Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edited by:
i
Indo-Pacific
India and Australia
Perspectives: Australia, ASEAN and India
Strengthening
Edited by VijayInternational
Sakhuja & Anu
Cooperation
Maria Francis
through the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
Edited by Vijay Sakhuja & Anu Maria Francis
ISBN 978-81-955180-5-0 (e-book)
ISBN 978-81-955180-2-9
978-81-955180-6-7 (print)
First published in 2022
2023
Copyright © Centre for Public Policy Research and Monash University, 2023
2022
Published by the Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR) Elamkulam, Kochi,
Kerala - 682020, India (www.cppr.in) and Monash University, Wellington Road,
Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia (www.monash.edu)
Copy-edited by Swapna
Haseena Jambhekar
Hamsa
Design and Typeset by Aargee Communications, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
The views expressed in the book are the individual opinion(s) of the author(s), who
take individual and joint responsibility for its content. The book does not reflect the
official views of the Centre for Public Policy Research, Monash University or of any
government department, institution or agency. The publishers do not accept any
responsibility for the same in any manner whatsoever.
ii
Contents
Abbreviations
Contributors
Foreword
Introduction 1
iii
Chapter 8 Indonesia's Quest for Smart Port: Challenge 45
and Opportunity
Siswanto Rusdi
iv
Abbreviations & Acronyms
v
IoT : Internet of Things
IFC-IOR : Indian Navy's Information Fusion Centre for Indian
Ocean Region
IMO : International Maritime Organisation
IO : Indian Ocean
IORA : Indian Ocean Rim Association
IOR : Indian Ocean Rim
IONS : Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
INSW : Indonesian National Single Window
IRASEC : Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia.
IPOI : Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative Partnership
IOSEA : Indian Ocean and South-East Asia
ISIS-Malaysia : Institute Of Strategic & International Studies-Malaysia
IAID : Indonesian Africa Infrastructure Dialogue
MGEC : Mekong Ganga Economic Corridor
MOU : Memorandum of Understanding
NLE : National Logistics Ecosystem
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
PRC : People's Republic of China
QUAD : Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
RCEP : Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
RBO : Rule-Based Order
RUSI : Royal United Service Institute
SAGAR : Security and Growth for All in the Region
SOEs : State-Owned Enterprise
SIDS : Small Island States or the Small Island Developing
States
UK : United Kingdom
UN : United Nations
UNCLOS : United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea
UNEA : United Nations Environment Assembly
USA : United States of America
vi
Contributors
vii
Foreword
This publication compiles the papers written by the scholars after the
roundtable. The papers deal with security concerns, the region's
environmental challenges, soft power and cultural diplomacy. They document
the prospects and challenges in the region through the prism of youth
scholarship. It presents a bird's eye view of how the emerging leadership in
the region might look at the global theatre from the settings of AIIPOI.
I thank all the scholars for contributing to this publication. I also thank Dr
Vijay Sakhuja and Ms Anu Maria Francis for their efforts in editing and
compiling the papers and congratulate them on the publication.
D Dhanuraj PhD
April 23, 2023
viii
Introduction
1
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
2
Chapter 1
This paper makes three main points. The first will discuss the ASEAN
Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) as ASEAN’s official articulation of
the Indo-Pacific. The second point relates to the differences between various
Southeast Asian states in their individual approaches to the notion of the
Indo-Pacific. The last point speaks to how Southeast Asia will possibly
negotiate the Indo-Pacific in the near to medium future.
1
Sinderpal Singh is a Senior Fellow and Assistant Director of Institute of Defence and
Strategic Studies (IDSS) and Coordinator of South Asia Programme, IDSS at S
Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore
3
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
The Asia-Pacific, a term accepted by all ASEAN states and major external
partners, remains ASEAN’s strategic region, not the Indo-Pacific, understood
as a single contiguous strategic space. The AOIP thus advocates against
the replacement of the older ‘Asia-Pacific’ with the newer, yet nebulous,
‘Indo-Pacific’.
2
Associaton of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-
Pacific (https://asean.org/asean2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ASEAN-Outlook-
on-the-Indo-Pacific_FINAL_22062019.pdf)
4
ASEAN’s Perspectives on the Indo-Pacific
Indonesia’s enthusiasm for and advocacy of the Indo-Pacific idea has not
been matched by other ASEAN member states. This is unsurprising given
the differences in location and size between Indonesia and the other ASEAN
states. Indonesia’s foreign policy has a long-standing tension between its
global maritime aspirations, with the largest Muslim population in the world
and its role as a leading state within ASEAN. Its articulation of the Indo-
Pacific idea as an extension of its own domestic policy as well as its advocacy
within ASEAN reflect this tension. The remaining Southeast Asian states
view East Asia as their primary strategic region and have relatively less
interest in claiming any leading role outside this regional space. This applies
to the other two ASEAN members who are Indian Ocean littorals as well,
namely Malaysia and Singapore. In addition to stretching the region beyond
East Asia, ASEAN states also have two other trepidations about the Indo-
Pacific idea.
The first point is that ASEAN was not the first mover on the idea of Indo-
Pacific as a means to make sense of the regional security architecture, and
as a result, it became an idea-taker, and not an idea-leader.
Secondly, and related to the first point, China has viewed the Indo-Pacific
‘project’ as a means of limiting China’s influence in East Asia specifically.
This is not surprising given that the earliest and strongest advocates of the
Indo-Pacific idea, such as the United States, Japan, India and Australia, are
also members of the Quadrilateral Security Initiative (QUAD). For ASEAN,
therefore, the Indo-Pacific was already burdened with notions of great power
soft balancing strategies against China and thus went against a central tenet
of all, if not most, ASEAN members- to not have to choose a side when it
comes to China-US strategic competition.
Two conditions are probably required for this to happen. The first is a
moderation of the strategic tensions between the US and China, and the
second is a re-definition of the ideational content and professed intent of an
Indo-Pacific regional security architecture. If strategic tensions between
the US and China continue to rise, Southeast Asian states will be less likely
to negotiate differing visions of the Indo-Pacific.
The reasons for these can be found in the AOIP. Southeast Asia, at this
point, does not seem comfortable crossing the Indo-Pacific Rubicon, but
this is unlikely to remain the case. The timing and manner of its crossing
will be dictated by one of the most significant puzzles within international
politics – how to deal with China?
6
Chapter 2
INDIA’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE
INDO-PACIFIC
Amruta Karambelkar1
8
India’s Perspective on the Indo-Pacific
are a shared enterprise. The QUAD indicates a changing world, one that is
complex and where complex problems cannot be resolved by a single set of
relationships; therefore, a larger cooperative effort is necessary.3
The world balance is shifting; the top 20 economies of today are different
from those of 50 years ago. As the 5th4 largest economy, India has bigger
interests. India is preparing for greater responsibilities in tune with its growing
capacities and influence, shedding its erstwhile aversion to partnerships (due
to its colonial past). In a reverse trend of the past 25 years, the bulk of
India’s trade now takes place more in its east than in its west. India’s Act
East Policy and thereby its relations with ASEAN and Australia thus assume
greater significance.5
The Indo-Pacific will drive global growth in the future. It is witness to strategic
manoeuvres. Actions of a revisionist power are leading to the dominance of
sea lanes. There are a few destabilising factors in the Indo-Pacific:
information operations, debt traps, military assertions, and legal ambiguities.
In this context, working with all stakeholders becomes an important part of
India’s Indo-Pacific vision.
Developing nations require assistance, lack domestic capacity, and hence
turn to foreign support. There is a need to establish a credible alternative
and explore multiple financial assistance options. The other serious problem
in the Indo-Pacific is the unilateral action of territory-grabbing and
incrementally changing facts on the ground through dubious interpretations
of international law.6 Developments in Europe raise questions about the
stability of international order7 and hence India’s focus on its neighbourhood
and regional organisations will become even more prominent.
Perception of Maritime Security
Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) countries had to do more for themselves in the
last decade because of fewer resources and capabilities. Hence, intra-
3
EAM remarks at Australia-India Institute, Melbourne, February 2022 https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=irizUW4s_vU
4
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/india-uk-fifth-largest-economy-world
5
Ibid.
6
CNS speech, Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) 2019.
7
Prime Minister’s remarks at the BIMSTECS ummit, 2022.
9
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
regional capabilities need to come into play. India envisages a democratised
response to maritime challenges, which means it wants IOR nations to
develop capabilities of their own and that ‘help’ should not come just from
one (American) source.8
The Indian Navy plays an important role in the Indo-Pacific in terms of
enhancing regional efforts through individual and collective actions, optimising
response, and sharing best practices. The Indian Navy’s cooperative security
strategy is aligned with SAGAR. India’s plan of action9 could be: (a)
establishing partnerships with maritime neighbours; (b) enhancing
transparency and maritime domain awareness for all regional stakeholders;
(c) establishing maritime zones; (d) continuing engagement with like-minded
countries to share information through logistical agreements; (e) maintaining
a sustained, effective, and capable Indian presence wherever required in
the region; and (f) training regional navies for inter-operability across regions.
Security and management of the maritime domain require collective efforts.
The maritime domain provides opportunities for regional connectivity; people-
to-people connectivity; and maritime connectivity (Indo-Pacific maritime
continuity). From a commercial point of view, or to address the problem of
rationalising connectivity projects, the best return on investment in
connectivity projects would be achieved by aligning sub-regional, regional,
and national efforts and maximising the value accrued from each level. It is
important to take regional aspirations into account, but business practices
should not impinge on national sovereignty.
Opportunities in Blue Economy
As a maritime geographical space, there is immense potential for the
development of a Blue Economy in the Indo-Pacific, but very few in the
region have the necessary capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop
skills and capacities across the region that allow nations to expand their
maritime footprint in a sustainable manner. Maritime powers can form valuable
partnerships to meet the needs of regional countries and yield profitable
outcomes. (e.g., generate employment in the age of Automation.) India is
committed to cooperation in the blue economy.10
8
Op.Cit. Melbourne
9
Op.Cit. IPRD, 2019.
10
Prime Minister’s remarks with the incoming delegation from Seychelles in 2018.
10
India’s Perspective on the Indo-Pacific
Annexe
India’s Policy Initiatives in the Indo-Pacific
India’s
Initiatives Blue
in the Indo- SAGAR IPOI IONS Sagarmala
Pacific Economy
Policy
11
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
India’s
Initiatives Blue
in the Indo- SAGAR IPOI IONS Sagarmala
Pacific Economy
Policy
establishment completed so
of IFC-IOR far.Increase
are part of in cargo
the initiative. handling
capacity by
80 million
tonnes. (42%
since 2014)
Revamped
communi-
cation
system to
eliminate
delays and
duplication
of
documents.
12
India’s Perspective on the Indo-Pacific
India’s
Initiatives Blue
in the Indo- SAGAR IPOI IONS Sagarmala
Pacific Economy
Policy
13
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
References:
IONS
36 Member Nations, 1 Shared Vision: What is the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium?, India
Today, 14 November 2018. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/
story/ions-indian-ocean-naval-symposium-1387711-2018-11-14 [Accessed 9 April 2022]
IONS 10th Anniversary Celebrations to Commence Today, The Indian Navy, 12 November
2018. https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ions-10th-anniversary-celebrations-
commence-today [Accessed 10 April 2022]
Address by External Affairs Minister at the 2nd Indian Ocean Conference, August 31,
2017. https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/28907/address+by+external
+affairs+minister+at+the+2nd+indian+ocean+conference+ august+31+2017 [Accessed 8
April 2022]
Address by Secretary (East) at the Virtual Seminar on Connectivity Cooperation for a Free,
Open and Inclusive Indo-Pacific, 18 March 2021. https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-
Statements.htm?dtl/33680/Address+by+Secretary+East+at+the+ Virtual+Seminar+on+
Connectivity+Cooperation+for+a+Free+Open+and+ Inclusive+IndoPacific [ Accessed 9
April 2022]
G. Padmaja, 2018 Revisiting 'SAGAR' - India's Template for Cooperation in the Indian
Ocean Region, National Maritime Foundation. https://maritimeindia.org/revisiting-sagar-
indias-template-for-cooperation-in-the-indian-ocean-region/ [Accessed 9 April 2022]
14
India’s Perspective on the Indo-Pacific
Sagarmala
Devanjana Nag, 2021 'Smart Ports, Digitization & More! Sagarmala Programme to Boost
India's Coastal Economy', Financial Express
Blue Economy
P.Manoj, 2022, All about India's Blue Economy, The Hindu Business Line. https://
www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-all-about-indias-blue-economy/
article65076459.ece
15
16
Chapter 3
Aspiring regional powers like India have been caught up in the structural
transformation in the region. It has been observed that the micro-regional
level of Southeast Asia and the macro-level of the Indo-Pacific are influenced
by the USA. For India, China’s rise is a manifestation and has implications
1
Assistant Professor of Political Science and International relations at Goa University,
Goa
17
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
for its national interest. Recent border skirmishes in the Himalayan region
are one example. Furthermore, the rise of Chinese maritime forces and
their growing presence in the Indian Ocean, particularly in the proximity of
India’s exclusive economic zone in the Andaman Sea has raised serious
security concerns for India. This also means that India is caught up
strategically at its two geographical extremes, making it imperative for India
to act now.
Meanwhile, India’s strategic shift from its Look East Policy to Act East
Policy has enabled it to engage with the prolific region in its east in promoting
economic cooperation, and cultural ties, and developing a strategic
relationship with countries of the Indo-Pacific region. This is based on a
steady foundation of two decades of its earlier version of the Look East
Policy which laid the foundation of India’s political, economic, and strategic
engagement with Southeast Asia.
The major turning point in this engagement was India’s Free Trade
Agreement with ASEAN. This agreement has empowered India to engage
with ASEAN and paved the way for the creation of one of the world’s
largest free trade areas. Since 2010 the value of trade between India and
the ASEAN has amounted to over USD 78 billion in the fiscal year 2021
(Statista Research Department, 2022).
Furthermore, the confluence of the two seas and its strategic significance
in economic and maritime matters has bolstered India’s bilateral relations
with Japan, the US, and Australia. In addition, the Quadrilateral Cooperation
[QUAD] between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States – all
democracies and vibrant economies is working on a far broader programme,
which includes tackling maritime security, economic development, and the
strategic need for a free and open Indo-Pacific.
Certainly, the emergence of the concept of the Indo-Pacific and its strategic
significance has enabled nation-states to redefine their perspective. The
US pivot to Asia and the rise of China have put the entire Indo-Pacific in
the strategic limelight. In this evolving and changing international scenario,
India, along with Australia, enjoys a geostrategic position that gives them a
vantage point. From this standpoint, it is pertinent to witness the importance
of India and Australia as middle-level powers and more so in balancing and
maintaining the multilateral balance of power in Southeast Asia.
Further, India and Australia have raised concerns about the Chinese
assertiveness in the region. Their concerns are valid given the evolving
19
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
India and Australia stand at the crossroads of structural change and evolving
power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific. The ongoing competition and change
in US-China relations have forced the two nations to evaluate the utility of
the current political and security framework in the region. Therefore, it has
created space for the reassessment of the contemporary regional security
apparatus. In this context, ASEAN centrality has a significant role to play.
China, on the other hand, will continue to rush to influence the region.
Moreover, the rapid rise of China, its aspirations, and its dominant role will
shape the course of events. Therefore, AIIPOIP must have a holistic dialogue
and strengthen international cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
20
Chapter 4
ASEAN’S ROLE IN
MAINTAINING A SECURE AND
PROSPEROUS INDO-PACIFIC
Sumathy Permal and Alif Imran Hidayat1
1
Alif Imran Hidayat is a Maritime Security and Diplomacy Researcher at the Maritime
Institute of Malaysia (MIMA) and Sumathy Permal is a Senior Researcher with the
Centre for the Straits of Malacca(MIMA), Kaula Lumpur.
21
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
push on how the region could cooperate between the different Indo-Pacific
partners.
The aim of this paper is threefold. First, it explores the underlying factors
behind the Indo-Pacific’s lack of momentum from Southeast Asian states.
Next, the analysis looks at the shift of the global economy towards the East
and the challenges ahead for an Indo-Pacific-focused economy. Finally, the
article focuses on the lack of a functional approach in the Indo-Pacific
region.
There is a lack of momentum from the Southeast Asian states in the Indo-
Pacific, both conceptually and in terms of practicality. The Indo-Pacific is
characterised by a general sense of insecurity coming from the great power
rivalry; thus, Southeast Asian countries are trying to prevent the region
from falling into an insecurity trap. This sense of insecurity is further
exacerbated by the rise of non-traditional security threats, which in turn
have taken a toll on global affairs. Both the insecurity of the region and
non-traditional security threats have had a significant impact on how
countries have realigned their national, regional, and global priorities.
The power contest between the US and the PRC has been ongoing for
more than a decade. The US has had a consistent approach to the rising
power as the PRC declares a peaceful rise in terms of its status and
aspirations. Nevertheless, the rivalry intensified under US President Donald
Trump. The rivalry peaked as the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the
world, with the Trump administration labelling it a ‘Chinese virus’ and
ushering in a new level of anti-Chinese sentiment. However, the power
rivalry between the dominant US and a rising China will continue. Kishore
Mahbubani, an expert on Asian and international affairs, believes that it is
important to understand that the dispute between the US and China is a
multidimensional contest covering economic, political, military, and cultural
aspects (Kwek 2020). In the post-COVID-19 era, this rivalry will continue
in many other areas. The dilemma faced by Southeast Asian states is that
while they may want to develop influence in the Indo-Pacific, ASEAN and
Southeast Asian countries want to maintain constructive engagement with
China.
The global economy has been shifting from the West to the East, with Asia
becoming the new centre of gravity. According to a study by the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, China’s share of global output was
14% during the 1950s and rose to 34% in 1998 (Pettis, 2021). China’s global
output is expected to rise to 44% in 2030. Furthermore, in the aftermath of
23
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
24
ASEAN’s Role in Maintaining a Secure and Prosperous Indo-Pacific
as the politics of nations do not show any bent towards openness. In this
scenario, economic integration among and within the Indo-Pacific is faced
with obstacles.
Finally, the Indo-Pacific region has been concentrated on the great-power
narrative and has lacked a functional approach. Although the Indo-Pacific
region has become the main policy guidance for Indo-Pacific states, it has
yet to provide responsive measures in the case of conflict escalation. There
has been no formal engagement except for the QUAD, which is focused
on strategic competition.
Malaysia and Australia’s bilateral relations can demonstrate the strength of
middle powers in cooperating to maintain a stable Indo-Pacific. Malaysia
and Australia are Comprehensive Strategic Partners; furthermore, they are
both members of the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). The armed
forces of both states, including the navies and air forces, participate in military
exercises together under the Malaysia-Australia Joint Defence Programme,
and hopefully, in the future, this cooperation can delve into intelligence sharing
and cyber-defence capabilities. Moreover, both countries are members of
the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific
Partnership (CPTPP).
Malaysia and India have a close relationship; the two established diplomatic
relations in 1957. The two states have regularly engaged in summit-level
exchanges and meetings; furthermore, Malaysia established close relations
with India through ASEAN-India summits. Both countries are comprehensive
economic partners, and with the signing of the Malaysia-India
Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA), Malaysia is
also a large investor in Indian companies. Malaysia and India signed the
Memorandum of Understanding on Defence Cooperation in 1993, leading
to both states holding defence cooperation meetings regularly. Service talks
and regular exchange visits from the Chiefs of the Army and Navies of
both countries demonstrate this strong relationship. India also participates
in the cooperative mechanism on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore and
in International Maritime Organisation (IMO) projects in the straits for
navigational safety and environmental protection. Lastly, the Indian and
Malaysian Navies participate in the Milan Exercises, which are held every
two years. Malaysia and India’s bilateral relations have recently hit a dark
25
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
patch but have been overcome and are developing into a more cooperative
arrangement. In recent years, there has been growth in cooperation in the
manufacturing of defence products.
Both India and Australia have endorsed ASEAN’s centrality and ASEAN-
led mechanisms like the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the East Asia
Summit (EAS), and the ASEAN Defence Minister’s Meeting Plus
(ADMM+). These mechanisms provide the best platform to tackle issues
in the region and reinvigorate multilateral cooperation. Maritime cooperation
should expand beyond traditional security and defence fields and look towards
issues of connectivity, economy, and environment. Unfortunately, the
strategies of some Indo-Pacific states doubt the competence of the PRC as
a cooperative partner and instead focus on containing the state. China has
been accused of harassing the hydrocarbon operations of other claimants in
the contested South China Sea to halt unilateral hydrocarbon activities and
push these states into entering joint exploration with the PRC (Pitlo III
2020). ASEAN-led mechanisms, especially the ARF and the EAS, include
all the major powers in the Indo-Pacific. It strengthens ASEAN’s centrality,
and ASEAN-led initiatives are effective in engaging and building trust
between major powers to de-escalate tensions centred on ASEAN norms
and principles.
The Way Forward
The ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP) has emphasised that ASEAN
should be central in the Indo-Pacific. ASEAN is optimistic that the Indo-
Pacific could increase efforts to promote cooperation among various
countries. This narrative received support and endorsement from Indo-Pacific
proponents, and it was reiterated again at the QUAD Ministers meeting.
Despite the lack of advancements on the three issues raised in regard to the
Indo-Pacific region, there is optimism that the Indo-Pacific can keep countries
open, reject disorderly unilateral policies, and promote collaborations in terms
of capacities to respond to health emergencies, infrastructure, connectivity,
and keeping the rules-based order. Many multilateral arrangements have
the potential to build positive momentum in the region, particularly in the
distribution of vaccines, keeping the supply chain going, investment and
26
ASEAN’s Role in Maintaining a Secure and Prosperous Indo-Pacific
27
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
References:
“Defense 360 Transition 46”. 2021. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https:/
/www.csis.org/programs/international-security-program/transition46.
“Vietnam Economic Growth, Percent Change in Quarterly Real GDP, December, 2021”.
2022. The Global Economy. https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Vietnam/gdp_growth/.
Cainey, Andrew. 2021. “The UK And The CPTTP: Creating an Asian Option for The
Future”. Royal United Service Institute. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/
commentary/uk-and-cpttp-creating-asian-option-future.
Cheng-Chwee, Kuik. 2008. “The Essence of Hedging: Malaysia and Singapore’s Response
to A Rising China”. Contemporary Southeast Asia 30 (2): 159-185. doi:10.1355/cs30-2a.
Kwek, Rachel. 2022. “Why ASEAN Should Be on The Fence and On Our Toes”. IS
Chartered Accountant Journal, 2022. https://journal.isca.org.sg/2020/01/17/why-asean-
should-be-on-the-fence-and-on-our-toes/pugpig_index.html.
Pettis, Michael. 2021. “China Financial Markets”. Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/chinafinancialmarkets/.
28
Chapter 5
While different in details and strategic standpoints, the three share, among
other things, the common desire for peace and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific,
which is well emphasised in their respective strategic documents. All of
them share concerns about some regional challenges that have broader
strategic implications not only for themselves but for the region as a whole.
In these challenging times, it is important that the trio step up their collective
efforts to play positive roles in managing key regional issues to further
promote peace and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific.
1
Him Raksmey is a Research Fellow at the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and
Peace; and Researcher at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, and Lecturer at the
Department of International Relations, Institute for International Studies and Public
Policy, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
29
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
Among the common challenges faced by the trio, the major cause for concern
is the US-China rivalry. The competition between the two superpowers has
intensified and become more and more confrontational, spanning almost all
major spheres, including political security, diplomacy, trade, defence and
technology. Washington DC and Beijing have become more hostile, and the
two have regularly traded insults.
The third cause for concern is finding ways to prepare for the post-Covid-
19 scenario. For the past two years, Covid-19 has negatively impacted the
world, taking millions of lives, infecting hundreds of millions, changing ways
of living, and putting a strain on the political, economic, and social fabric of
many countries. Indo-Pacific ASEAN, Australia and India are no exceptions
to this. Recovery from such a large-scale pandemic will not be an easy task
30
The Positive Roles of ASEAN, Australia and India
To further promote the common desire for peace and prosperity in the Indo-
Pacific, it is important that ASEAN, Australia and India make combined
efforts to address these regional challenges and beyond. Each one of the
trios should have more comprehensive strategic views on their regional
interests. Their views should take into account their long-term interests. In
the short term, they should concretely operationalize their written strategies
and put them into practise to bring real deliverables to the ground that are
helpful to managing peaceful relations in the Indo-Pacific. In the medium
and long term, the three should actively seek consultations with each other
to come up with strategies that are more coordinated and synergized
between their respective national and regional interests.
Amidst the ongoing rivalry between the US and China, ASEAN, Australia
and India should continue to constructively engage with the two superpowers.
The trio should not attempt to pit one superpower against another. Given
ASEAN’s position, the regional bloc can serve as a mediator to bridge gaps
of trust between the US and China in order to encourage the two superpowers
to identify and establish some ground rules for engagements and de-
escalations in issues of mutual concern in the region. This can only be done
if Washington DC and Beijing agree to ask ASEAN to do so, and ASEAN
itself agrees to take up this challenging task. Australia and India should
support and encourage ASEAN to undertake this positive mediating role.
ASEAN, Australia and India should enhance their activities to support and
strengthen multilateralism. The three should try to find a common voice
among themselves on various issues in the international forum and work
31
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
jointly to gather support and resources in order to address those issues. The
trio should boldly take up challenges to lead efforts in reforming various
international institutions to make them more responsive to issues of mutual
concern. While this is a long process and requires a lot of resources and
patience, it is important that the three start the process.
32
Chapter 6
Introduction
ASEAN’s Outlook for the Indo-Pacific, Australia’s strategies for the Indo-
Pacific (namely Australia’s Defence White Paper, 2016, Foreign Policy
White Paper, 2017, and Defence Update, 2018), and India’s Indo-Pacific
Oceans Initiative have many commonalities. These strategies aim to build a
peaceful, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region. They also put emphasis
on regional cooperation with other countries for their implementation.
In terms of areas for cooperation, both ASEAN’s Outlook for the Indo-
Pacific and India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative put a focus on maritime
security, marine resources and environment, science and technology, trade,
1
Senior Research Fellow, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore.
33
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
This paper provides pragmatic suggestions for ASEAN, Australia, and India
to start their trilateral Indo-Pacific cooperation in three aspects: (a)
Institutional Arrangements; (b) Issues of Trilateral Convergence; and (c)
Cooperative Measures. It also argues for the implementation of a cooperative
activity relating to marine plastic waste in the Bay of Bengal as a concrete
and practical first step to kick off the initiative.
Institutional Arrangement
After discussing at the Ministers of Foreign Affairs level, if all sides agree
that there is a potential to develop Indo-Pacific cooperation between ASEAN,
Australia, and India in a specific area or issue, they could suggest organising
34
ASEAN + 2 Cooperation in Marine Plastic Waste
additional ASEAN+2 meetings between relevant Ministers such as Defence,
Trade, Environment, and Transport. This approach has been followed by
ASEAN in developing ASEAN+3 relations with China, Japan, and South
Korea. In terms of Track II cooperation, there is currently an annual
ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Dialogue gathering academics, economists,
security analysts, businesses, and diplomats to discuss regional issues,
including maritime security, which is led by Asialink, ISIS-Malaysia, and the
Asia-New Zealand Foundation. Leading Indian research institutions and
experts could be invited to join this Dialogue.
36
ASEAN + 2 Cooperation in Marine Plastic Waste
Figure 2. IOSEA Marine Turtles Range States (Blue Navy)
Source: https://www.cms.int/en/legalinstrument/iosea-marine-turtles
(IOSEA Marine Turtles)
37
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
consumption of plastic, promotion of international cooperation to reduce
plastic pollution in the marine environment, and arrangements for capacity-
building, technology transfer, and technical and financial assistance. The
ASEAN+2 cooperation could serve as a framework for ASEAN, Australia,
and India to discuss cooperation in the management of marine plastic and
coordinate their positions relating to the legally binding international
instrument.
Project on Improving Marine Plastic Waste Management for
ASEAN+2 Cooperation
A cooperative project on marine plastic waste management can not only
help kick off the ASEAN+2 cooperation but also support the efforts by all
parties to prepare for the negotiations of the above-mentioned international
legal binding treaty. Consequently, ASEAN, Australia and India could develop
and implement a cooperative project to improve plastic waste management
in Indonesia. The reason for choosing Indonesia is because the country is
the second biggest discharger of plastic waste into the sea in the world
after China. Furthermore, because of its central geographical location, plastic
litter discharged from Indonesian shores could affect all three regions in the
Indo-Pacific: maritime Southeast Asia, the Bay of Bengal, and the seas
north of Australia. Finally, Indonesia has produced a lot of research relating
to plastic waste.
This ASEAN + 2 project on marine plastic waste management in Indonesia
could include the following activities:
(a) Tracking the plastic litter discharged from Indonesian shores;
(b) Organising beach cleaning activities for coastal communities;
(c) Promoting a circular economy for the treatment of plastic waste;
(d) Supporting the implementation of suggestions from plastic waste
research.
Conclusion
This paper provides practical suggestions for the development of concrete
cooperation in the Indo-Pacific between ASEAN, Australia, and India. Because of
the many shared interests between relevant parties, such cooperation has the
potential to thrive.
38
Chapter 7
MARITIME CONNECTIVITY –
A STRONG PILLAR FOR THE
INDO-PACIFIC OCEANS INITIATIVE
Lucio Blanco Pitlo III1
1
Lucio Blanco Pitlo III is a Research Fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress
Foundation and member of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Association for
Chinese Studies, Quezon City CPO, Bicol, Philippines
39
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
Due to their geographic proximity to Southeast Asia, both India and Australia
are well placed to link with the region. India shares a long 1,643 kilometres
of contiguous land border with Myanmar, while the Andaman Sea links it
with southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, and western Indonesia. On the
other hand, Australia sits just to the immediate south of the sprawling
Indonesian archipelago. India, Australia, and the Southeast Asian countries
of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand are all members of the
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). India, Myanmar, and Thailand are
also fellow members of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Connectivity and
transportation are among the areas for cooperation in both IORA and
BIMSTEC. Furthermore, India and Australia are also members of the
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), which seeks to grow through
QUAD+ formats. Functional cooperation in the area of maritime connectivity
is one area that will certainly elicit regional buy-in. Involvement in building
regional infrastructure was mentioned in the joint statement by QUAD leaders
post their in-person meeting in Washington in September 2021.
India, Australia, and other partner countries can capitalise on the burgeoning
infrastructure demand in the region. These maritime projects have economic,
military, and strategic underpinnings due to Southeast Asia’s strategic location
and prevailing geopolitics. For instance, the projects can provide
counterweights or alternatives to China’s massive multi-year Belt and Road
Initiative, which is already in its eighth year and continues to get traction,
criticisms, and suspicions aside. More choices give regional countries more
legroom to negotiate better deals with their active infrastructure partners.
40
Maritime Connectivity – A Strong Pillar for the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
in this space. For example, the private Indian company Adani Ports and
Special Economic Zone Limited has set up a special purpose vehicle in
Singapore to cater to investments in Southeast Asia, notably in Indonesia,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam, as well as in
neighbouring Bangladesh. Another Indian company, GMR, in partnership
with local Filipino company Megawide, completed airport projects in Cebu
and Clark and is raring to resubmit a proposal to rehabilitate and upgrade
the Manila airport in the Philippines when the new administration assumes
office after the country’s May 9, 2022 elections. The GMR-Megawide
consortium is the private operator of the Mactan-Cebu international airport,
the Southeast Asian country’s second busiest airport. Australian construction
companies like Leighton Asia of CIMIC Group and Aurecon have diverse
pipelines of projects in the region. Leighton, for instance, designed and
constructed a jetty to unload petroleum and liquefied natural gas in Bataan
province on the Philippines’ main island of Luzon2. Aurecon, on the other
hand, has been involved in jetty and port projects in Malaysia, Singapore,
Thailand, and Indonesia. Shipbuilding and defence contractor Austal,
headquartered in Henderson, Western Australia, has a presence in Cebu, in
the central Philippines, where it produces commercial vessels like ferries
and wind farm support ships3.
2
Leighton, Total Mariveles Jetty, https://www.leightonasia.com/en/projects/completed/
total-mariveles-jetty
3
Austal Philippines, Our Customers, https://philippines.austal.com/our-customers
41
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
partners. Hence, there is a lot of scope for bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral
cooperation arrangements to foster maritime transport linkages.
However, such maritime investments have also faced some hurdles of late.
For instance, in October 2021, Adani Ports announced it would divest from
the Ahlone international port project in Yangon, Myanmar, following the
military takeover of the government. Sanctions against the ruling regime led
to the exit of foreign capital, and pressure on those that continued to do
business increased. The port sits on land leased from a military-linked
conglomerate, the Myanmar Economic Corporation. It remains to be seen
when the political crisis in the strife-torn country will be resolved to make it
attractive again to foreign investment. The company initially planned to build
a greenfield container terminal in the country’s commercial centre but had
to write it off due to the present circumstances. Trouble in its neighbouring
country represents a major setback to India’s drive to link with the rest of
peninsular Southeast Asia via Myanmar. From this vantage point, port projects
42
Maritime Connectivity – A Strong Pillar for the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
Adani. 2021. Review of Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited Integrated Annual
Report 2020-21.
https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/Investor/Investor-Downloads/Annual-
Report/Adani-Port-Special-Economic-Zone-IR21.pdf
Chulanee Attanayake, 2021 India’s answer to China’s ports in Sri Lanka, The Interpreter,
November 9, 2021, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/india-s-answer-china-
s-ports-srilanka#:~:text=The%20Colombo%20Port% 20grew%20multi,handled%20
over%2040%20per%20cent.
Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. 2019. “Eyeing Southeast Asia, India Builds Port in Indonesia.”
The Economic Times, March 20, 2019. https://economi-ctimes.indiatimes.com/news/
defence/eyeing-southeast-asia-india-builds-port-in%20indonesia/articleshow/
68490478.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_ medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.
Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. n.d. “Myanmar Junta Expedites Work on China Funded
Kyaukphyu Port.” The Economic Times. Accessed July 27, 2022. https://economictimes.
indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/myanmar-junta-expedites-work-on-china-
funded-kyaukphyu-port/articleshow/85167272.cms? utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_
medium=text& utm_campaign=cppst.
“Joint Statement from Quad Leaders.” 2021. The White House. September 25, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/24/joint-
statement-from-quad-leaders/.
Mihir Mishra, 2021 GMR builds new terminal at Clark International Airport in Philippines
in record time, The Economic Times
Richmond Mercurio, 2022 Megawide wants another shot at NAIA upgrade project,
Philippine Star
The Times of India. 2018. “India, Indonesia to Set up Task Force to Enhance Connectivity
between Andaman and Sabang,” May 30, 2018. https://timesofindia. indiatimes.com/india/
india-indonesia-to-set-up-task-force-to-enhance-connectivity-between-andaman-and-
sabang/articleshow/64385330.cms
44
Chapter 8
Smart port is a new mantra in our era and interchangeable with other phrases
like smart ocean and digitalization of the sea, among others. However, there
is no common definition of the concept except that it embraces Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to operate. Many countries
in the world have been tuning into the rhythm, including Indonesia. But of
course, the level of applicability amongst them varies.
1
Siswanto Rusdi is the Founder and Director of the National Maritime Institute
(NAMARIN), an independent maritime think tank in Jakarta, Indonesia
45
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
Challenges
Multiple regulators
By law, Indonesia’s port governance falls under the remit of the Ministry of
Transport and is handled by the Directorate General of Sea Transport in
charge of port management. Its authority covers the entire spectrum of
ports, from ministry-owned facilities to SOEs (State Owned Enterprises)
and those operated by private entities. However, ferry ports are exempted
and separately managed by the Directorate General of Land Transport.
Other leading agencies for smart port implementation are the Coordinating
Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment and the Ministry of Finance.
This leads to multiple agencies responsible for the same output, but a lack
of communication among them necessitates additional efforts to complete
the work. Currently, two big platforms are Indonesia National Single Window
(INSW) and Indonesia Portnet (Inaportnet).
The former is under the aegis of the Directorate General of Customs and
Excise, Ministry of Finance, and is dedicated to export-import documentation,
while the latter is supported by the Ministry of Transport to handle ship
information (port of origin-destination, cargo manifest, etc.). In 2020, the
Coordinating Ministry, in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance, launched
the National Logistics Ecosystem (NLE). Officials involved in the project
stated that it was neither a platform nor an integrator.2
Asymmetrical local capacity
Smart port implementation in Indonesia is also marked by asymmetrical
capacity among domestic port operators. Indonesia’s port architecture sees
several different players operating in the business. This article clusters them
into a couple of groups. Group 1 is home to state-owned port operator
Pelabuhan Indonesia (Pelindo for short). They manage less than 100 ports
across the archipelago, but these are relatively advanced in terms of capital,
knowledge, and human resources compared to the others. If we are talking
about smart ports in Indonesia, it is Pelindo’s terminals that are mostly
referred by many parties.
2
Interview with officials in charge of the National Logistics Ecosystem (NLE)
46
Indonesia’s Quest for Smart Port: Challenge and Opportunity
Internationally unconnected
Last but not least, the implementation of smart ports in Indonesia is also
hindered by the disconnect between local platforms and overseas partners.
On an international level, there is a common platform, Tradelens, on which
shipping companies, port operators, trucking firms, and scores of other entities
can share what they are doing. This makes the handling of cargo across the
globe smoother and more traceable. So far, there are no Indonesian logistics
players on board. Pelindo is in touch with Tradelens management in order
to join.
3
Interview with the executives of Pelindo
47
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
Opportunity
Indonesia has seen massive reforms in its port sector since its four state-
owned port companies, locally known as Pelindo, that have run for more
than four decades merged into a single entity last year. With the integration,
the existing businesses (container, non-container, and marine services) that
are now under one holding will be managed by four newly created sub-
holdings.
Consequently, the holding actually has massive business lines like a labyrinth,
not only the abovementioned but also others, ranging from property, hospitals,
IT solutions, shipbuilding, and port investment, to mention some. All of these
reforms require many applications of smart ports.
The enactment of an omnibus law on job creation two years ago is also
considered to have provided chances to boost smart port implementation in
Indonesia. This law eases red tape in the country’s investment sector and
automatically opens bigger opportunities for the investor to come in. It should
be noted that it does not specifically address the issue of smart ports.
Conclusion
higher level. Full involvement of the company in the country’s quest for
smart ports will bring it closer to the best practices adopted by many port
operators around the world.
References:
‘
Gobel Group Siapkan Rp1,4 TriliunBangun Pelabuhan Anggrek’, Bisnis Indonesia, 28
September 2021, https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20210928/98/1447857/gobel-group-
siapkan-rp14-triliun-bangun-pelabuhan-anggrek (accessed April 12, 2022)
Siswanto Rusdi, ‘Merger Pelindo, Mungkinkah Jadi Sokoguru Ekosistem Logistik Nasional?’
Kompas, 10 August 2021, https://money.kompas.com/reD/2021/08/10/131400926/merger-
pelindo-mungkinkah-jadi-sokoguru-ekosistem-logistik-nasional?page=all (accessed April 12,
2022)
49
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
50
Chapter 9
Focusing on Australia, India and Indonesia as the three pillars of the Indo-
Pacific is a very stimulating idea. The French cannot afford to be indifferent
to this. It is true that it reminds us of Macron’s first idea in 2018 to build a
strong axis Paris-New Delhi-Canberra and the subsequent trilateral meeting
in 2021, while Paris was moving in parallel closer to ASEAN as a new
development partner. That said, above all, it also echoes the French
diplomatic doctrine, namely ‘gaullo-mitterrandism’ (named after two previous
presidents in the 1960s and 1980s). These consistent guidelines through the
last decades have pushed actors to behave autonomously, or without any
heed to consequences, and mirror the Indian ‘non-alignment’ and the
Indonesian ‘bebasaktif’ traditions in a certain way.
At first glance, this focus raises two main comments. Firstly, interestingly, it
comes together with other current initiatives (seminars, meetings, exercises)
1
Eric Frécon is a visiting academic at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam; he is also an
adjunct fellow at IRASEC (Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asian
Studies, Bangkok), at IRSEM (Institute for Strategic Research at the Military School,
Paris), and at the French Naval Academy. Opinions are my own and not the views of
my employers.
51
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
that shed light on the “regional” and not only the “great” powers. I refer to
the next seminar by IRASEC in 2022, with academics from ASEAN, India
and Japan, as well as to the Indo-Pacific Forum in Paris in 2022, at a more
official level. Neither Washington nor Beijing attended the event, while the
Australian Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the
Indian External Affairs Minister, and the Indonesian Minister for Foreign
Affairs travelled to Paris.
In this process, regional powers like Australia and India (and maybe Japan
or South Korea as well) should play big brothers rather than tutors, guardians,
or possible (sub) hegemons, benevolent or not. This could be seen as a kind
of empathic ‘abang diplomacy’ (big brother diplomacy).
Secondly – and for this reason, to precisely create a strong and deeply
anchored Indo-Pacific – this axis New Delhi-Jakarta-Canberra should be a
springboard, a starting point and a backbone to go further. This strong frame
should be connected to other sub-regions, like the Indian Ocean and the
Southern Pacific.
And, in January, Singapore signed a free trade agreement with the Pacific
Alliance, a bloc made up of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.
Last but not least, two ASEAN members led vast organisations in 2022
involving many Indo-Pacific countries: Thailand as Chair of APEC and
Indonesia as Chair of the G20.
At the end of the day, if we zoom out, how can such a vivid network interact
with the Great Powers, especially with the USA because of its two (quasi)
alliances, namely QUAD and AUKUS, besides all its bilateral agreements
53
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
across the regions (Japan, South Korea, Philippines, etc.)? Better and clearer
than any QUAD or AUKUS “+”, on the model of ADMM”+”, is it absurd
to compare this situation with the one in Europe, where Brussels promotes
its so-called “strategic autonomy”, with the support of Washington, while
most of its members, in parallel, are parts of the 1949 Washington Treaty?
This win-win process, in which a stronger and more coordinated European
Union automatically reinforces NATO, could be seen in the Indo-Pacific
and could possibly maintain ASEAN centrality: a similar mix of bilateral and
mini-lateral agreements or partnerships, away from the exclusive US
umbrella, like the Information Fusion Centres in Singapore, Madagascar,
New Delhi, and Peru, could actively contribute to the maritime or
environmental securities in general and to the freedom of navigation or the
rules-based international order in general – our common values and shared
principles.
54
Chapter 10
The imagination of the Indo-Pacific has been at the centre of political and
academic discourse over the past decade. The need for securing a rules-
based order (RBO) in the region is one of the key narratives in such
discourses. Drawing on the regional architecture of the Indo-Pacific, the
IPOI endeavours to ensure safety and security in the regional maritime
domain by increasing cooperation among like-minded countries. Achieving
a rules-based maritime order is again a dominant narrative on the table.
Against this backdrop, it is important to look at whether and how this dream
of RBO can be made possible in the region. In so doing, Section I of this
paper inquires into the meaning of the RBO and further reiterates the
essentiality of international law in securing the order. Section II examines
the diverging approaches taken by the two regional powers to respecting
(or disrespecting) international law. In conclusion, the paper suggests the
positive use of lawfare by the two democratic powers in the region.
1
Assistant Professor, School of Legal Studies, CUSAT; Research Fellow (International
Law & Dispute Settlement) CPPR, <harisankar@cusat.ac.in>
55
Indo-Pacific Perspectives : Australia, ASEAN and India
Despite its centrality in global politics, the meaning and scope of the term
RBO remain largely ambivalent. In the context of the Indo-Pacific, this
ambivalence is mainly due to the differing emphasis given by the states to
the geo-economic, geopolitical, and security aspects of the term. A country’s
commitment to promoting RBO may very well depend on its national interests.
However, the origin of the RBO, which goes back to the end of World War
II and the establishment of the UN-based governance system, gives us an
idea that the norms and institutions formed under the auspices of the UN
remain the central pillars of the current global order. This means that countries
are required to obey its charter and comply with the international treaty
obligations created under its umbrella. Thus, international law is at the core
of the rules-based global order. The intrinsic value that international law
offers as a normative framework is crucial in setting the ‘rules’ and
maintaining ‘order’. International law essentially has a dual role to play as
far as the conduct of a state in the international or regional community is
concerned. On the one hand, it empowers the sovereignty of a state to
manage its internal affairs. On the other hand, it prevents the states from
exercising absolute authority (or sovereignty) in their dealings with other
members of the community.
In the maritime domain, the rules of conduct are set by the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). A treaty requires its member
countries to comply with the provisions and respect the procedures and
institutions set forth therein. Though the overall compliance history of the
UNCLOS since its inception in 1982 is satisfactory, there are some
controversial exceptions. Maritime boundary disputes between the
neighbouring coastal states in the region have attracted the role of the dispute
settlement mechanism under the treaty. Although the treaty sets out the
rules relating to maritime zones, overlapping entitlements over the maritime
zones based on sovereign and historic rights have given rise to complicated
disputes in the region. Settling these disputes peacefully is a sine qua non
for maintaining the RBO.
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Indo-Pacific and the Dream of a Rules-based Order
58
About the Publishers
Over the years, CPPR has worked with different Ministries and Departments
of the Government of India, Different State Governments in India, City
Corporations, Universities, Academia, and Civil Society Organisations on
various projects and themes. We have also worked with Embassies and
High Commissions of different nations in India, international foundations,
and multi-lateral organisations. Please find more details about the people,
work, and impact of CPPR at www.cppr.in.
Monash University
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