Power Dummy

HVDC to LVDC

Figure 1: Conventional Buck converter

To lower the voltage from HVDC to LVDC, a Buck converter is needed. The one seen in Figure 1
works perfectly according to our needs. Depending on the input voltage and the output
voltage needed, you need to change the duty cycle of the square wave that arrives to the
mosfet, it follows the following relationship (ideal case):

V out =Duty Cycle· V ¿

buck buck

To be able to have the wanted output current, you only need to change the resistance at the
output.

(V ¿ ¿ out buck )
I out = ¿
buck
R buck load

To find out the value of the components of the inductor according to the specs needed, use
the excel calculator that has been prepared.

LVDC to HVDC

Figure 2: Conventional boost converter

To increase voltage from LVDC to HVDC, a Boost converter is needed. The one seen in Figure 2
works perfectly according to our needs.

Depending on the input voltage and the output voltage needed, you need to change the duty
cycle of the square wave that arrives to the mosfet, it follows the following relationship (ideal
case):

1
V out = ·V
boost
1−Duty Cycle ¿ boost

To be able to have a wanted out put current, you only need to change the resistance at the
output.

(V ¿ ¿ out boost )
I out = ¿
buck
R boost load

AC to HVDC (single-phase)
To increase the voltage from AC to HVDC, there are two ways of doing it.

The first one is by using a step up transformer and then treating the voltage to remove the AC
component, this method is not efficient since the transformer is very heavy and it’s not
optimal for this case.

The second case is by fully rectifying the AC voltage, then using a boost converter to increase
the voltage. The parameters are calculated by the excel calculator previously mentioned,
however when using this calculator, the input voltage that you need to input is not going to be
the AC voltage straight away, it will be the average voltage value of the rectified wave.

Figure 3: Full wave rectifier

 Figure 4: Rectified output voltage

To be able to see the average value as seen in Figure 4, you first need to see a whole number
of cycles so that you can obtain a real average value. Then this value is the one that you are
going to put in Excel as the input voltage, then the values given by this calculator are put in the
other circuit. However the inductance value needs to be higher than the one given by the
calculator, this is because the voltage arriving to the output filter is not DC therefore it needs
to be filtered more, the capacitance value can still be the same.

Figure 5: Full wave rectifier followed by a conventional boost converter

Depending on the input voltage and the output voltage needed, you need to change the duty
cycle of the square wave that arrives to the mosfet, it follows the following relationship (in this
ideal case):

1
V out = ·V
boost
1−Duty Cycle ¿ boost

To be able to have a wanted out put current, you only need to change the resistance at the
output.

(V ¿ ¿ out boost )
I out = ¿
buck
R boost load
AC to HVDC (three-phase)

Figure 6: 3-phase full wave rectifier

Figure 7: 3-phase rectified output voltage

Figure 8: 3-phase full wave rectifier followed by a conventional boost converter

HVDC to AC (single-phase)
To be able to do this, we need the use of an inverter. The inverter works by comparing a
sinusoidal wave with as triangular wave, and making mosfets switch in a certain way.
 Figure 9: Single-phase inverter without filter

The output AC wave, will have the same frequency as de sinusoidal wave’s frequency, and an
amplitude of the same value as de DC voltage source. The frequency of the triangular wave will
effect on “how nice” is the output voltage.

Figure 10: Output AC voltage (unfiltered)

Now to be able to have a nice output wave, we need to add a filter at the end.

Figure 11: Single phase inverter with filter

The output AC wave, will have the same frequency as de sinusoidal wave’s frequency, and an
amplitude of the same value as de DC voltage source. The frequency of the triangular wave will
effect on “how nice” is the output voltage.

Figure 12: Output AC voltage (filtered)

Index modulation

A very important thing to take into account when deciding the parameters of the inverter, is
the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave and the amplitude of the carrier wave.

sinusoidal wave amplitude

Index modulation=
carrier wave amplitude
This index modulation cannot be greater than one since this would end up giving us a non-
accurate shape because there is no “comparison” going on. If we keep it below one, the closer
it is to one, the better the wave we are going to obtain, in other words, the index modulation
controls de harmonic content of the output voltage but also has an effect on the amplitude of
the output voltage since:

V out =Index modulation· V DC

Let’s have a look at some pictures to have a visual understanding.

Figure 13: Output voltage with an index modulation of 1

Figure 14: Output voltage with an index modulation of 0.8

 Figure 15: Output voltage with an index modulation of 0.5

Frequency modulation

This concept is straight forward to understand, it’s a relationship between the sinusoidal
reference wave frequency and the carrier wave frequency, the carrier wave frequency needs
to be higher in order to have enough samples and have an accurate sinusoidal output voltage.

carrier wave frequency

Frequency modulation=
sinusoidalreference wave frequency

Now we need to implement this inverter with a buck converter (follow the same steps as the
ones explained for the normal buck converter).

Figure 16: Buck converter followed by the single-phase inverter

 Figure 17: Output voltage of the whole system

HVDC to AC (three-phase)
This part is a Little bit tricky, when applying the filter we need to take into consideration the
potential divider that we’re creating, in the cases above this was minimal, on this one it isn’t,
while simulating you can tell this is a problem, to solve this, a small inductor is used so less
voltage falls on it and a bigger capacitor is used since it’s in parallel with the output.

Figure 18: three-phase inverter

Figure 19: Output voltage of the three-phase inverter