FLUID

MECHANICS
Alternative Module

JUAN MIGUEL S. ALPAṄO

BSE 2B - Science
juanmiguel.alpano@cbsua.edu.ph
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
1. Explain why is lifting submerged tree trunk below the surface of the water is a lot easier than lifting
it above the surface of the water.

- Lifting any object submerged in water is easier than lifting it above the surface of the water
because of the principle governing the force in it. Every physical object has buoyancy.
Buoyancy is where the fluid opposes the force of the object submerged in the water. Water –
or any fluid – exerts a pressure on everything it touches. Archimedes principle states that when
an object is immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the object equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object. So by lifting the submerged tree in the water, it is
much easier because of the upward force given by the water as same as the weight of displaced
fluid by it. It is as if someone is helping you lifting the tree. This is the buoyancy force acting
on the submerged tree.

2. A 25-kilogram rock with a density of 24 x 103 kg/m3 is submerged in a lake and must be moved
near the shore. Calculate the force needed to lift the rock while it is underwater.

Given: Fb = Unknown
m= 25 kg
g= 9.8 m/s2
p= 2.4 x 103 kg/m3
v= m
p
= 25 kg .
2.4 x 103 kg/m3
= 0.010417 m3

Formula: Fb = pvg

Solution:
Fb = pvg

Fb = (2.4 x 103 kg/m3)( 0.010417 m3)( 9.8 m/s2)

Fb = (25.0008 kg)( 9.8 m/s2)

Fb = 245.00784 kg m/s2 or N

CONTINUITY EQUATION

1. In the continuity equation, derive an equation for V2

𝑝𝑉1 𝑝𝑉2
pV1= pV2→ = = V1= V2
p p

2. If water flows through a pipe with a diameter of 2.23 cm at a velocity of 2.25 m/s, what is the
flow rate on that pipe?

Given: R= Unknown
v = 2.25 m/s
A= 𝜋𝑟 2
= (3.14)(0.0223/2)2
 A = 3.9037 x 10-4 m2

Formula: R= vA

Solution:
R= vA

R= (2.25 m/s)( 3.9037 x 10-4 m2)

R= 87.83 x 10-5 m3/s

ENERGY IN FLUIDS

1. A water at stay still from a reservoir 36 meters high and then moves at a rate of 65 m/s on an
inclined ramp. (a) What is the potential energy of the water at the reservoir? (b) How much is the
kinetic energy of the water when it moves down the ramp

Given: U/V = Unknown

K/V = Unknown
h= 36 meters
g= 9.8 m/s2
p= 1.0 x 103 kg/m3
v= 65 m/s

a. What is the potential energy of the water at the reservoir?

Formula: U/V = pgh

Solution:
U/V = pgh

U/V = (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(9 .8 m/s2)(36 m)

U/V = (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(9 .8 m/s2)(36 m)

U/V = (9.8 x 103 kg/m2s2)(36 m)

U/V = 352 800 kg m/m2s2 or kg m/s2●1/m2 or N/m2

b. How much is the kinetic energy of the water when it mves down the ramp

Formula: K/V = ½ pv2

Solution:
K/V = ½ pv2

K/V = ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)( 65 m/s)2

K/V = ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)( 4 225 m2/s2 )

K/V = ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)( 4 225 m2/s2 )

K/V = ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m2)( 4 225 m/s2 )

K/V = ½ (4.225 x 106 kg m/m2s2 )

K/V = 21.125 x 107 kg m/m2s2 or kg m/s2●1/m2 or N/m2

BERNOULII’S EQUATION

1. A pipe with a varying cross-sectional area has water flowing at 0.20 m/s in a 0.002 m cross-
sectional radius in its wider portion and 0.001 meter radius in its narrowing portion. (a) Find the
flow of speed or the fluid velocity at its narrowing portion. (b) Find the pressure drop between
the two portion.

a. Find the flow of speed or the fluid velocity at its narrowing portion.
Given: v2 = Unknown
v1 = 0.20 m/s
A1 = 𝜋𝑟 2
= (3.14)(0.002 m)2
= (3.14)(4 x 10-6 m2)
= 1.256 x 10-5 m2
A2 = 𝜋𝑟 2
= (3.14)(0.001 m)2
= (3.14)(1 x 10-6 m2)
= 3.14 x 10-6 m2

Formula: A1v1 = A2v2

A1v1 = A2v2
A2 A2
𝐴1𝑉1
v2 =
A2

Solution:
𝐴1𝑉1
v2=
A2

v2 = (1.256 x 10-5 m2)( 0.20 m/s)

3.14 x 10-6 m2

v2 = (2.512 x 10-6 m3/s)

3.14 x 10-6 m2

v2= 0.8 m/s

b. Find the pressure drop between the two portion.

Formula: P= P1 + ½ p(v22 – v12)

where: P1 = ½ pv2
= ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(0.20 m/s)2
= ½ (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(0.04 m2/s2)
= ½ (40 kg m/m2s2
= 20 kg m/m2s2 or kg m/s2●1/m2 or N/m2
Solution:
P= P1 + ½ p(v22 – v12)

P= 20 N/m2 + ½ (1 x 103 kg/m3)[(0.8 m/s)2 – (0.20 m/s)2]

P= 20 N/m2 + ½ (1 x 103 kg/m3)(0.64 m2/s2 – 0.04 m2/s2)
P= 20 N/m2 + ½ (1 x 103 kg/m3)(0.60 m2/s2)
P= 20 N/m2 + ½ (600 kg.m/m2s2 or kg m/s2●1/m2 or N/m2 )
P= 20 N/m2 + 300 N/m2
P= 320 N/m2