PROBLEM 6.

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Substituting in the constitutive relations gives

∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂2u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂w
+ + = 2µ 2 + µ ( + )+µ ( + )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x
This can be written as
∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = µ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + µ ( + + )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
The last term is equal to zero from the Continuity principle equation for an incom-
pressible flow, so

∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ + = µ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

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PROBLEM 7.1
Situation: An engineer is estimating power for a water pik.
Water jet diameter is d = 1/8 in. = 3.175 mm. Exit speed is V2 = 40 m/ s.

Find: Estimate the minimum electrical power in watts.

Properties: At 10 ◦ C, density of water is ρ = 1000 kg/ m3 .
Assumptions: 1.) Neglect all energy losses in the mechanical system—e.g. motor,
gears, and pump.
2.) Neglect all energy losses in the fluid system—that is, neglect losses associated with
viscosity.
3.) Neglect potential energy changes because these are very small.
4.) Assume the velocity distribution in the water jet is uniform (α = 1) .

APPROACH

In the water pik, electrical energy is converted to kinetic energy of the water. Balance
electrical power with the rate at which water carries kinetic energy out of the nozzle.
ANALYSIS

Amount of kinetic energy that leaves the nozzle

Power =
Each interval of time
V22
∆m 2
=
∆t
where ∆m is the mass that has flowed out of the nozzle for each interval of time (∆t) .
Since the mass per time is mass flow rate: (∆m/∆t = ṁ = ρA2 V2 )
ṁV22
Power =
2
ρA2 V23
=
2
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Exit area
¡ ¢2
A2 = π/4 × 3.175 × 10−3 m
= 7.917 × 10−6 m2

Thus.
(1000 kg/ m3 ) (7.917 × 10−6 m2 ) (40 m/ s)3
Power =
2

Power = 253 W
COMMENTS

Based on Ohm’s law, this device would draw about 2 amps on a standard household
circuit.

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PROBLEM 7.2
Situation: A turbine is described in the problem statement.
Find: Power output.

APPROACH
Apply the energy principle.

ANALYSIS
Energy principle

Q̇ − Ẇs = ṁ[(h2 − h1 ) + (V22 − V12 )/2]

−10 − Ẇs = 4, 000[(2, 621 − 3, 062) + (502 − 102 )/(2 × 1, 000)] kJ/hr
Ẇs = 489 kW

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PROBLEM 7.3
Situation: A small wind turbine is being developed.
Blade diameter is D = 1.0 m. Design wind speed is V = 15 mph = 6.71 m/ s.
Air temperature is T = 50 ◦ F = 10 ◦ C. Atmospheric pressure is p = 0.9 bar = 90 kPa.
Turbine efficiency is η = 20%.

Find: Power (P ) in watts that can be produced by the turbine.

APPROACH
Find the density of air with the idea gas law. Then, find the kinetic energy of the
wind and use 20% of this value to find the power that is produced.

ANALYSIS
Ideal gas law
p
ρ =
RT
90, 000 Pa
=
(287 J/ kg · K) (10 + 273) K
= 1.108 kg/ m3

ANALYSIS

Amount of kinetic energy

Rate of KE =
Interval of time
∆mV 2 /2
=
∆t

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where ∆m is the mass of air that flows through a section of area A = πD2 /4 for
each unit of time (∆t) . Since the mass for each interval of time is mass flow rate:
(∆m/∆t = ṁ = ρAV )

ṁV 2
Rate of KE =
2
ρAV 3
=
2
The area is A2 = π/4 × (1.0 m)2 = 0.785 m2

(1.103 kg/ m3 ) (0.785 m2 ) (6.71 m/ s)3

Rate of KE =
2

Rate of KE = 130.9 W
Since the output power is 20% of the input kinetic energy

P = (0.2) (130.9 W)

P = 26.2 W
COMMENTS

The amount of energy in the wind is diffuse (i.e. spread out). For this situation,
a wind turbine that is 1 m in diameter in a moderately strong wind (15 mph) only
provides enough power for approximately one 25 watt light bulb.

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