Kingdom of Hungary

9/24/23, 4:27 PM Kingdom of Hungary - Wikipedia
Kingdom of Hungary
Coordinates: 47°29′46″N 19°02′22″E
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a
millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary
emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Names ↓
Esztergom around the year 1000;[8] his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for Magyar Királyság (Hungarian)
300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within Regnum Hungariae (Latin)
the Western world.[8] Königreich Ungarn (German)
Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 1000–1918[a]
16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, 1920–1946
Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania.[8] The House
of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously
until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.
From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-
Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The monarchy ended
Flag
with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a
(1915–1918)
republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–46, ending
Coat of arms
under the Soviet occupation in 1946.[8]
Motto: Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin)[1]
The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic[9] state from its inception[10] until the Treaty Mária királysága, Magyarország védőnője (Hungarian)
of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary (English)
of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia),
the territory of Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Anthem: Himnusz (1844–1946)
"Hymn"
Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a few villages which are now part of Poland. From
1102 it also included the Kingdom of Croatia, being in personal union with it, united Royal anthem
under the King of Hungary. God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country!
(1797–1918)
According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of
Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however in the mid-19th century out of a
population of 14 million less than 6 million were Hungarian due to the resettlement
policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries.[11][12] Major territorial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary 1/21
changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. More than nine-
tenths of the population of modern Hungary is ethnically Hungarian and speaks
Hungarian as their mother tongue.
Today, the feast day of the first king Stephen I (20 August) is a national holiday in
Hungary, commemorating the foundation of the state (Foundation Day).[13]
Names
The Latin forms Regnum Hungariae or Ungarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum
Marianum (Kingdom of Mary); or simply Hungaria, were the names used in official The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190
documents in Latin from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s.
The German name Königreich Ungarn was used officially from 1784 to 1790[14] and
again between 1849 and the 1860s.
The Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and then again from
the 1860s to 1946. The unofficial Hungarian name of the kingdom was
Magyarország,[15] which is still the colloquial, and also the official name of Hungary.[16]
The names in the other native languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier,
Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Serbian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Croatian: Kraljevina
Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, and Italian (for the
city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.
The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of

Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914
Capital Budapest
Historical capitals:
Esztergom (1000–1256)
Temesvár (1315–23)
Visegrád (1323–1408)
Buda (1256–1315; 1408–85;
1490–1541; 1783–1873)
Bécs (1485–90)
Pozsony (1536–1783)
Debrecen (temporary: 1849; 1944)
Budapest (1873–1946)
Székesfehérvár (place of diets,
royal seat, crowning and burial site
In Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), the unofficial name Transleithania was sometimes from 1000 to 1543)
used to denote the regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Officially, the term Lands of the
Official languages Latin
Crown of Saint Stephen was included for the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary,
(ceremonial/liturgical/administrative
although this term was also in use prior to that time. until 1844)
German (1784–90; 1849–67)
Capital cities Hungarian (1836–49; 1867–1946)
Italian (1871–1918, Fiume)
Name Time period
Other spoken languages:
Székesfehérvár 1000–1543 Carpathian Romani, Croatian,
Esztergom 1000–1256 Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian,
Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Yiddish
Buda 1256–1315
Religion Roman Catholic,[2] Calvinism,
Temesvár (now Timișoara) 1315–1323 Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy,
Visegrád 1323–1408 Eastern Catholic, Unitarianism,
Judaism
Government Feudal monarchy (1000–1301)

Absolute monarchy (1301–1868)
Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy (1848–
1918; 1920–46)
Monarch
• 1000–38 (first) Stephen I
• 1916–18 (last) Charles IV
• 1920–44 (Regent) Miklós Horthy
Palatine
• 1009–38 (first) Samuel Aba
• 1847–48 (last) Stephen Francis Victor
Prime Minister
• 1848 (first) Lajos Batthyány
• 1945–46 (last) Zoltán Tildy
Legislature Diet (from the 1290s)
• Upper house House of Magnates
(1867–1918; 1926–45)
• Lower house House of Representatives
(1867–1918; 1927–45)
Historical era 2nd millennium

• Coronation of 25 December 1000
Stephen I
Name Time period • Golden Bull of 1222 24 April 1222

• Battle of Mohi 11 April 1241
Buda 1408–1485
• Battle of Mohács 29 August 1526
Vienna (Bécs) 1485–1490 • Ottoman occupation 29 August 1541
of Buda
Buda 1490–1536 (1541)
• Treaty of Karlowitz 26 January 1699
Lippa (now Lipova) – Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1541–1542 • Hungarian Revolution 15 March 1848
Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia) – Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1542–1570 • 1867 Compromise 30 March 1867
• Treaty of Trianon 4 June 1920
Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava) 1536–1784
• Monarchy abolished 1 February 1946
Buda 1784–1849
Area
Debrecen 1849 1200[3] 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi)
Buda 1849–1873 1910[4] 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi)
Budapest 1873–1944 1930[5] 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi)
1941[6] 172,149 km2 (66,467 sq mi)
Debrecen 1944
Population
Budapest 1944–1946
• 1200[3] 2,000,000
• 1790[7] 8,000,000
History • 1910[4] 18,264,533
• 1930[5] 8,688,319
• 1941[6] 14,669,100
Origins
Currency Florentinus (1325–1553)
The Hungarians, led by Árpád, settled the Carpathian Basin in 895 and established the Thaler
Principality of Hungary (896–1000).[17] The Hungarians led several successful Florin (1754–1867)
incursions to Western Europe, until they were stopped by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Forint (1867–92)
in Battle of Lechfeld. Korona (1892–1918)
Korona (1919–26)
Middle Ages Pengő (1927–46)
Adópengő (1946)
High Middle Ages
The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the
coronation of St Stephen I (son of principal Géza. Originally called Vajk until baptized) at
Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000. The first kings of the kingdom were from the Árpád
dynasty. He fought against Koppány and in 998, with Bavarian help, defeated him near
Veszprém. The Catholic Church received powerful support from Stephen I, who with
Christian Hungarians and German knights wanted a Christian kingdom established in
Central Europe. Stephen I of Hungary was canonized as a Catholic saint in 1083 and an
Eastern Orthodox saint in 2000. Around 11th century, Kingdom of Hungary became a Preceded by Succeeded by
Christian state,[18] and Catholicism in the Hungarian Kingdom was a state Principality of First Hungarian
religion.[19][20] Hungary Republic
Hungarian First Czechoslovak
After his death, a period of revolts and conflict for supremacy ensued between the royalty Republic (1919– Republic
and the nobles. In 1051 armies of the Holy Roman Empire tried to conquer Hungary, but 20) Kingdom of Romania
they were defeated at Vértes Mountain. The armies of the Holy Roman Empire continued Kingdom of Serbs,
to suffer defeats; the second greatest battle was at the town now called Bratislava, in Croats and Slovenes
1052. Before 1052 Peter Orseolo, a supporter of the Holy Roman Empire, was First Austrian
Republic
overthrown by king Samuel Aba of Hungary.[21][22] Second Hungarian
Republic
This period of revolts ended during the reign of Béla I. Hungarian chroniclers praised
Béla I for introducing new currency, such as the silver
denarius, and for his benevolence to the former followers of his nephew,
Solomon. The second greatest Hungarian king, also from the Árpád dynasty,
was Ladislaus I of Hungary, who stabilized and strengthened the kingdom. He
was also canonized as a saint. Under his rule Hungarians successfully fought
against the Cumans and acquired parts of Croatia in 1091. Due to a dynastic
crisis in Croatia, with the help of the local nobility who supported his claim,
he managed to swiftly seize power in northern parts of the Croatian kingdom
(Slavonia), as he was a claimant to the throne due to the fact that his sister
The Holy Crown of Hungary along was married to the late Croatian king Zvonimir who died childless.
with other regalia
However, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until the reign of
his successor Coloman. With the coronation of King Coloman as "King of
King Stephen I of Hungary
Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd in 1102, the two kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary were united under one
crown.[23][24] Although the precise terms of this relationship became a matter of dispute in the 19th century, it is
believed that Coloman created a kind of personal union between the two kingdoms. The nature of the
relationship varied through time, Croatia retained a large degree of internal autonomy overall, while the real
power rested in the hands of the local nobility.[25] Modern Croatian and Hungarian historiographies mostly view
the relations between Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526) and Kingdom of Hungary from 1102 as a form of a
personal union, i.e. that they were connected by a common king.[26] Also, one of the greatest Hungarian jurists
and statesmen of the 16th century, István Werbőczy in his work Tripartitum treats Croatia as a kingdom separate
to Hungary.
Especially Arabic and Byzantine travelers from this time praised the richness country, the dense pastures, the
nicely cultivated lands, the plentiful animals in waters and forests. They said that the wheat is cheap, the markets
are populous, the cities flourish and the folk are wealthy. Although it is hardly credible that they refer to all layers
of society, the documents were inspired by the reality.[27]
Hungary (including Croatia) in 1190,
during the rule of Béla III
In 1222 Andrew II of Hungary issued the Golden Bull which laid down the principles of law.
Mongol invasion
In 1241, Hungary was invaded by the Mongols and while the first minor battles with Subutai's vanguard
probes ended in seeming Hungarian victories, the Mongols finally destroyed the combined Hungarian and
Cuman armies at the Battle of Muhi. In 1242, after the end of the Mongol invasion, numerous fortresses to
defend against future invasion were erected by Béla IV of Hungary. In gratitude, the Hungarians acclaimed
him as the "Second Founder of the Homeland", and the Hungarian Kingdom again became a considerable
force in Europe. In 1260 Béla IV lost the War of Babenberg Succession, his army was defeated at the Battle
of Kressenbrunn by the united Bohemian forces. However, in 1278, Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Austrian
troops fully destroyed the Bohemian army at the Battle on the Marchfeld.
The Meeting of Ladislaus IV and Rudolf I
during the Battle on the Marchfeld,
Late Middle Ages painting by Mór Than (1873)
The Árpád dynasty died out in 1301 with the death of Andrew III. Subsequently, Hungary was ruled by the
Angevins until the end of the 14th century, and then by several non-dynastic rulers – notably Sigismund, Holy
Roman Emperor and Matthias Corvinus – until the early 16th century.
The Anjou Age
When Andrew III's predecessor, Ladislaus IV, was assassinated in 1290, another nobleman was set up as titular
King of Hungary: Charles Martel of Anjou. Charles Martel was the son of King Charles II of Naples and Mary of
Hungary, the sister of Ladislaus IV. However, Andrew III took the crown for himself and ruled without
inconvenience after Charles Martel's death in 1295. Upon Andrew's death in 1301, the country was divided
Local autonomies (including
between powerful lords hostile to each other. A coalition of some of these oligarchs first crowned Wenceslaus III,
Cumania, Székely Land in
who quickly fled from the anarchy, then Otto III, who was forced to leave by the Kán family. Charles, remaining Transylvania, Zipser Saxons in
as the only candidate, was finally crowned King Charles I in 1310. His famous battle at Rozgony, described as Szepes County, and Transylvanian
"most cruel battle since the Mongol invasion of Europe" by the Chronicon Pictum, ended his war of Saxons in Transylvania -
reunification.[28][29] represented by the Transylvanian
Saxon University) in the late 13th
He implemented considerable economic reforms and defeated the remaining nobility who were in opposition to century
royal rule, led by Máté Csák III. The kingdom of Hungary reached an age of prosperity and stability under
Charles I. The gold mines of the Kingdom were extensively worked and soon Hungary reached a prominent
standing in European gold production. The forint was introduced as a currency, replacing the denars, and soon after Charles's reforms were
implemented, the economy of the Kingdom started to prosper again, having fallen into a parlous state following the Mongol invasion.
Charles exalted the cult to Saint Ladislaus I, using him as a symbol of bravery, justice and purity. He also venerated his uncle, Saint Louis of
Toulouse. On the other hand, he gave importance to the cults of the princesses Saint Elizabeth and Saint Margaret, which added relevance to the
lineage inheritance through the feminine branches.[30]
Charles restored the royal power which had fallen into feudal lords' hands, and then made the lords swear loyalty
to him. For this, he founded in 1326 the Order of Saint George, which was the first secular chivalric order in the
world, and included the most important noblemen of the Kingdom.
Charles married four times. His fourth wife was Elizabeth, the daughter of Władysław I of Poland. When Charles
died in 1342, his eldest son by Elizabeth succeeded him as Louis I. In the first years of his reign, Louis was
advised closely by his mother, making her one of the most influential personalities in the Kingdom.
Charles had arranged the marriage of his second son, Andrew, with his cousin Joanna, the granddaughter of King
Robert of Naples, in 1332. Robert died in 1343, bequeathing his kingdom to Joanna but excluding the claim of
Andrew. In 1345, a group of noble Neapolitan conspirators murdered Andrew at Aversa. Almost immediately,
Louis declared war on Naples, conducting a first campaign in 1347–1348 and a second in 1350. He eventually
signed peace with Joanna in 1352. Louis also waged wars against the Serbian Empire and the Golden Horde,
restoring the Hungarian monarchs' authority over territories along the frontiers which had been lost during the
previous decades.
King Charles I of Hungary
In 1370 Louis's uncle, Casimir III of Poland, died without male issue. Louis succeeded him, thus establishing the
first union of Hungary and Poland. This lasted until 1382 when Louis himself died without male issue; his two
daughters, Mary and Jadwiga, then ascended the thrones of Hungary and Poland respectively.
The Age of Sigismund
Louis I of Hungary always kept good and close relationships with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of
Luxembourg and finally proclaimed Charles's son Sigismund of Luxembourg to succeed him as King of Hungary.
Sigismund became a renowned king who created many improvements in the Hungarian law system and who
rebuilt the palaces of Buda and Visegrád. He brought materials from Austria and Bohemia and ordered the
creation of the most luxurious building in all of central Europe. In his laws can be seen the traces of the early
The administrative divisions of
mercantilism. He worked hard to keep the nobility under his control. A great part of his reign was dedicated to
medieval Hungary
the fight with the Ottoman Empire, which started to extend its frontiers and influence to Europe. In 1396 was
fought the Battle of Nicopolis against the Ottomans, which resulted in a defeat for the Hungarian-French forces
led by Sigismund and Philip of Artois, Count of Eu. However, Sigismund continued to successfully contain the Ottoman forces outside of the
Kingdom for the rest of his life.
Losing popularity among the Hungarian nobility, Sigismund soon became victim of an attempt against his rule, and Ladislaus of Anjou-Durazzo (the
son of the murdered King of Naples Charles II of Hungary) was called in and crowned. Since the ceremony was not performed with the Hungarian
Holy Crown, and in the city of Székesfehérvár, it was considered illegitimate. Ladislaus stayed only few days in Hungarian territory and soon left it,
no longer an inconvenience for Sigismund. In 1408 he founded the Order of the Dragon, which included the most of the relevant monarchs and
noblemen of that region of Europe at that time. This was just a first step for what was coming. In 1410 he was elected King of the Romans, making
him the supreme monarch over the German territories. He had to deal with the Hussite movement, a religious reformist group that was born in
Bohemia, and he presided at the Council of Constance, where the theologist founder Jan Hus, was judged. In 1419 Sigismund inherited the Crown of
Bohemia after the death of his brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, obtaining the formal control of three medieval states, but he struggled for control
of Bohemia until the peace agreement with the Hussites and his coronation in 1436.
In 1433 was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope and ruled until his death
in 1437, leaving as his only heir his daughter Elizabeth of Luxembourg and her
husband. The marriage of Elizabeth was arranged with the Duke Albert V of Austria,
who was later crowned as King Albert of Hungary in 1437.
Hunyadi family
The Hungarian kingdom's golden age was during the reign of Matthias Corvinus
(1458–1490), the son of John Hunyadi. His nickname was "Matthias the Just". He
further improved the Hungarian economy and practised astute diplomacy in place of
military action whenever possible. Matthias did undertake campaigning when
necessary. From 1485 until his death, he occupied Vienna, aiming to limit the
King Sigismund of Hungary influence and meddling of the Holy Roman Empire in Hungary's affairs.
At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians successfully

Louis I of Hungary on Heroes
resisted conquest. John Hunyadi was leader of the Crusade of Varna, in which the Hungarians tried to expel the
Square, Budapest
Turks from the Balkans. Initially, they were successful, but later at the Battle of Varna, the Ottomans won a
decisive if Pyrrhic victory. Wladyslaw III was decapitated during this battle.
In 1456, John Hunyadi delivered a crushing defeat of the Ottomans at the Siege of Belgrade. The Noon Bell
commemorates the fallen Christian warriors. In the 15th century, the Black Army of Hungary was a modern
mercenary army, with the Hussars the most skilled troops of the Hungarian cavalry. In 1479, under the
leadership of Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of
Breadfield. The army of Hungary destroyed its enemies almost every time when Matthias was king.
Matthias died without legitimate heir, and was thus succeeded by Vladislaus II Jagiellon (1490–1516), the son of
Casimir IV of Poland. In turn, Vladislaus was succeeded by his son Louis II (1516–26).
In 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent annihilated
the Hungarian army. In trying to escape, Louis II drowned in the Csele Creek. The leader of the Hungarian army,
Pál Tomori, also died in the battle.
Early modern history

Renaissance portrait of Matthias
The divided kingdom Corvinus, King of Hungary, (marble
relief by Giovanni Dalmata
Due to a serious defeat by the Ottomans (Battle of Mohács) the central authority collapsed. The majority of (attributed to), Benedetto da Maiano
Hungary's ruling elite elected John Zápolya (10 November 1526). A small minority of aristocrats sided with (previous attribution) 1476)
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Archduke of Austria, and was related to Louis by marriage. Due to
previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, Ferdinand was
elected king by a rump diet in December 1526.
Although the borders shifted frequently during this period, the three parts can be identified, more or less, as follows:
Royal Hungary, which consisted of northern and western territories where Ferdinand I was recognized as king of
Hungary. This part is viewed as defining the continuity of the Kingdom of Hungary. The territory along with Ottoman
Hungary suffered greatly from the nearly constant wars taking place.
Ottoman Hungary: The Great Alföld (i.e. most of present-day Hungary, including south-eastern Transdanubia and the
Banat), partly without north-eastern present-day Hungary.
Western conquests of
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under the Szapolyai. This territory, often under Ottoman influence, was different from
Matthias Corvinus
Transylvania proper and included various other territories sometimes referred to as Partium. Later the entity was
called Principality of Transylvania.
On 29 February 1528, King John I of Hungary received the support of the Ottoman Sultan. A
three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved to assert his rule over as much of the
Hungarian kingdom as he could. By 1529 the kingdom had been split into two parts: Habsburg
Hungary and the "eastern-Kingdom of Hungary". At this time there were no Ottomans on
Hungarian territories, except Srem's important castles. In 1532, Nikola Jurišić defended
Kőszeg and stopped a powerful Ottoman army. By 1541, the fall of Buda marked a further
division of Hungary into three areas. The country remained divided until the end of the 17th
century.
On 1 May 1566, Suleiman I led an Ottoman invasion of Habsburg-controlled Hungary, the The Battle of Buda (1686): Hungarians and the Holy
Ottoman forces of which was one of the most sizable armies he had led in his rule of 46 League (1684) reconquering Buda
years.[31] After reaching Belgrade and met with John II Sigismund Zápolya on 27 June,
Suleiman I learned that a Croatian-Hungarian nobleman, Nikola IV Zrinski, Ban of Croatia,
accomplished an attack on an Ottoman military camp at Siklós.[32][33] Suleiman I held off his attack of Eger for the time being, and began to set off
towards Nikola IV Zrinski's fortress at Szigetvár. From 2 August to 7 September, the Ottoman forces had laid siege to the fortress with a force, at the
least, of 150,000 against Zrinski's 2,300 defenders. While the siege turned into a victory for the Ottomans, it came at the cost of: 25,000 Ottoman
soldiers and Suleiman I, who before the final battle of Szigetvár, due to natural causes of old age and illness.[32]
In the following centuries there were numerous attempts to push back the Ottoman forces, such as the Long War or Thirteen Years' War (29 July
1593 – 1604/11 November 1606) led by a coalition of Christian forces. In 1644 the Winter Campaign by Miklós Zrínyi burnt the crucial Suleiman
Bridge of Osijek in eastern Slavonia, interrupting a Turkish supply line in Hungary. At the Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664), Austrians and
Hungarians defeated the Turkish army.
After the Ottoman siege of Vienna failed in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the Turks. By the end of the 17th century, they
managed to invade the remainder of the historical Kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania. For a while in 1686, the capital Buda
was again free from the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of other Europeans.
The Kuruc age
Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711) was the first significant freedom fight in Hungary against absolutist
Habsburg rule. It was fought by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives who wanted to put
an end to the inequality of power relations, led by Francis II Rákóczi (II. Rákóczi Ferenc in Hungarian). Its main
aims were to protect the rights of the different social orders, and to ensure the economic and social development
of the country. Due to the adverse balance of forces, the political situation in Europe and internal conflicts the
freedom fight was eventually suppressed, but it succeeded in keeping Hungary from becoming an integral part of
the Habsburg Empire, and its constitution was kept, even though it was only a formality.
After the departure of the Ottomans, the Habsburgs dominated the Hungarian Kingdom. The Hungarians' The Battle of Kuruc-Labanc, kuruc
renewed desire for freedom led to Rákóczi's War for Independence. The most important reasons of the war were preparing to attack traveling coach
the new and higher taxes and a renewed Protestant movement. Rákóczi was a Hungarian nobleman, son of the and riders, c. 1705
legendary heroine Ilona Zrínyi. He spent a part of his youth in Austrian captivity. The Kurucs were troops of
Rákóczi. Initially, the Kuruc army attained several important victories due to their superior light cavalry. Their
weapons were mostly pistols, light sabre and fokos. At the Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705), János Bottyán
decisively defeated the Austrian army. The Hungarian colonel Ádám Balogh nearly captured Joseph I, the King of
Hungary and Archduke of Austria.
In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian army at Battle of Trencsén, and this diminished the
further effectiveness of the Kuruc army. While the Hungarians were exhausted by the fights, the Austrians
defeated the French army in the War of the Spanish Succession. They could send more troops to Hungary against
the rebels. Transylvania became part of Hungary again starting at the end of the 17th century, and was led by
governors.[35][36] Counties of the Kingdom of
Hungary around 1880
Age of Enlightenment
In 1711, Austrian Emperor Charles VI became the next ruler of Hungary. Throughout the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own diet
(parliament) and constitution, but the members of the Governor's Council (Helytartótanács, the office of the palatine) were appointed by the
Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated to the Court Chamber in Vienna.
The Hungarian language reform started under the reign of Joseph II. The reform age of Hungary was started by
István Széchenyi a Hungarian noble, who built one of the greatest bridges of Hungary, the Széchenyi Chain
Bridge. The official language remained Latin until 1836, when Hungarian was introduced.[37][38] Between 1844
and 1849, and from 1867 onward, Hungarian became the exclusively used official language.
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
The European revolutions of 1848 swept into Hungary, as well. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to
redress the long suppressed desire for political change, namely independence. The Hungarian National Guard Distribution of Hungarians in the
was created by young Hungarian patriots in 1848. In literature, this was best expressed by the greatest poet of the Kingdom of Hungary and the
revolution, Sándor Petőfi. Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1890)
As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes, which included the campaigns of the Hungarian
general, Artúr Görgey, forced the Austrians on the defensive. One of the most famous battles of the revolution,
the Battle of Pákozd, was fought on 29 September 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army led by
Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the troops of the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić. Fearing defeat, the
Austrians pleaded for Russian help. The combined forces of the two empires quelled the revolution. The desired
political changes of 1848 were again suppressed until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.
Population 1910 (Kingdom of Hungary without Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia)[39]
Ethnicity Number Percentage Ethnic map of the Hungary proper

Hungarian 9 944 627 54.44% publicized by the Hungarian Trianon
delegation. Regions with population
Romanian 2 948 186 16.14%
density below 20 persons/km2[34]
Slovak 1 946 357 10.65% are left blank and the corresponding
population is represented in the
German 1 903 357 10.42%
nearest region with population
Ruthenian 464 270 2.54% density above that limit.
Serbian 461 516 2.52% Hungarians
Germans
Croatian 194 808 1.06%
Slovaks
Other 401 412 2.19% Ruthenians
All 18 264 533 100% Romanians
Serbs
Population 1910 (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen) [40] Croats
Spaces with a smaller density
than 20 persons/sq km
Ethnic and political situation in the

Kingdom of Hungary according to
the 1910 census
Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census)

Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian Other Total
Danube Right 72% 18% 5.5% 0.5% 14.8%

0% (833) 0.6% (17,188) 0% (232) 3.4% (105,556)
Bank (2,221,295) (555,694) (168,436) (15,170) (3,084,404)
Danube Left 32.7% 6.6% 58.8% 10.4%
0% (704) 0.1% (2,294) 0% (200) 0% (393) 1.7% (36,710)
Bank (711,654) (144,395) (1,279,574) (2,175,924)
81.2% 9.5% 4.1% 18%

Danube-Tisza 0.1% (4,813) 2.1% (79,354) 0.1% (4,866) 0.3% (11,121) 4.1% (96,318)
(3,061,066) (357,822) (154,298) (3,769,658)
Tisza Right 53.5% 5.6% 25% 14.3% 8.5%

0.1% (1,910) 0% (486) 0% (247) 1.6% (27,646)
Bank (945,990) (98,564) (441,776) (253,062) (1,769,681)
Tisza Left 61.8% 3.2% 7.5% 12.4%
24% (621,918) 3.1% (81,154) 0% (327) 0% (321) 0.3% (8,547)
Bank (1,603,924) (83,229) (194,504) (2,594,924)
22.2% 39.5% 19.9% 13.6% 10.3%

Tisza-Maros 2.1% (44,715) 0.2% (4,950) 0.1% (3,188) 2.4% (50,391)
(474,988) (845,850) (427,253) (290,434) (2,141,769)
34.3% 55% 8.7% 12.8%

Transylvania 0.1% (2,404) 0% (523) 0% (421) 0.1% (1,759) 1.8% (48,937)
(918,217) (1,472,021) (234,085) (2,678,367)
54.8 (27,307,
Fiume 13% (6,493) 0.3% (137) 4.6% (2,315) 0.4% (192) 26% (12,926) 0.9% (425) 0% (11) 0.2% (49,806)
mostly Italian)
Croatia- 5.1% 62.5% 24.6% 12.6%

4% (105,948) 0% (846) 0.8% (21,613) 0.3% (8,317) 2.6% (67,843)
Slavonia (134,078) (1,638,354) (644,955) (2,621,954)
48.1% 14.1% 9.8% 9.4% 8.8% 5.3% 2.3% 100%

Total 2.2% (469,255)
(10,050,575) (2,949,032) (2,037,435) (1,967,970) (1,833,162) (1,106,471) (472,587) (20,886,487)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Habsburg Monarchy became the "dual monarchy" of
Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual
Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist way of production
spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence and obsolete medieval institutions continued to
disappear. By the early 20th century, most of the Empire began to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP
per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of
other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).
The lands of the Hungarian Crown (comprising the Kingdom of Hungary proper, into which Transylvania was Coronation of Francis Joseph I and
fully incorporated, and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and internal Elisabeth at Matthias Church, Buda,
autonomy) were granted equal status with the Austrian Empire. Each of the two states comprising Austria- 8 June 1867
Hungary exercised considerable independence, with certain institutions, notably the reigning house, defence,
foreign affairs, and finances for common expenditures, remaining under joint management. This arrangement
lasted until 1918, when the Central Powers went down in defeat in World War I.
Transitions (1918 to 1920)
Two short-lived republics
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság[41] or Magyarországi
Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság[42]) was a short-lived independent communist state established in Hungary.
It lasted only from 21 March until 1 August 1919. The state was led by Béla Kun and was not recognized by France, the UK or the US.[43] It was the
second socialist state in the world to be formed after the October Revolution in Russia brought the Bolsheviks to power. The Hungarian Republic of
Councils had military conflicts with the Kingdom of Romania (see Hungarian–Romanian War), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the
evolving Czechoslovakia. It collapsed on 1 August 1919 when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the Romanian forces
and Béla Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Austria.[44]
A 1919 attempt to form a federation with the Kingdom of Romania also failed, when the Romanian King ultimately refused to accept the Hungarian
Crown.[45]
The restoration of the Kingdom
After the pullout of occupation forces of Romania in 1920 the country went into civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists
purging the nation of communists and others by whom they felt threatened. On 29 February 1920, after the pullout of the last of the Romanian
occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and reinstated Hungary's status as a
constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent was appointed to represent the monarchy,
former Austro-Hungarian navy admiral Miklós Horthy.
Treaty of Trianon (1920)
The new borders set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon ceded 72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary
to the neighbouring states. The main beneficiaries were Romania, the newly formed states of
Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but Austria, Poland and Italy also gained
smaller territories. The areas that were allocated to neighbouring countries in total (and each of them
separately) possessed a majority of non-Hungarian population, but more than 3.3 million ethnic
Hungarians were left outside the new borders of Hungary. Many view this as contrary to the terms laid out
by US President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which were intended to honour the ethnic makeup of
the territories. As President Wilson left the conference to emphasize his disagreement, and because the US
Congress did not ratify the treaty, the United States of America and the Kingdom of Hungary signed a
separate peace treaty on 29 August 1921.[49] The Treaty of Trianon: Hungary lost 72%
of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10
biggest cities and all of its precious metal
Between 1920 and 1946 mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found
themselves separated from their
motherland.[46][47][48]
Interwar period
The new international borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials and its former markets for agricultural and
industrial products. Hungary lost 84% of its timber resources, 43% of its arable land, and 83% of its iron ore. Furthermore, post-Trianon Hungary
possessed 90% of the engineering and printing industry of the Kingdom, while only 11% of timber and 16% iron was retained. In addition, 61% of
arable land, 74% of public road, 65% of canals, 62% of railroads, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial plants, 100% of
gold, silver, copper, mercury and salt mines, and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the prewar Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of
Hungary's neighbors.[50][51][52]
Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated near Budapest, Hungary retained about 51% of its industrial population and 56%
of its industry. Horthy appointed Count Pál Teleki as Prime Minister in July 1920. His government issued a numerus clausus law, limiting admission
of "political insecure elements" (these were often Jews) to universities and, in order to quiet rural discontent, took initial steps towards fulfilling a
promise of major land reform by dividing about 3,850 km2 from the largest estates into smallholdings. Teleki's government resigned, however, after
Charles IV unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921. The return of King Charles produced split parties between
conservatives who favored a Habsburg restoration and nationalist right-wing radicals who supported election of a Hungarian king. Count István
Bethlen, a non-affiliated right-wing member of the parliament, took advantage of this rift forming a new Party of Unity under his leadership. Horthy
then appointed Bethlen prime minister. Charles IV died soon after he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921. (For more detail on
Charles's attempts to retake the throne, see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy.)
As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921 and 1931. He
fashioned a political machine by amending the electoral law, providing jobs in the
expanding bureaucracy to his supporters, and manipulating elections in rural areas.
Bethlen restored order to the country by giving the radical counterrevolutionaries
payoffs and government jobs in exchange for ceasing their campaign of terror against
Jews and leftists. In 1921, he made a deal with the Social Democrats and trade unions
(called Bethlen-Peyer Pact), agreeing, among other things, to legalize their activities
and free political prisoners in return for their pledge to refrain from spreading anti-
Hungarian propaganda, calling political strikes, and organizing the peasantry.
Bethlen brought Hungary into the League of Nations in 1922 and out of international
isolation by signing a treaty of friendship with Italy in 1927. The revision of the
Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda and the strategy
employed by Bethlen consisted by strengthening the economy and building relations
István Bethlen, the Prime with stronger nations. Revision of the treaty had such a broad backing in Hungary
Minister of Hungary that Bethlen used it, at least in part, to deflect criticism of his economic, social, and
political policies.
Miklós Horthy was regent of
The Great Depression induced a drop in the standard of living and the political mood of the country shifted
Hungary from 1920 to 1944
further toward the right. In 1932 Horthy appointed a new prime-minister, Gyula Gömbös, who changed the
course of Hungarian policy towards closer cooperation with Germany. Gömbös signed a trade agreement with
Germany that drew Hungary's economy out of depression but made Hungary dependent on the German economy
for both raw materials and markets. On 2 November 1938, as the result of the First Vienna Award parts of Czechoslovakia – Southern Slovakia and a
part of Carpathian Ruthenia – were returned to Hungary, an area amounting to 11,927 km2 and a population of 869,299 (86.5% of which were
Hungarians according to the 1941 census). Between 5 November and 10 November, Hungarian armed forces peacefully occupied the newly
transferred territories.[53] Hitler later promised to transfer all of Slovakia to Hungary in exchange for a military alliance, but his offer was rejected.
Instead, Horthy chose to pursue a territorial revision to be decided along ethnic lines. In March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved,
Germany invaded it, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established. On 14 March, Slovakia declared itself to be an independent state.
On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14
March and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of Avgustyn Voloshyn. By
contrast, Hungary recognized the Nazi puppet state of Slovakia led by the Clerical Fascist Jozef Tiso.[54] In September 1940, with troops massing on
both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border, war was averted by the Second Vienna Award. This award transferred the northern half of
Transylvania to Hungary, with a total area of 43,492 km2 and a total population of 2,578,100 with a 53.5% Hungarian majority according to the 1941
census. By dividing Transylvania between Romania and Hungary, Hitler was able to ease tensions in Hungary. In October 1940, the Germans
initiated a reciprocity policy between Romania and Hungary which was continued until the end of World War II. The region of Sub-Carpathia was
given special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually) it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority.
During World War II 1941–1945
After being granted part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia by the Germans and Italians in the First
Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940, Hungary
participated in their first military maneuvers on the side of the Axis powers in 1941. Thus, the Hungarian army
was part of the invasion of Yugoslavia, gaining some more territory and joining the Axis powers in the process.
On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Hungary joined the German effort
and declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered World War II on the side of the Axis. In late 1941,
the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. By 1943, after the Royal
Hungarian Army suffered extremely heavy losses at the river Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate
a surrender with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in
what was known as Operation Margarethe. By then it was clear that Hungarian politics would be suppressed
according to Hitler's intention to hold the country in the war on the side of the Nazi Third Reich because of its
strategic location. On 15 October 1944, Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war. The
Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and Horthy's regime was replaced by a fascist puppet government The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942,
under the pro-German Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi, thus effectively ending the possibility for independent during World War II
actions in the war. However, the form of government was only changed to a republic two years later.
Transitioning into a republic
Following its occupation of Hungary in 1944, the Soviet Union imposed harsh conditions allowing the Russians to seize important material assets
and control internal affairs.[55] After the Red Army set up police organs to persecute "class enemies", the Soviets assumed that the impoverished
Hungarian populace would support the Communists in the coming elections.[56] The Communists fared poorly, receiving only 17% of the vote,
resulting in a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy.[57] Soviet intervention, however, resulted in a government that disregarded
Tildy, placed communists in important ministries, and imposed restrictive and repressive measures, including banning the victorious Independent
Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party.[56] In 1945, Soviet Marshal Kliment Voroshilov forced the freely elected Hungarian government to
yield the Interior Ministry to a nominee of the Hungarian Communist Party. Communist Interior Minister László Rajk established the ÁVH secret
police, which suppressed political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture.[58] In 1946 the form of government
was changed to a republic. Soon after the monarchy was abolished, the Soviet Union pressed Hungarian leader Mátyás Rákosi to take a "line of more
pronounced class struggle."[59] What emerged was a communist state lasting until 23 October 1956 when the Soviet Russian occupation was swept
away by the Hungarian uprising, victorious until 10 November 1956. The Soviet occupation was then restored, lasting until 1989 when the
Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. In today's republic, the Kingdom is
regarded as one long stage in the development of the state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols such as the Holy
Crown of Hungary and the coat of arms of Hungary, which are the same as when the monarchy was still in place. Several holidays, the official
language (Hungarian), and the capital city Budapest have also been retained. The official Hungarian name of the country is Magyarország (simply
Hungary) since 2012;[16] it was also the common name of the monarchy.[15] The millennium of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in
2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000.[60]
See also
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary Hungary portal
Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)
Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary Monarchy portal

List of Hungarian rulers
Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary
Notes
a. After the death of the Hungarian king at Battle of Mohács in 1526, Hungarian noble groups elected two kings dividing Hungary in two: Royal
Hungary and Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. During the Ottoman occupation between 1541 and 1699, the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into
three separate parts:
Royal Hungary 1526–1699
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1570 which became the Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711
Ottoman Hungary 1541–1699
(see below...)
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from Indiana University, Digitized 13 November 2008 p. 114 7) on 12 February 2009.
Further reading
Engel, Pál. The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. (2001).
Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=
o&d=106917725) (2000)
Hoensch, Jörg K., and Kim Traynor. History of Modern Hungary (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27024260A), 1867–1994 (1996)
Hanak, Peter et al. A History of Hungary (1994)
"Hungary" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hungary). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.
pp. 894–931.
Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds (https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf) (PDF). Budapest,
Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
Kontler, Laszlo. A History of Hungary (2006) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403903174)
Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar. A Concise History of Hungary (2001) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521667364)
Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by
Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was
partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.
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9/24/23, 4:27 PM Kingdom of Hungary - Wikipedia

The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of

Government Feudal monarchy (1000–1301)

Historical era 2nd millennium

Name Time period • Golden Bull of 1222 24 April 1222

High Middle Ages

The Anjou Age

The Age of Sigismund

At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians successfully

Early modern history

The Kuruc age

Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Population 1910 (Kingdom of Hungary without Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia)[39]

Ethnicity Number Percentage Ethnic map of the Hungary proper

Ethnic and political situation in the

Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census)

Danube Right 72% 18% 5.5% 0.5% 14.8%

81.2% 9.5% 4.1% 18%

Tisza Right 53.5% 5.6% 25% 14.3% 8.5%

22.2% 39.5% 19.9% 13.6% 10.3%

34.3% 55% 8.7% 12.8%

Croatia- 5.1% 62.5% 24.6% 12.6%

48.1% 14.1% 9.8% 9.4% 8.8% 5.3% 2.3% 100%

Transitions (1918 to 1920)

Two short-lived republics

The restoration of the Kingdom

Treaty of Trianon (1920)

During World War II 1941–1945

Transitioning into a republic

Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary Monarchy portal

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