13 cm. rDB =7 cm.,AE= 5 cm. andMB =4cm.
The lengths of : CB , DA- : EB and MA-
'. C . D arrd F belong lo L,the axi' oi Ati)
.. CB = CA= cm.,DA=DB =7 cm.,
13

EB =EA= 5 cm.,MA=MB =4cm. (The rcq.)

ExomPle E AABCis an isosceles triangle whereAB =AC,BIbisects zABC

and intersects f6 at X , ai bisects Z ACB and intersects IE at Y
I

I rr sx n aY = f\4 | - prove that , Ivi -L sc

Solution
AB = AC , Ei bisects / ABC and

ai bisects z ACB

IMIBC
'. AB =AC .. m (z ABC) = m (Z ACB) (l)

.. BXbi,ecr'-ABC ..mr-MBC,- l- mr.z ABr-'

(2)

Similarly

'. - bi.ecr. a ACB .. m (a MCBr= { m rz ACBr (3)

From (1) r (2) and (3) , we deduce that :

m (1 MBC) = m (Z MCB) .. MB = MC
i.e. M is at equal distances lrom B aod C
(.+)
.. M e the axis of BC

. . {B = AC i.e. A i5 al equxl di.lances irom B and C

.. AGthe axis of BC (s)

From (4) and (5) : . . IM is the axis of BC . . IM I BC (Q.E.D.)

 Lesson Five @0

In the opposite figure :

eo n ,Lc = {rr,r} , AB = AD and BC DC
=
Prove that : M is the midpoint of BD-

The isosceles triangle has one axis of symmetry.

It is the stlaight line drawn fiom the vertex angle perpendicular
to its base.

For example:
iE is called
IfABC is all isosceles t angle where the axis of
AB = AC and ID _L Bc , then symmetry of
the isosceles
16 is called the axis of symmety
triangle ABC
of the isosceles triangle ABC

I Remarks
lD The equilateral triangle has three axes of symmetry
, they are the three perpendiculars
drawn from its vertices to the opposite sides.

In the opposite figure :

The straight lines LI r L, and L, are the axes of
symmetry of the equilateral triangle ABC

€) The scalene triangle has no axes of symmery.

\v r/\e /tr (a/ - or! ofrL,.) ,Ela@Jl 129

:
z lnequality
l

LessonOne lnequality.

LessonTwo comparing the measures

of angles in atriangle.

Lesson Three Comparing the lengths

of sides in a triangle.

Lesson Four Triangle inequalitY.

Use
UnitObjectives, By the enclofthis unit, studentshouid be abLe to ' yollrsmdrnPhoneor
tdbLettoscdrthe l

' recognize the concept ofinequality.

. recognize the axioms ofthe inequality relation'
wdt.hm.vldeos f-)
t.ats: I
. compare between the measures ofangles in the triangle' ffi
^;d .bry I
o
6?Fffi
. deducethe relation between the measures oftwo angles in atriangle \_l- /
in length'
when the two opposite sides to these angles are not equal
. compare side lengths in the triangle.
. deduce the relation between the lengths of two sides in a triangle when
the
two opposite angles to these sides are not equal in measure
. recognize the triangle inequality.
in solving
' use the axioms ofthe inequality relation and the triangle inequality
problems in geometry.
 ,"rron I

lnequality

The concept of
. Through our study of the sets ofllumbers
, we had shown the relation ofinequality that
is r-rsed for comparing two diffetent numbers , we expressed
that by using one of the two
signs > that is rcad,----+ < is greater than ) < thar is rcad _> ( is smaller than
@ >
' since the lengths ofline segments and measures of angles
are numbeLs r then we can use
the rclation of inequaiity to comparc between the lengths
oftwo Iine segrents
or betueen *re measures olruo anglc..
For example:
AB <AC
.In ABC:
If AC = 5 cm. and AB = 3 cm. , then we dedLtce that : f
v ..'
B
The length of L is greater than the length of AB- , then we
w teAC >AB
orrhe length olAB issmallerrhan rhe lengtholA- .rhen ue !\rire
AB <AC
. Similarly in the figure DEFL
:
If m (Z D) = 140. and m (Z F) = 75" , then we (.L F) <n(LD)
deduce that : L
m (Z D) is greater thar m (Z F) r
then we write : m (Z D) > m (Z F)
or m (1 F) is smaller rhan m (Z D)
, then we write : m (Z F) < m (Z D)
I,!
In the followillg , you will be given rhe ,Lxioms ofinequality
relalion that you studied beforc.

*rl
z5
Axioms of inequality relation

For anyfour numbers a : b lc and d :

1!itu>l,thena+c>b+c @rtort,thena-c>b c
@Iru> t 'c>o ,thenac>bc @nurt,b>c,thena>c
{!]rtutt,c>d,then a+ c>b +d

**1 In the opposite figure

IfB al1d C belong
:

to AD such that AB > CD

B CD
, prove that : AC > BD
solution
B and C belong to AD and AB > CD

AC>BD
'. AB > CD (given) and adding BC to both sides

..AB+BC>CD+BC
(Q.E.D.)
... AC > BD

Exomple In the opposite figure :

If m (Z ADB) > m (Z ABD) and

m (Z CBD) < m (1 CDB)

, prove that : m (Z ADC) > m (Z ABC)
solution
Given m (Z ADB) > m (1ABD) and nl (Z CBD) < nr (1 CDB)

R:T.P. m (1ADC) > m (Z ABC)

lrrool '. m (1CBD) < m (Z CDB) (given)
(1)
.. m (Z CDB) > m (Z CBD)
(z)
, . m (Z ADB) > m (l ABD) (given)

Adding (1) and (2) :

.. m (1 CDB) + m (Z ADB) > m (1 CBD) + m (Z ABD)

(Q.E.D.)
.. m (l ADC) > m (Z ABC)
 Lesson one @0
In the opposite figure :
ffm (Z ABC) > m (Z ACB)
and BD = DC

, prove that I m (Z ABD) > m (Z ACD)

Solution
G iven m (Z ABC) > m (1 ACB) and BD DC
=
R.T.P. m (z ABD) > m (Z ACD)
Proof '. DB = DC ... m (Z DBC) = m (z DCB) (1)
, . m (Z ABC) > m (Z ACB) (given) (2)
Snbtracting (1) from (2) :

.'. m (ZABC) -m (Z DBC) > m (Z ACB) _m (Z DCB)

.. m (Z ABD) > m (Z ACD) (Q.E,D,)

:Gj- Remember that

The measure of any extedor angle of a triangle is greater
than the measue of anv
intedor angle of the triangle except its adjacent algle.

In the oppositc ftgure : DA

ABCD is a pamllelogram and E C CE

Prove Uat :
m (Z ABE) > m (Z ACD)
c:----t-E*

",
 ,"rron2
Comparing -\

the measures
of angles in
a triangle
two sides of a triangle are
From your study of the previous unit , you learnt that if
are equal in measure
congrueDt , tllen the opposite angles to these sides
measures oftwo angles of
ln tie following , you sha11 study the relation between the
a triangle rvhen the two opposite sides to these
angles are not equal in length'

L *.r"gl" , u,r*ides have unequal lengths then the longer is opposite to the angle
'
of the greater measure.

Given I ABC is a triangle in which AB > AC

R.T.P. I m (z ACB) > m (z ABC)
construction I Take D €Ae such that AD = AC
Proof I In AACD :
'. AD = AC ." m (Z ADC) = m (Z ACD)
. Z ADC is an extedor angle of ADBC

.. m (z ADC) > m (z B)(-l

From (1) and (2) :

..m(ZACD)>m(ZB)
,. m(ZACB)>m(ZACD)
(Q.E,D.)
.. m (Z ACB) > m (1ABC)
triangle
lh" ,-"""r* tl* is greater than ihe measure oi anv interior angle of ihe
"rc".rar,sl"
"i ang!e
except its adjacent

ti.4
 Lesson Two @0
I Remark
The greatest angle in measure of the tuiangle is opposite to the
longest side of tlle tuiangle
and its measure is greater than 60" and the smallest angle in
measure of the triangle is
opposite to the shortest side of the angle t
aDd its measure is less tlan 60o

i.e.In AABC : ffAB > BC >AC ,

thenm (Z C) >m (ZA)>m (Z B)
,m (Z C) > 60. and m (Z B) < 60.

Exomp-!9-[ ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = 5 cm. r BC 2 cm.

= rCD=3cm.
andDA=4cm.
I
Proye that : m (Z DCB) > m (Z DAB)

Given AB = 5 cm. r BC =2 cni. r CD 3 cm. anrlDA=4cm.

=
R.T.P. n.r (1 DCB) > nr (1 DAB)
A
Construction Draw AC
Proof InAACDI . AD = 4 cm. ancl CD 3 crl.
=
."AD>CD .'. m (Z ACD) > m (Z CAD) ( ll
InAABC: . AB = 5 cm. and CB = 2 crl.
... AB > CB .. m(zACB)>m(zCAB) (2)
Adding (1) and(2): ... m(ZACD)+m(1ACB)>m(Z
CAD)+ln(Z CAB)
.. m (1 DCB) > m (Z DAB) (Q.E,D,)

Choose the arrect answer from those given :

@InlXVZ,XZ>Xy,,thentn(LZ) .... .. rn(Ly)
(a) > (b) < (c) = (d) >

@lnAanC,AB = 3 sm.,AC = 10 cm.,then .... .

(a)m(1A)>m(ZB) (b)m(ZB)>m(ZC)
(c) m (1 B)<m(1 C) (d)m(18)>m(1A)
:
z

@tn lxvz,XY=4 cm,YZ= 8 cm.,xZ= 6cm,then

(.^) (L Z) > m (L Y)
t11 (b)n(Lz)>n(Lx)
(c)m(ZX)<m(1Y) (d) n (L Z) < \'L (L \)
@ rn l,rnc, AB = 3 cm., BC = 5 cm,AC = 4 cm, then
the ascending

order of the measues ofthe angles of AABC is

(a)LC'LB'LA (b)Lc,LA,LB
(c)LAtLB tLC (d)LB,LA,'LC

Erslqpl" E ABC is a triangle in which AB > AC and Z BAC is bisected by AB

which intemects BC at D
I Prove that : AABD is an obtllse-angled tiaDgle'
Solution
Given ABC is a triangle in which AB > AC and AD bisects L B}\C

R:I.P. AABD is an obtuse-angled t angle. ,A-.^

Proof II1AABC : /\\

...A8 >AC .. m (L 1S> m(L2) /,.\' \
CDB
'. AD bisects z BAC
:. n (L3) = tt(L 4)
.. m (Z 1) + m (Z 4) > (L2) + n(L3)
/al
but m (Z 1)+m lZ4)=m(Z 5)

because Z 5 is an extedor angle of AADC

.. m(1 5)>m lZ 2)+m (Z J)
(Q.E,D.)
.. AABD is an obtuse-angled triangle.

In the opwsite figure :

ABC is a tdangle in which AB > AC
, D and E are the midpoints
of AB- and AC resPectivelY.

PrNe that : $ (L AED) > m (Z ADE)

p---' - T\" ,*u""," of .n ol a t ang'e 's equar to rl'e s'jn of measJres or ils non
"""riot-sl"
adjacent lnterior angles
r*rrRemember: llthe measure ofan ansle in a triangle is greater ihan the sum of measures ofthe iwo oiher
angres. I5en lh's angrels aa obtuse ange'

136
 Lesson

Comparing
the lengths of
sides in
a triangle

From your previous study , you learnt that : if two angles are equal in neasure in
a ffiangle , then the two opposite sides to these angles are equal in length.

In the following , you shall study the relation between the lengths of two sides in
a tliangle when the two opposite angles are not equal in measurc.

In a triangle , if two angles are unequal in measure , then the greater angle in measure is
opposite to a side greater in length than that opposite to the other angle.

civen ABC is a triangle in which m (Z C) > m (Z B)

R.T. P. AB >AC
Proof '. IE and AC are two line segments.
.. One of the following cases should be verified :

!l.ln >,r.c @ an = lc f,t an < rc

Unless AB >AC : then either AB = AC or AB <AC
. If AB = AC , then m (Z C) m (Z B) and this conrradicts the given
=
whercm(1 C) >m (1 B)
. If AB AC , then m (Z C) < m (1 B) according ro the previous theorem.
<

Again this contradicts the given where m (Z C) > m (Z B)

.. It should be fiatAB > AC (e.E.D.)

\A t/\o /Ly(C; sLit rLlL,r) J6l-..@Jl 1fl

L
z
=

In the opposite figure :

ABC is a txiangle in which m (Z BAC) = 70" r

AD // BC and m (1 DAB) = 30'
ProYe that : AB > AC
Solution
Given 46 // BC , m (1 BAC) = 70" and m (Z DAB) = 30'
R.T. P. AB>AC
Proof I '. AD // BC and AB is a ffansversal to them.

.. m r.,z B1=61. DAB)=J0'{alremdleanglesl

.. In AABC : m (Z C) = 180'- (30" + 70') = 80'
.. m(ZC)>m(ZB) ... AB > AC (Q.E,D.)

In the right-angled triangle , the hypotenuse is the longest side.

In the opposite figure :

the hypotenuse
If AABCis ght-angled at B ,fienm(ZB)>m(ZA) ,
m (Z B) > m (Z C) because Z B is a right angle and each of
1 A and Z C is acute , so we find that :
AC > BC and AC > AB (accolding to the previous theolem).
Notice that:
In the obtuse-angled tdangle, the side opposite to the obtuse angie is the longest side in
the triangle.

The length of the pelpeltdicular line segment drawn from a point outside a straight liie to
this line is shorter than any line segment drawn from this point to the Siven straight line.

In the opposite figure :

lfcd IE anJ D GiE:uch rhar cD I i6 .

then CB is the hypotenuse in A CBD

which is riSht-angled at D ,
-I is the hypotenuse in A CDA which is right-angled at D and so on ...
According to corollary Q, we find that CB > CD, CA > CD and so on ...
i.e. CD < CB and CD < CA
1') Remember lf a straight llne intersects two paralle slraighi ines, ihen each two altemate ang es are equal in
measure.

138
 Lesson Three @f,

-Definition
The distance between any point and a given straight line is the length ofthe per?endicular line
segment drawn from this point to the given line.

In the preYious figure :

I hc di.r,lnce berueen rhe porn. C ilnd rhe sr aidhl 'ne i6 i. rhe length olCD

In the opposite figure :

ABCD is a quadrilateral X and E
'Y
are the midpoints of AB- r AD- and BC
respectively and m (Z BDC) -- 90"

ProYe that : DE > XY

Solution C

X is the midpoint of AB r Y is the midpoint of AD- , E is the midpoint of BC

and m (Z BDC) = 90'
R,T.P. DE>XY
Proof ln A ABD: . X is the mrdpoint ol AB and Y rs rhe midpoinr oi AD
- xv= j nnt-t (1)

In A DBC : . m (Z BDC) = 90" and E is the midpoint of BC

...DE=+BC (2)

,. BC is the hypotenuse ol A BDC ... BC > BD

..jsc'jeo (3)
From (l) , (2) and (3) : . . DE > XY (Q.E.D.)

In the opwsite figure :

ABC is a triangle in which AC >AB ,
BM bisects Z ABC and eM bisects Z ACB
Prove that : MC > MB

(*) Remember The line segmentjoinlng the mjdpoinis oft o sides tn a triangle ts para etto lhe third side afd its
length equals halfthe engih of this side.
 Lesson

Triangle
inequality

We know that the shofiest distance between two points

is the length of the line segmentjoining them.

For example:
In lhe opposite figure :
The shortest distance between A and B is the length of AB
So , for any point Cf,IE , ftenAB < AC + CB

Generallg
In any triangle , the sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the length of the
third side.

i.e. In any triangie such as AABC

,wegel:AB+BC>AC
, BC + CA>AB
,CA+AB>CB

The length of any side in a tiangle is greater than the difference

between the lengths of the other two sides and less than thei sum.

And you can prove that as follows :

ln the opposite flgure ABC is a tri ulgle aDd from the triangle inequaiity I

AC+AB>BC (1)
, .,. AB + BC > AC AC AB (.2)
i.C. BC >

From (1) and (2) r we deduce that : AC AB<BC<AC+AB

 Lesson Four @0
I Remark
To check the possibility that three Iengths can be side lengths of a triangle , do as
follows :

Compare the greatest length with the sum of the other two lengths :
. If the greatest length is greater than or equal to the sum
of the other two lengt}rs r you
deduce that the three given lengths couldn,t be lengths of the threg sides of a tuiangle.
(i.e. No trialgle could be drawn with these side lengths).
. Ifthe Sreatest length is less than the sum of the other
two lengths , you deduce that
the three given lengths could be lengths of the three sides of a triangle.
(i,e. A triangle could be clmwn wirh these side lengrhs).

Is it possible to dl.aw a triangle whose side lengths are as follows

(giving reason) :

1 5 cm.,7 cm. , i2 cm. 2 4 cm. ,6 cm. , 11 cm.

3 l.1cm. , 9 cm. ,7 cm. 4 8cm. r18cm. r8cm.

solution 1 ... 5+7=72

It is not possible to dmw a ffiangle of side Iengths 5 cm. r 7 cm. and 12 cm.

4+6<77
It is not possible to draw a triangle of side lengths 4 cm. , 6 cm. and I I cm.
? ,. 9+'7>74
It is possible to dmw a triangle of side lelgths 14 cm. , 9 cm. and 7 cm.

4... 8+8<18
It is not possible to draw a triangle of side lengths g cm. , lg qn. and g cm.

Filrd the interyal to which the length of the third side of each of the
following triangles belongs if the lengths of the other two sides are :

I 4cm.:3cra. 2 ,1.5 cm. , 7.5 cm.

3 2"{i cm. ,2^{i cm.
:
z
l

Solution '. The length of any side in a ffiangle is greater than the difference

between the lengths ofthe other two sides and less than their sum , and
let the length ol the third side be I cm. , then

1, 4 3<l<4+3 ...t<l<'7 ... lel 1,7 [

'7.5 4.5 < I <',l .5 + 4.5 ..1<t<t2 ... le)3,t21
3 2r$-z$<l<26*zF :.0<l<ttS ... lelo,+{-1

*r"l In the opposite figure

ABCD is
:

a quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at E

ProYe that : AC + BD > BC + AD

solution
ABCD is a quad lateral whose diagonals intersect at E

AC+BD>BC+AD
In A EBC : EC + EB > BC (tdangle inequality) (l)
ln A EAD : EA + ED > AD (triangle inequality) (2)

Adding (1) and (2): .. EC +EA+EB +ED>BC +AD

, . EC+EA=AC,EB+ED=BD ..AC+BD>BC+AD (Q.E.D.)

O Put (,/)
in the space in frortt of each group of the fo owing lengths
which can be side lengths of a triangle :
!1]2 cm. , 3 cm. ,4 cm. ( ) [2] 3 cm. ,, 6 cm. ,2 cm. ( )

[3] 10 cm. , 3 cm. ,7 cm. ( ) !!l 12 cm. , 5 cm. ,7.5 cm. ( )

a Find the inlewdl to which the length of the third side of edch of the
fo owing ngles belongs if lhe lengrths of the othet two sides are :
f!)6cm.,5cm. 12)7.5 crr,. ,7 .5 cnn.
Notes

,0d2-0\
Forthe ngl(t tgfm oskror
61

offir
in Mqths a Science

nd

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