Person Tracking in Multiple
CCTV footage
Swati Shilaskar Ritika Sisodiya
E&TC Dept E&TC Dept
VIT, Pune
swati.shilaskar@vit.edu ritika.sisodiya20@vit.edu
Pratik Chandakavat
E&TC Dept
VIT, Pune
pratik.chandakavat21@vit.edu
Abstract- Person tracking in multiple CCTV footages
is a challenging issue in computer vision that has
attained increasing attention in the past few years.
The main intent is to accurately track individuals as
they move through different camera views, which is
essential for a broad range of applications such as
security, surveillance and also crowd monitoring.
However, this task is complicated by a number of
factors including occlusions, changes in lighting, and
camera angles.To address these challenges,
researchers have developed a variety of techniques
such as multi-camera calibration, feature extraction,
and tracking algorithms. Deep learning methods
have also shown promising results in improving
person tracking accuracy. However, there are still
many open research questions, particularly in cases
of crowded scenes or rapid movements.In this paper,
we review recent advances in person tracking in
multiple CCTV footages, discussing both traditional
methods and deep learning approaches. We also
highlight some of the remaining challenges and
future directions for research in this area. Overall,
person tracking in multiple CCTV footages remains
an active area of research with significant potential
for real-world applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
Visual reconnaissance frameworks are broadly utilized to
screen individuals and objects in different settings, counting
air terminals, open zones, and activity administration. With
the headways in computer vision advances, these
frameworks can be computerized to extend their
productivity and diminish the workload on human
administrators. Be that as it may, conventional single-camera
reconnaissance frameworks are not sufficient for complex
reconnaissance assignments and require multi-camera
observation frameworks for protest discovery, tracking, and
programmed calibration.This term paper points to supply an
diagram of multi-camera visual reconnaissance frameworks,
especially their challenges and confinements, the most
recent strategies for question location and following, and the
assessment measurements and datasets utilized to degree
Tejas Chougule
E&TC Dept
VIT, Pune VIT, Pune
tejas.chougule 21@vit.edu
Rahul Gaikwad
E&TC Dept
VIT, Pune
rahul.gaikwad21@vit.edu
their execution. The primary objective is to serve as a
reference for analysts and specialists fascinated by creating
new approaches to protest discovery and following in
multi-camera visual reconnaissance systems.The paper is
organized into three areas. The primary segment examines
the challenges and restrictions related with multi-camera
visual reconnaissance frameworks. It highlights the
significance of inter-camera calibration and correspondence
for effective protest discovery and following. The moment
segment covers state-of-the-art protest discovery and
following strategies, counting feature-based,
appearance-based, and deep learning-based approaches. This
area gives an outline of the points of interest and
impediments of each approach and highlights the
significance of selecting the correct method based on the
reconnaissance situation. The third area talks about the
existing datasets and assessment measurements utilized to
degree the execution of multi-camera surveillance systems.
This section emphasizes the importance of using
standardized evaluation metrics and datasets to facilitate
comparison and reproducibility of results. Overall, the paper
emphasizes the importance of multi-camera visual
surveillance systems and their potential to enhance safety
and crime prevention measures in various fields. By
providing an overview of the latest techniques and
evaluation metrics, this paper aims to promote further
research in this area and facilitate the development of more
efficient and accurate object detection and tracking
approaches for multi-camera visual surveillance systems.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The paper proposes a strategy for multi-person following
over non-overlapping uncalibrated cameras utilizing
information affiliation. The strategy includes building
directions from each camera freely and finding affiliations
between directions from distinctive cameras. The paper
presents a strategy to investigate human portion
arrangements on directions to portray inter-camera
spatial-temporal limitations and defines the affiliation issue
as a multi-class classification issue utilizing space priors
such as bunch action. The proposed strategy accomplishes
vigorous multi-person following, and test comes about on a
benchmark dataset approve its effectiveness.[1] The
proposed framework tracks the positions of numerous
people from covering cameras employing a novel two-step
technique that together gauges individual position and track
task. The framework productively computes the K-best joint
gauges for individual position and track task beneath an
estimation of the probability work employing a subset of
prompts. Within the speculation confirmation organize, known
individual positions related with these arrangements are utilized to
characterize a bigger set of unmistakable prompts to re-rank the
found assignments. The framework outflanks the state-of-the-art on
four challenging multi-person datasets. [2] This paper centers on
the issue of target-agnostic individual following and recognition
over different non-overlapping cameras. The think investigates
existing calculations for online individual following utilizing
discriminative spatio-temporal highlights from video information,
and recognizes open problem and future inquire about headings.
The proposed approaches incorporate a spatio-temporal
demonstrate utilizing LSTM systems and the utilize of movement
metadata such as individual bounding box and camera number.
These strategies accomplish state-of-the-art execution in
large-scale following datasets, without requiring target-specific
appearance models[3] A modern coordinates system for tending to
the issues of thermal-visible video enrollment, sensor combination,
and individuals following for far-range recordings. The proposed
system employments a RANSAC trajectory-to-trajectory
coordinating for video enlistment, sensor combination to compute
sum-rule outlines, and different question following for following.
Comes about illustrate that the proposed system gets way better
comes about for both picture enlistment and following than
partitioned methods[4] A real-time tracking system for surveillance
and security using multiple cameras. The system is based on
feature extraction, background subtraction, and object
identification. The proposed system extends the concept of single
detection using a stationary camera to multiple object detection
under multiple cameras for indoor environments. The objective is
to enhance security measures and achieve real-time detection of
non-steady objects in video sequences and live video streaming.
This will be accomplished by employing a strong algorithm that is
capable of detecting and tracking human bodies with high
reliability [8]. This paper discusses the challenges of object
tracking in real-world CCTV footage due to factors such as moving
backgrounds, motion blur, and scale changes. The authors propose
the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for more efficient
tracking and explore the use of heterogeneous training data and
data augmentation to improve detection rates. The researchers
propose incorporating the spatial transformation parameters of
objects to predict and model camera parameters, which could lead
to improved performance. To evaluate their approach, they test it
on publicly available datasets as well as real-world CCTV
videos.[10] Multi-camera visual surveillance systems have become
increasingly popular for various applications, such as continuously
tracking objects of interest and providing early warning of
abnormal events. However, one of the main challenges in
wide-area object tracking is establishing correspondences between
different object sequences observed across multiple cameras, which
may have either overlapping or non-overlapping views.
Overlapping multi-camera tracking systems usually require camera
calibration and rely on geometric constraints, while tracking
objects across non-overlapping views presents even greater
difficulties. To address this issue, many factors need to be taken
into consideration, including illumination variance, viewpoint
changes, pose changes, nonuniform clothing, self-occlusions, and
differences in camera characteristics, among others [11]. This
paper introduces new features to enhance the re-identification of
individuals within a group of people. The proposed method
considers a group to be a cohesive set of individuals with shared
relative positions and trajectories, even across different cameras.
To increase the accuracy of re-identification, the approach
combines traditional image cues that depict the appearance of each
person with the newly developed group features. A proposed
method to recognize groups of people by classifying trajectories
and using features obtained from recognized groups to achieve
re-identification of people across non-overlapping cameras. In the
proposed method for population detection, the spatio-temporal
relationship between pairs of pedestrians is presented at each time
point [12]. Multiview analysis can compensate for the effects of
occlusion and noisy observations. However, cost and logistics
considerations often limit the number of duplicate cameras that can
be used. The main goal is how it already works while overlapping
with her 3-4 cameras from very different oblique downward view
directions. Most often use the object's visual his hull obtained by
volume carving. So the biggest challenge is getting the correct
correspondence between views at the object level. The task of
recognizing and tracking discovered objects as people is
formulated as a bipartite graph mapping problem. Hypotheses that
associate 2D detections across views are constructed using
volumetric rebuilding to shape detections in 3D space.When it
comes to detecting and tracking multiple people with multiple
cameras, several key aspects need to be considered. These include
finding relation between different camera views, linking detections
with traces, and identifying false positives. The primary
contribution of a particular approach is a two-step likelihood
optimization technique that addresses all of these issues while also
taking into account the positional information of foreground
objects. Joint estimation involves using multiview display models
and occlusion information, with the added advantage of leveraging
overlapping camera settings. The proposed method was compared
to several prior art methods and different types of background
estimation to evaluate its performance. Results showed that in
scenarios where person densities are lower and static backgrounds
are utilized across all methods, KSP-based methods perform better
than the proposed recursive approach [13]. For large-scale
surveillance cameras to be effective real-time systems, they must
be capable of identifying and responding to events as they occur.
However, the generation and processing of massive amounts of
data represent significant challenges for any intelligent surveillance
system.
The primary aim of a surveillance system is to reduce the potential
for economic or physical harm, and the speed at which decisions
are made plays a crucial role in achieving this objective. The
effectiveness of a video surveillance system is largely determined
by the time it takes to make decisions. To improve the effectiveness
of the system, the proposed method involves extracting features
such as color, shape, and texture from individuals observed by the The identification, extraction, and tracking of moving objects in
cameras. The combination of these features is used to create a surveillance videos captured from multiple angles. The proposed
signature for each person, which enables the system to identify solution involves utilizing a multi-view foreground matching
them. When dealing with multiple cameras, the model identifies model that employs HOG detection and system clustering
relationships between each pair of cameras by comparing the techniques to recognize and match the same foreground object
signature of the same person across different cameras. To improve from different viewpoints. The study's findings indicate that the
the accuracy of person identification, the model uses multiple model efficiently detects and extracts foreground moving objects
features, including color, pose, and texture, to create a more
and matches them across multiple surveillance videos.[16]. This
comprehensive signature. In non-overlapping fields of view, binary
paper reviews existing approaches for vision-based object detection
SVM is used to establish the relationship between two cameras to
and tracking and highlights the issue of occlusion. The paper
re-identify a person. False detections cannot be entirely avoided,
suggests that a combination of features such as depth data,
but the model employs background subtraction to reduce their
geometry, textural, color, speed, etc., and a combination of
impact. By calculating the percentage of the detected region in
motion, the system can minimize the effects of false detections. techniques such as 3D techniques, optimal trajectory estimation,
Overall, the proposed model and method show promise in region of interest feature extraction, and feature fusion can be used
achieving the aim of effective video surveillance systems.[14]. In to track multiple objects under occlusion conditions. The paper also
[9] for the purpose of separating suggests that synchronizing multiple cameras with optimal feature
the object(s) from the input video frames via background extraction, trajectory estimation and classification can be an
effective solution for tracking multiple objects under occlusions,
subtraction, various techniques have been explored. This
especially in traffic and outdoor surveillance applications[17]. A
essay essentially serves as an overview of the various
survey of various object tracking algorithms with a focus on the
background subtraction methods. A fascinating debate of
role of feature selection. The algorithms are evaluated under
the Wallflower, W4, Cutler, Halevy, and other algorithms
different environmental conditions to determine their efficacy. The
took place. The many algorithms, their fundamental
paper highlights the importance of considering shape, color,
mathematical models for differentiating between foreground texture, object of interest, and motion in multi-direction for object
and background pixels, and comments on the requirement tracking in video surveillance applications. The results show that a
are shown in Table I. single algorithm can be designed by combining multiple features
for more effective object tracking.[18] This paper discusses a novel
Table I Comparative Study approach to tracking moving objects in video surveillance
applications. Specifically, the proposed method involves a
Algorithm multi-feature fusion model that utilizes color and edge orientation
Model Remarks
information. The approach also incorporates a stochastic fusion
[9]Heikkila and |Ii-Bi|>Th 1.Predefined constant
threshold scheme, which serves to enhance tracking robustness and address
Olli Bi+1=αIi + (1 -
2. For background occlusion issues. The experiment results show that the proposed
α) Bi
correction must be method is effective in achieving strong tracking performance.[19]
very small constant This paper presents a framework for robust identification, tracking,
α
and categorisation of multiple moving objects in real-time from
[5]Adaptive Wj,i*F(Ii; , 1.Each time UAV videos. This framework leverages off-the-shelf UAV systems
mixture of ) background updated and a laptop computer to offer a range of data, including the
Gaussian coordinates and velocities of identified objects. The system's
P(Ii)= (j=1Σtoµ before the
k)σ2 efficacy is cited as surpassing human proficiency for detecting
foreground
moving objects [20].
detected.
2. Initial constant
threshold required.
III. METHODOLOGY
|Min - Ii|> Th, 1.Morphological
[9] W4 |Max - operations as
II|> Th erosion and dilution
[14] Cluter Σ𝑐ϵRGB|Ii(c)-Bi(c) noise Standardσ
|>Mσ Derivation 1.
:Offline
2.Basically used for
template matching
[9]Wallflower B(i-k)Bi=- (k= 1 a(k) are updated each
time in each frame .
to p) a(k)Σ
2. Two autoregressive
background models
has used Figure 1
Discuss recording video using multiple cameras to create a video
data set. Briefly describe research issues when using multiple
cameras. There is a brief detail about the research issues with the
use of multiple cameras.Collecting multiple CCTV footage streams
from different angles can be a useful method for tracking people,
objects, and activities in public spaces. The process involves
identifying the location and cameras, obtaining permission,
gathering and processing the footage using specialized software or
tools, analyzing the footage with object detection and tracking
algorithms, and refining the algorithms as needed. However, it's
important to consider privacy concerns and ensure that the use of
surveillance technology is transparent and accountable to the
public. By balancing the benefits of the technology with ethical
considerations, we can use multiple CCTV footage streams to
improve safety and security in public spaces. To analyze CCTV
footage and track people or objects in public spaces, a deep
learning-based object detection algorithm can be used. After
gathering and processing the footage, the algorithm uses a neural
network to learn relevant features and detect and track objects in
real-time. The algorithm can be trained using tools like TensorFlow
or PyTorch on a large dataset of labelled images, and can be
refined by adjusting parameters or retraining the model with
additional data. By using a deep learning-based object detection
algorithm, we can achieve higher accuracy and efficiency.
Person 1 in back camera Person 1 in front camera
Figure 2
in person detection and tracking, and adaptability to different
lighting and environmental conditions. To analyze multiple
CCTV footage streams and track people or objects in public
spaces, we can use pre-trained models such as YOLO, SSD,
or faster R-CNN, or train our custom model on the data.
Pre-trained models can be fine-tuned for our specific use
case and applied to the footage stream to detect and track
objects in real-time. Custom models provide greater
flexibility in detecting and tracking objects specific to our
use case and can be trained using annotation tools like
LabelImg or RectLabel and tools like TensorFlow or
PyTorch. Once we have the pre-trained or custom model, we
can refine it by adjusting parameters, retraining the model,
or incorporating additional data sources. By using these
models, we can achieve higher accuracy and efficiency in
object detection and tracking, while balancing the need for
safety and security with privacy concerns and transparency.
To match individuals across multiple CCTV footage
streams, overlap-based matching, appearance-based
matching, or a combination of both techniques can be used.
Overlap-based matching involves matching tracks based on
the overlap of their bounding boxes in consecutive frames,
while appearance-based matching involves matching tracks
based on the similarity of their appearance features such as
color, texture, or shape. By combining both techniques, the
accuracy of matching can be improved, especially in
complex environments with occlusions or poor footage
quality. The choice of technique depends on the application
requirements such as accuracy level or complexity of the
environment being monitored. These techniques can help to create
a comprehensive view of individuals' movements, useful for
identifying patterns of behavior or tracking individuals of interest.
However, it's essential to address privacy concerns and ensure
transparency and accountability when using surveillance
technology.To match individuals' tracks across different CCTV
footage streams, data association is performed after object
detection and tracking algorithms are used to analyze and track
individuals in multiple streams. Various techniques for computing
optical flow have been examined. The approach outlined by Brox
et al. in their paper [14] is employed in this study. This method
prioritizes flow, is resilient, isotropic, and features a gradient
constancy term. Experiments documented in [14] demonstrate that
Brox et al.'s technique yields noteworthy precision, occasionally
even exceeding the current best known value. Furthermore, the
method is resilient to substantial noise levels. The energy
functional for the Brox et al. algorithm can be expressed as
EE
E= data smooth where D is the
regularization parameter known as
Flow Smoothness and E Ix w Ix Ix w Ix d data \ J ( ( )
()
( ) ()) x : ³ (3) 2 2 E dx
Data association involves matching tracks from different
streams based on various criteria, such as proximity,
appearance, and motion, to provide a continuous record of
individuals' movements. There are several methods for
performing data association, such as nearest neighbor
association, joint probabilistic data association, and multiple
hypothesis tracking. By performing data association, a
comprehensive view of individuals' movements can be
created across multiple CCTV footage streams, which can
be useful for identifying patterns of behaviour or tracking
individuals of interest. However, privacy concerns should be
considered, and transparency and accountability to the
public should be ensured when surveillance technology. To
track individuals across multiple CCTV footage streams, the
Hungarian algorithm or SORT algorithm can be used. The
Hungarian algorithm assigns objects detected in multiple
footage streams to tracks based on the distances between
objects and tracks, while the SORT algorithm uses a Kalman
filter to estimate the state of each object and a data
association algorithm to match objects across frames. By
using these algorithms, we can track individuals with greater
accuracy and efficiency, which can be valuable for public
safety and security. However, it is important to consider
privacy concerns and ensure that the use of surveillance
technology is transparent and accountable to the
public.Integrating the tracked data across different CCTV
footage involves consolidating the data from multiple
met, Person1 is confirmed to be that person. 2) Tentative -
In this state, some comparisons are matched while others are
not. 3) Deleted - when the comparison is finished and finds
no matches, it is designated as being in the Deleted state.
A detailed analysis of the detection happening in both the
videos is been presented as follows in the Table 2.
TableII. Object Detection Categories
Video Video Detection Surveillance
no. Category

streams into a single database or visualization tool to 1 Single Person ● Facial Features
provide a clear understanding of individuals' movements Extraction.
over time and space. This is an essential step in analyzing ● Attire of the person
Detected.
and understanding individuals' movements across different ● Background modeling
streams. Integration can be performed manually or ● Front angle of the cctv
automatically, depending on the complexity of the data and camera.

the desired level of accuracy. The resulting data can be used 2 Two persons ● Face Detection of person
for various applications, such as identifying patterns of 2
behavior, tracking individuals of interest, or detecting ● Attire Detection of
person 2
anomalies. To evaluate the performance of the persons ● Area
tracking system, the accuracy of the tracking algorithm and ● Back angle of the cctv
the data association techniques used can be measured using camera.

metrics such as precision, recall, F1 score, and mean average

precision (mAP). These metrics provide a quantitative
assessment of the system's accuracy in detecting and
tracking individuals across multiple CCTV footage streams.
The performance evaluation can help identify areas for
improvement and ensure the tracking system's effectiveness
and reliability, especially in critical applications such as
surveillance and security. Regular performance evaluations
are crucial to maintain the system's effectiveness and
identify any issues that may arise over time, such as changes
in lighting conditions or the presence of occlusions.
The summary includes the features, prone and cons of these
object detection categories. And, to generate the trajectory
of an object at any instant of time in each and every frame
of video sequence, a detailed summary about the
comparison taking place through the features discussed in
the above table, is given in the Table3.
TABLE III. Comparative Table
Features Video 1 Video 2 Results

Facial Confirmed Tentative Confirmed

Features

Background Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed

Modelling

Attire Confirmed Tentative Tentative

Figure 3 Objects Tentative Confirmed Confirmed

Results of detecting the image and tracking the person using detected
extracted features is as shown in the figure 3. The naming of
Unmatched Confirmed Confirmed Deleted
tracked persons is also presented through the LabelImg features
method where it is easy to identify the person or object that
is detected through different angles of the CCTV footage.
The detected images have been identified as Person 1 by the IV. Future Scope
labelling software. Three steps are taken to validate the
The use of several cameras is crucial for identifying a
identity of the person seen in both videos: 1) Confirmed -
When two people are compared and their similarities are person's resemblance and availability to any particular
circumstance that occurred in the past. It can be quite
helpful in solving crime-related instances where this
architecture can validate the suspect's look. In this research,
the model was able to recognise facial traits for comparison,
but in the future, it may be further trained to recognise
people wearing different colours of clothing or holding
different items. Additionally, we will work to develop a
reliable tracking system with a classifier to categorise the
attributes and condition of the objects.
V. CONCLUSION
The “Person tracking through multiple CCTV footages”
involves analyzing and combining data from different
cameras, identifying the target person, and tracking their
movements across various locations and time frames.While
there are various approaches to person tracking, such as face
recognition, body recognition, and gait analysis, the
effectiveness of each method depends on several factors,
including lighting conditions, camera angles, and the quality
of the footage.o achieve accurate and reliable person
tracking results, it is essential to have a well-designed
system that integrates multiple cameras, advanced image
processing techniques, and powerful computing resources.
Additionally, privacy concerns should be considered, and
appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the
protection of personal data.Person tracking through multiple
CCTV footages can be a valuable tool for various
applications, including security, surveillance, and forensic
investigations. However, it is crucial to approach it with
caution and ensure that it is used ethically and within legal
and regulatory frameworks.
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