MODULE 3

Table of Contents
MODULE 3 .....................................................................................................................................................................1
Module Overview .....................................................................................................................................................2
Module 3 Key Vocabulary .........................................................................................................................................4
Lesson 1: What is a Cover Letter? .............................................................................................................................7
Lesson 2: Professional Writing: Letter Format..........................................................................................................9
Quiz: Vocabulary Check: Letter Format ..................................................................................................................12
Lesson 3: Cover Letter Paragraph 1: Introducing Yourself......................................................................................13
Lesson 4: Cover Letter Paragraph 2: Highlighting Your Skills in the Cover Letter ...................................................15
Quiz: Match the Job Description with the Skills .....................................................................................................17
Lesson 5: Cover Letter Paragraph 3: Closing ...........................................................................................................18
Lesson 6: Language Focus: Present Perfect vs. Past Tense .....................................................................................20
Quiz: Grammar Review ...........................................................................................................................................22
Lesson 7: Professional Writing: Level of Formality .................................................................................................23
Lesson 8: Language Focus: Using Modal Verbs to Write Politely ...........................................................................25
Quiz: Direct or Polite Language...............................................................................................................................27
Optional Reading Practice: How Do I Write a Cover Letter? ..................................................................................28
Optional Discussion: Write Your Own Cover Letter ................................................................................................30
Module 3: Wrap-Up and Looking Ahead ................................................................................................................32

© 2021 by FHI 360. “Module 3 Packet: Writing a Cover Letter” for the Online Professional English Network
(OPEN), sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S. government and
administered by FHI 360. This work is an adaptation of “Unit 3: Writing a Cover Letter”, by The University of
1
Pennsylvania licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License. To view a copy of the license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
MODULE OVERVIEW

This work is a derivative of "Untitled Image" by blende12, "Untitled Image" by StartupStockPhotos and "Untitled Image" by ArtTower under
Pixabay license. This derivative is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for use in the Online Professional English Network, sponsored by the U.S.
Department of State and administered by FHI 360.

This PDF does not include quiz questions. You must complete all quizzes online. You must pass each quiz with at
least 70% to move to Module 4.

Overview
Welcome to Unit 3 of English for Career Development! Writing for job applications requires a specific style and
voice. A job seeker needs to understand how to write clearly and concisely, connect one’s skills to the job
description, and follow standard format guidelines. To develop these skills, video lectures will break down both the
different parts of a cover letter and individual sentences for style and voice. Video lectures and articles will help
you understand these ideas. At the end of the unit, you will choose a job from a list provided and write a cover
letter to apply for that job.

Learning Objectives:
By the end of this unit, you will:
· Become familiar with the structures and format of cover letters and standard business letters
· Identify new fundamental vocabulary, and practice using that new vocabulary in course activities
· Read, watch, and listen to a variety of texts and multimedia sources. Show us that you understand these
texts and key course ideas through comprehension check quizzes
· Identify and practice using past tense and present perfect verbs, sentence structure with time words, and
controlling tone with modal verbs.

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To-Do List

To successfully complete Module 3, please do the following:

1. Review: Module 3 videos, presentations, and articles. (1 - 2 hours)

2. Discuss: Optional: Join your colleagues in a group discussion on cover letters (60 minutes)
3. Check-In: Complete the following activities:
a. Match the Job Description with the Skills* (20 minutes)
b. Reading Practice: How Do I Write a Cover Letter (30 minutes)
c. Vocabulary Check: Letter Format* (20 minutes)
d. Grammar Review: Present Perfect vs Past Simple* (20 minutes)
e. Direct or Polite Language* (20 minutes)
f. Module 3 Check* (5 minutes)

*You must score at least 70% on all graded quizzes to receive your digital badge and certificate.

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MODULE 3 KEY VOCABULARY
Module 3 will feature the following key vocabulary words. You can return to this page to review as needed. These
words may appear in quizzes throughout the course.

complimentary closing (n)

Definition: A complimentary closing is a polite ending to a letter.

Sample sentence: My favorite complimentary closing to a business letter is “warm regards.”

content (n)

Definition: Content is another word for information.

Sample Sentence: The content of your cover letter should change for each job you are applying for.

format (n)

Definition: In letter writing, format refers to structure or how the letter looks.
Sample Sentence: In the United States, professional writing follows a standard format or order and includes four
parts.

a heading (n)

Definition: In a letter, the heading includes the writer’s address and contact information, the date, the reader’s
name, and address.
Sample sentence: The heading of a letter begins with the writer’s address and additional contact information.

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a modal verb (n)

Definition: A modal verb is a helping verb to show the speaker’s feeling.

Sample Sentence: Could and would are very common modal verbs used in cover letters, emails, and conversations
during the job search.

a salutation (n)

Definition: A salutation is an official greeting.

Sample Sentence: A typical cover letter salutation in the United States will begin with the word “Dear” followed by
the reader’s name.

a signature (n)

Definition: A signature is a handwritten name.

Sample sentence: In a cover letter, the signature is usually handwritten by the applicant followed by the typed
name.

to stand out (v)

Definition: When something stands out, it is easily seen by others.

Sample sentence: A good cover letter can really help you stand out from the competition.

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Image Credits:

1. complimentary closing (n.): This work is a derivative of “1977-03-15 Svar pa melding om innstiling av forsendelser av juletraer” by Municipal
Archives of Trondheim via Flickr under CC BY 2.0. This derivative is licensed CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network
(OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding from the United States government and administered by FHI 360.

2. content (n.): This image is a derivative of “Untitled Image” by Marisa Sias from Pixabay under Pixabay license. This derivative is licensed CC
BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network (OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding from the United
States government and administered by FHI 360.

3. format (n): This image is a derivative of “Job Search & Interviewing - Cover letter" by Project IDEA via Flickr, licensed under CC BY. This
derivative is licensed CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network (OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with
funding from the United States government and administered by FHI 360.

4. a heading (n.): This image is a derivative of “Job Search & Interviewing - Cover letter" by Project IDEA via Flickr, licensed under CC BY. This
derivative is licensed CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network (OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with
funding from the United States government and administered by FHI 360.

5. a modal verb (n.): “Modal Verb” by FHI 360 is licensed under CC BY.

6. a salutation (n.): This image is a derivative of “Job Search & Interviewing - Cover letter" by Project IDEA via Flickr, licensed under CC BY. This
derivative is licensed CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network (OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with
funding from the United States government and administered by FHI 360.

7. a signature (n.): This image is a derivative of “Job Search & Interviewing - Cover letter" by Project IDEA via Flickr, licensed under CC BY. This
derivative is licensed CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for the Online Professional English Network (OPEN) sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with
funding from the United States government and administered by FHI 360.

8. to stand out (v.): This image is a derivative of “Untitled Image” by khamkhor from Pixabay under Pixabay license. This derivative is licensed
under CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for use in the OPEN Program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S.
government and administered by FHI 360.

6
LESSON 1: WHAT IS A COVER LETTER?

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello. In this module, we are going to introduce you to professional letter writing as the third part of the
application process. In addition to a resume, job seekers include a cover letter as part of their application.

There are three main reasons to write a cover letter. A written letter shows the applicant's personal style, explains
the applicant's qualifications for the job and formally asks for an interview. In later videos, we will take you
through each part of the cover letter, and how to write a clear and organized cover letter. At the end of this
module, you will write your own cover letter to apply for a specific job.

What is a cover letter?

To begin, a cover letter is a one-page formal letter and there are some parts that look the same in each cover
letter. In a later video, we will talk about professional letter format or how it looks. However, the content or
information in the cover letter should be a little different from each job you are applying for. The cover letter helps
an employer to understand more about the applicant and helps to direct attention to certain parts of the resume.

Why write a cover letter?

Reason 1: To show your personal style
The first reason for writing a cover letter is that it shows the applicants' personal style or personality. Job seekers
choose very specific words to introduce themselves to an employer. This is how they show their personal style.

For example, Tom and Beth are both applying for the same job as an international student advisor.

In his cover letter, Tom writes, “I am interested in working with international students.”

Beth writes, “I am very excited to meet and work with international students.”

The word choices in these examples show us their personal styles. We see that Tom is interested in working with
international students, but Beth is very excited to meet and work with international students. Beth's personality is
much clearer with her word choices, “excited to meet” and “work with”.

Reason 2. To explain your qualifications for the job

The second reason for writing a cover letter is to explain the applicant's qualifications for the job. Using our same
candidates Tom and Beth, let's see how they would write a short description of their qualifications.

Tom writes, “I have two years of experience working as an activities director of a language school.”

Beth says, “as a Resident Advisor, I advise students on counseling on personal, cultural and immigration issues, as
well as organize professional, social and cultural programs.”

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From the short descriptions in their cover letters most employers would want to read Beth's resume to find out
more about her experience.

Reason 3. To request an interview

The third reason for writing a cover later is to formally ask for an interview. There are different ways to make a
request as we will discuss it in later videos. When applicants know the name and the contact information of the
hiring manager, they may say that they will call at a certain time to arrange an interview.

For those who do not know who the hiring manager is, they should give their phone number or email address so
the employer can contact them.

Summary
To review, we now know the cover letter is the introduction to the applicant's personal style and gives a summary
of the applicant's qualifications which are explained in the resume. If employers like what they read in the cover
letter, it is possible that the applicant will be invited for an interview.

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LESSON 2: PROFESSIONAL WRITING : LETTER FORMAT

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello, in this video we will introduce the parts of a professional letter and the format of a letter or how it should
look. In the United States, professional writing follows a standard format or order and includes four parts. The first
part is the heading which includes the writer's address and contact information, the date, and the reader's name
and address. The second part is the salutation. The third part is the three body paragraphs, opening paragraph,
middle paragraph, and closing paragraph. And the fourth is the closing which includes a complimentary close, a
signature, and a typed name.

Writer’s Name
Writer’s Address
Writer’s Phone Number
Writer’s E-Mail Address

Date

Reader’s Name
Reader’s Address

Salutation

Body Paragraph 1 ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Body Paragraph 2 ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Body Paragraph 3 ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Complimentary Closing,
Signature
Typed Name

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1. The Heading
First, the heading of a letter begins with the writer’s address and additional contact information such as e-mail
address or phone number in the top left corner.

Beth Bradley
123 East Main Street
Philadephia, PA, 19119
(215) 898-4381
bethbradley@email.com

April 26, 2016

Jane Doe, Director

Notice how this job seeker, Beth Bradley, wrote her information here. The date follows the US format of month,
day, and then year. Don't forget the comma separates the two numbers. For example, Beth wrote this letter on
April 26th, 2016.

Beth Bradley
123 East Main Street
Philadephia, PA, 19119
(215) 898-4381
bethbradley@email.com

April 26, 2016

Jane Doe, Director

Office of International Programs
University of Texas
P.O. Box 112
Austin, TX 99999

Salutation
The next part includes the full name and address of the reader. In this example, Beth is sending the letter to Jane
Doe who is the Director of the Office of International Programs at the University of Texas.

In addition to the first and last name of the reader, Beth also writes the title and the department as Jane Doe is
part of a large university. Since you may not know whether the reader is a man or woman, it is acceptable to write
the first and last name only followed by the job title. Nowadays, many job applications are completed online, and
job seekers may not know who the reader will be. In this case, it is acceptable to leave the name off the reader’s
address and simply put the department and address of the organization.

2. The Salutation
The second part of the letter is the salutation, or official greeting, and always begins with the word “dear”.
Because this is a greeting, it is better to have a person's name. Following the word “dear”, Beth uses the person’s
full name and a comma.

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 Beth Bradley
123 East Main Street
Philadephia, PA, 19119
(215) 898-4381
bethbradley@email.com

April 26, 2016

Jane Doe, Director

Office of International Programs
University of Texas
P.O. Box 112
Austin, TX 99999

Dear Jane Doe,

Body Paragraph _____________________________________________

Beth knows the name of her reader, but if she did not know she could write, “Dear Hiring Manager,”. Generally,
the salutation is better if you have a person's name. But sometimes job advertisements do not provide the name
of the employer.

3. The Body Paragraphs

Next, come the three body paragraphs of the letter. This is where you introduce yourself, explain your
qualifications, and ask for an interview. We will discuss each paragraph in detail in later videos.

The opening paragraph tells the reader that you are applying for a specific job. We will talk about different ways
job seekers write this information in the next video.

The middle paragraph is where job seekers explain their skills and how they are qualified for the specific job. We
will look at examples and discuss how to write this paragraph in a later video.

The last paragraph is important because the closing should make a positive impression of the candidate. We will
talk about how to write the closing paragraph in a later video.

4. The Closing
The end of the letter includes a complimentary close, a signature, and the applicant's typed name. The
complimentary close that is used most often is “sincerely” followed by a comma. The signature is usually
handwritten by the applicant followed by the typed name.

Formatting the Letter

As for the format, all parts of the letter should be along the left side of the paper. The lines should be single-
spaced, with extra spaces between each of the parts. Writers should try to fit all the parts onto one page.

Summary
Let's review the parts of a professional letter. The heading includes the writer's address and contact information,
the date and the reader’s name and address. The second part is the salutation. The third part includes the body
paragraphs. The closing part of the letter includes a complimentary close, a signature, and a typed name.

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QUIZ: VOCABULARY CHECK: LETTER FORMAT
>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<<

Directions:
Use this sample letter to answer the questions below. Identify each part (1 - 4) and choose the best name for each
part.

You can take this quiz as many times as you want, and your highest score will be kept. You must score at least 70%
to pass this quiz.

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LESSON 3: COVER LETTER PARAGRAPH 1 : INTRODUCING
YOURSELF

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello, in this video we will talk about ways to use your cover letter to introduce yourself to an employer.

The first paragraph of a cover letter must include:

1. a statement of application (applying for a job),
2. the specific title of the job opening, and
3. your source of information.

This is the part of the letter in which applicants show their interest in the position. Remember that the opening
paragraph also needs to get the employer's attention.

Let's look at an example job seeker, Beth, who is applying for a position as an International Student Advisor.

Dear Jane Doe,

I was interested to read the article in The Austin Times which addressed the growing
international student population at your university and noticed an opening for an
International Student Advisor. I am writing to apply for the position of International
Student Advisor in the Office of International Programs at the University of Texas. As you
can see in my resume, I graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with an M.S.Ed.,
with a specialization in Intercultural Communications.

In the opening paragraph of her cover letter, Beth starts by explaining that she read an article and the job
advertisement in a newspaper, the Austin Times. She puts this information in the first sentence. After mentioning
where she saw the advertisement, her second sentence gives a clear statement of application with the title of the
job opening. In the last sentence of this paragraph, Beth highlights or focuses on her education and area of
specialization. This is a short paragraph, but it tells an employer some important information about her. She knows
about the student population, and her education makes her a good match for the position.

There are many ways to write an opening paragraph. Each writer organizes and explains ideas differently with their
personal style.

Let's look at another example from reading one. Tomoko's cover letter.

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 Dear Jane Doe,

I read about a job opening for an Administrative Assistant in the Seattle Times. I
understand that the Port of Seattle is growing to accommodate the increase in ships that
will be using Seattle as their base of operations. My fluency in three languages,
experience working with international visitors, and office skills would allow me to assist
your department to be successful.

Like Beth, Tomoko begins with the source of her information. She read about the job opening for an Administrative
Assistant in the Seattle Times. Tomoko chooses a more indirect approach. By saying that she read about a job
opening, and then gives the job title.

The next sentence expresses her interest in the position because she shows that she understands the company's
needs and that she is qualified to help them.

In her last sentence, she chooses to highlight her language skills, work experience, and office skills.

Again, this is a short paragraph, but it tells the employer that the applicant knows something about the company
and that she has the skills to help the company.

Job postings are not only found in newspapers nowadays. Sometimes job seekers mention the source of
information in the first sentence of the opening paragraph, especially if it is through a personal reference. If the
source of information is a person or a website, the job applicant might write something like this:

1. “At the XYZ regional conference, your colleague, Jannie Qin, told me about the job opening for an
Executive Assistant. “
2. “I am applying for the position of Administrative Assistant announced on the IronGate.com website.”

Summary
In summary, we've looked at the opening paragraph or a cover letter. This paragraph serves as the introduction to
the applicant and must include a statement of application, the specific title of the job opening, and the source of
information. Some job seekers choose to briefly write about their education, skills, or experience at the end as a
connection to the next paragraph.

What’s Next?
In the next video, we'll look at cover letter paragraph two, highlighting your skills in the cover letter.

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LESSON 4: COVER LETTER PARAGRAPH 2 : HIGHLIGHTING
YOUR SKILLS IN THE COVER LETTER

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello. In this video, we will talk about ways to highlight your skills and qualifications in the cover letter. In
paragraph two in the body of the cover letter, you will summarize two or three examples from your education,
experience, and interests to show a future employer how you are qualified for the job.

The examples that you choose will explain or support the information in your resume not just repeat what's in your
resume. This paragraph is your chance to really stand out from all the other applicants. Remember that employers
are looking for people who can help their business or organization be successful. Focus on how your skills and
qualifications will help them.

When you are applying for a specific position, it is a good idea to use the job description or advertisement as a
guide. The job description is very useful because it has key words about the skills and experience needed to do the
job.
International Student Advisor

Provide support to international students.

Must have two years of experience working with
international students and excellent
communication skills.

Send resume and cover letter to

janedoe@email.com

Our applicant, Beth, read a job description for an International Student Advisor, with the key words “international
students”, “two years of experience”, and “excellent communication skills”. Using the sample cover letters from
Reading One, let's look and how Beth focused on her skills in the second paragraph of her cover letter.

For the past year, I have worked as a Resident Advisor at the International House in Philadelphia. I have
been responsible for 40 international students who have recently moved to the United States. In this
position, I advise students on personal, cultural and immigration issues, as well as organize
professional, social, and cultural programs. Combining interpersonal, and organizational skills. I have
been successful at assisting these students in beginning their life in the United States.
Additionally, last summer I assisted with International Student Orientation at the University of
Pennsylvania. Both of these positions have helped me to understand international student issues and
concerns. My graduate course work has increased my knowledge of international cultures, customs,
and communication styles.

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In the beginning sentences, she writes about her current job as a resident advisor. She gives very specific
information about the students she helps and the interpersonal and organizational skills she uses. In her first
example, she explains that she works with 40 students, advises them, and organizes programs. The last three
sentences of this paragraph focus on her experience as a student when she assisted with international student
orientation and learned more about international cultures and communications.

Now, let's see how Tomoko shows her skills and qualifications in the cover letter.
As my resume shows, I have the skills and experience to work in any administrative position. I have
used Microsoft Office software for 10 years, and I have experiences with several web-based programs.
As a result of my study abroad experience in Spain and my volunteer experience at the University of
California, I have developed proficiency in other language and interacted with many other diverse
cultures. I would welcome the opportunity to use my interpersonal skills in representing the Port of
Seattle to visitors.

She begins with her administrative skills and says that she has ten years of experience with Microsoft Office as well
as several web-based programs. Her next example focuses on her language skills. She writes about her experience
studying in Spain and her volunteer experience with people of diverse cultures. Tomiko ends the paragraph well by
connecting those skills to the company's needs. The job posting says that they need an administrative assistant
with strong computer skills and interpersonal skills. Tomiko does a good job of explaining that she has those skills.

Summary
As you can see, there are many ways for job seekers to focus on their skills and qualifications in paragraph two of
the cover letter. Some choose to use two or three examples from their education, work experience, or their
interests. In their descriptions, they are always trying to show future employers how they are qualified for the job.

What’s next?
Now, let's move on to a quiz, so you can practice matching the job description with skills and examples.

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QUIZ: MATCH THE JOB DESCRIPTION WITH THE SKILLS
Instructions: For each question in this game, choose the skill that best matches the job description.

You can take this quiz as many times as you want, and your highest score will be kept. You must score at least 70%
to pass this quiz.

>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<<

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LESSON 5: COVER LETTER PARAGRAPH 3: CLOSING

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello. In this video, we will talk about ways to close or end the cover letter. In this paragraph, job seekers make a
request to interview for the job, tell how they will follow up with the application, and leave the reader with
a positive impression. These items can be written in any order. The goal of this paragraph is to summarize your
interest in the job and show the employer that you are ready for the next step, a job interview. Although job
seekers do not make the decision about the interview or schedule, they should plan to call or email the employer
soon after sending the application. This shows that the applicant is serious about the job and may lead to an
interview.

Let's look at our example applicant in the United States, Beth, and see how she wrote the closing paragraph of her
cover letter.
These experiences have formed an excellent foundation on which to build my international student
advising career and I would be most interested in continuing my career at the University of Texas.
Thank you for taking the time to review my resume. I will be moving to Austin at the end of May, and I
would be delighted to meet with you shortly thereafter. I look forward to speaking with you soon.

She begins this paragraph by summarizing her experience and showing her interest in working at the University of
Texas.

She then leaves a positive impression by thanking the reader when she says, “thank you for taking the time to
review my resume.”

She also tells the reader that she plans to move to Austin at the end of May and that she will be available for an
interview at any time. This information is only necessary if you do not live in the same location as the employer.

You can see that Beth continues to make her positive impression with phrases like “would be delighted to meet
with you” and “I look forward to speaking with you soon”. Because of her positive impression, her summary of
qualifications, and her interest, Beth's closing paragraph is very effective.

Let's look at another example with Tomoko's closing paragraph.

I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss my qualifications in an interview. I will contact your
office next week to arrange a time that is convenient for you. Thank you for your consideration of my
application, and I look forward to meeting with you.

Tomoko begins the paragraph with a very polite request for an interview by saying, “I would appreciate the
opportunity to discuss my qualifications in an interview.” Her request is very indirect or polite but both applicants
are clearly asking for a chance to meet the employer in person.

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In the next sentence, Tomoko says, “I will contact your office your office next week.” We don't know if this will be
a phone call or email, but she can do one or both. Like Beth, she also gave a specific time by saying next week.

Tomoko also leaves a positive impression by thanking the reader and expressing her interest in meeting in
person when she says, “thank you for your consideration of my application” and, “I look forward to meeting with
you.”

At the end of the cover letters, both job applicants add a complimentary close, “sincerely”, followed by a comma,
their signature, or handwritten name, and then their typed names. Your signature shows your personal style, so be
sure to write neatly and clearly so that the reader can understand your name.

Summary
To summarize, we've learned how to end the cover letter with a closing paragraph that makes a request for
an interview, tells the reader how you plan to follow up, and leaves the reader with a positive impression. We also
learned about the complimentary close, signature, and the typed name.

What’s Next?
Now let's move on to another video that talks about present perfect and past tenses.

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L E S S O N 6 : LA N G U A G E F O C U S : P R E S E N T P E R F E C T V S . P A ST
TENSE

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello. In this video, we're going to look at two tenses in English: Simple Past and Present Perfect. We will first
examine one use of each tense and how we form them.

When writing your cover letter, it is very important that you can understand how to use both tenses correctly.

To begin, let's look at these sentences. They are taken from a sample cover letter.

I have worked in my current job for the past three years.

I began here in 2013.
Before my current job, I studied in college for four years.

In which of these sentences is the action complete or finished? In which of these sentences is the action continuing
to now? What do you think?

That's right.

The correct answer is, “I began here in 2013” and “I studied in college” are complete or finished actions. “I have
worked in my current job for the past three years,” is still continuing. So, we can see there is an important
difference in use between these two tenses.

Do you know what tense “I began” and “I studied” is?

It's called the simple past.

And do you know what tense “I have worked” is?

It's called the present perfect.

So, to sum up, we use the simple past tense to describe a complete or finished action in the past. We use the
present perfect tense to describe an action that began in the past but continues to now.

Now, let's look at how we form each of these two tenses.

Forming the Simple Past

In the simple past, there are two types of verbs, regular and irregular verbs. “I studied in college for four years,” is
an example of a regular verb.

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In this case, we simply add -ed or -ied. If the verb ends in y like study, add -ied to the base form of the verb. So, I
studied, you studied, he studied, she studied, etc.

“I began here in 2013,” is an example of an irregular verb. We call it irregular or not regular because its form
changes from the present to the past tense in an irregular way. So, in the case of, “I began in 2013”, the present
form is I begin as in, “I begin work each day at 9 AM.” These verbs do not follow a regular pattern like regular verbs
do. So, you should try and study the forms of each verb. Many English grammar books have a list of past tense
irregular verbs.

We usually use the simple past for the time phrase. Do you know what the time phrase is in this sentence? “I
began here in 2013.” That's right, “in 2013.” Other examples of popular time phrases used with the simple past are
“ago”, as in, “I finished college 3 years ago.” “I began at my present job in 2013.”

Forming the Present Perfect

Next, let's look at the present perfect.

Like the simple past, there are regular and irregular verbs. In the example, “I have worked in my current job for the
past three years,” the verb “worked” is a regular verb. We use the verb, “have” or “has”, plus what we call the past
participle, to form the present perfect. In this case, the past participle is “worked”. So, we could say, I have
worked, you have worked, he has worked, Mary has worked, etc.

With regular verbs, the past participle will be the same as the simple past form. However, with irregular verbs, it
will usually be different. Again, good English grammar books will list the past participle of irregular verbs. You
should become familiar with them.

The verb “be” is an example of an irregular verb. The simple past form is “was” or “were” and the past participle is
“been”. So, we might say, “I have been a receptionist for six years.”

Am I still a receptionist? Is Patricia a doctor now?

The answer to both questions is yes.

Summary
To sum up, we have discussed in this unit the simple past and the present perfect, two important tenses that you
can use in your cover letter. We use the simple past to talk about complete or finished actions and the present
perfect to talk about actions that began in the past but are still continuing in the present.

What’s Next?
Next, you will take a short quiz to check your understanding of these two tenses.

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QUIZ: GRAMMAR REVIEW
For each sentence, decide if the sentence should use the simple past or the present perfect form of the verb.
Choose one for each sentence.

You can take this quiz as many times as you want, and your highest score will be kept. You must score at least 70%
to pass this quiz.

>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<<

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LESSON 7: PROFESSIONAL WRITING : LEVEL OF FORMALITY

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello, in this video we're going to talk about the level of formality in your cover letter. We'll discuss why we need
to think about formality as we write it and look at some of the differences between formal and informal tone or
style in a cover letter.
Why is formality important?

To begin, let's define what we mean by level of formality. In English, as in many other languages, we use different
words and grammar forms depending on the situation we're communicating in. So, for example, if I am speaking
with my close friend, I would probably use more informal language such as, “what's up, Tony?” or “how's it going?
You gonna watch the game tonight?”

However, if I am speaking or writing to someone I don't know personally and the context is more professional,
then I should choose a more formal style of language. Therefore, expressions such as, “what's up, Tony?” or “how's
it going?” could be incorrect or rude in that situation. If the person who reads my cover letter were to see such
expressions they might be surprised, shocked, or even offended by my level of informality. With this in mind, it is
important that you use formal words or phrases in your cover letter.

Nowadays, many employers request that you send your resume and cover letter by email rather than by
traditional mail. However, just because you are writing your cover letter in an email does not mean you should
write in an informal way, as if you are speaking with a friend or a family member.
Formal Greetings and Salutations
For example, how should you address the person you are writing to? Should you say, “Hi Mary,” or “Hi Mr. Smith,
“both of these greetings or salutations are too informal. A more appropriate one is, “Dear Mr. Smith,” if the person
is a man, or “Dear Ms. Smith,” if the person is a woman. If you don't know the sex of the person you are addressing
then, “Dear Sir or Madam,” is a better choice.

This image is a derivative of “Untitled Image” by Hossein Hosseini , “Untitled Image” by Foto Sushi, and “Untitled Image” by Hunters Race via
Unsplash under Unsplash license. This derivative is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for use in the Online Professional English Network,
sponsored by the U.S. Department of State and administered by FHI 360.

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Formal Closings
Likewise, in your closing, it would be interpreted as too informal if you were to write, “Bye,” or “Take care,” or
“Goodbye.” A more formal alternative is “Sincerely,” or “Yours sincerely,” and then you should follow this with
your full name.

Informal Formal
"Bye," "Sincerely,"
"Take care," "Yours sincerely,"
"Goodbye,"

Formal language in Body Paragraphs

In the body of your cover letter or email try to avoid using informal language. It's best not to use contractions such
as I'm, you're, it's etc. Use the longer forms, I am, you are, it is. While these things might seem small to you, they
will contribute to the overall professional tone of your writing and help with creating a good first impression.

Finally, let's look at an example of the opening of a cover letter. This one is written too informally. See what you
think.

Hi there,

I saw your ad for a receptionist in the paper and I’m really interested in the job. 😊

Clearly, this is too informal. In the United States, this would not be acceptable and an employer who reads it might
interpret the writer as not being serious or professional enough for the job. So, the message is, always try and be
professional in any communication with an employer.

Here's the sample rewritten, so it's now more formal.

Dear Ms. Smith,

I was very interested to read your advertisement for the position of receptionist in the Seattle Herald dated
May 6th, 2011. I would like to be considered for this job.

Summary
We have looked at levels of formality in a cover letter and discussed the differences between formal and informal
styles. I hope you can see that using a more formal style in your cover letter is what's expected from an employer.

What’s Next?
Next, we'll look at controlling tone with modal verbs.

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LESSON 8: LANGUAGE FOCUS: USING MODAL VERBS TO
WRITE POLITELY

The video for this lesson is available online. Please find the transcript for the lesson below.

Hello, in this video we're going to talk about using modal verbs to be more polite. When applying for a job in the
United States, it is important that job seekers are direct and honest, but also respectful and polite. Modal verbs
help the writer to control the tone or feeling. This is how you will leave a positive impression on your reader.

We will begin with the definition of modal verbs, the grammar structure and the meaning or reasons why we use
them. Then we will look at example sentences with and without modal verbs to show how the same message is
given in different ways.

What is a modal verb?

Let's begin with a definition. Modal verbs are helping verbs such as “can”, “will”,
“could”, “would”, or “might”.

These modal verbs show a speaker's attitude or feeling that something is possible or
probable.

Modal verbs are helping verbs that are immediately followed by the simple form of
a verb.

“Could” and “would” are very common modal verbs used in cover letters, emails,
“Modal Verbs” by FHI 360 is and conversations during the job search.
licensed under CC BY
When you use a modal verb in a sentence, it must be followed by another verb in the
simple form. Look at this example.

I could assist the company by working with international visitors.

Direct Modals vs. Indirect (“Polite”) Modals

Now, let's talk about the meaning of “can” and “will”, along with “could” and “would”. When a writer uses “can”
or “will”, it is very direct. “Can” means that the writer has the ability to do something. And “will” shows that the
writer is making a future promise or prediction. “Could” or “would” show that something is possible, probable, or
very likely. These are more polite forms of “can” and “will”.

Let's look at some examples from a cover letter.

1. I can assist your company in international markets.
2. I could assist your company in international markets.

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No. 1 just shows that the person has the ability, but No. 2 is more polite and shows the possibility of using that
ability to help the company.

Here's another example with “will” and “would”.

1. I will assist your company in international markets.
2. I would assist your company in international markets.

It is rude for him to say, “I will assist your company in international markets”, because only the employer gets to
make that decision. If the applicant is too direct, it changes the tone or feeling of the message.

Another meaning of the modal verb “would” is a polite form of want. “Want” is often too direct and can
sometimes be rude. “Would like” is more indirect and polite.

In a cover letter, applicants want to have a job interview but need to politely say what they want. The way to do
that is by saying,
• I would like to discuss the job in an interview.
• I would like to learn more about the company in an interview.

It is very important that job seekers communicate what they could do for a company and clearly say what they
want the company to do for them, respectfully and politely.

Summary
Let's review what we've learned about modal verbs. Using modal verbs in writing and speaking is the best way to
be direct, but also polite. Job seekers can control their tone and leave a positive impression. We now know that
modal verbs would and could are used with other verbs to describe things that are possible or likely. We can also
use would like to clearly show what we want in a polite and respectful way.

What’s Next?
Next go on to a quiz to check your understanding of using modal verbs in polite language.

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QUIZ: DIRECT OR POLITE LANGUAGE
Directions: For each of the direct sentences given in each question, choose the polite sentence that matches it.
There is only one correct answer for each sentence.

You can take this quiz as many times as you want, and your highest score will be kept. You must score at least 70%
to pass this quiz.

>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<<

27
OPTIONAL READING PRACTICE: HOW DO I WRITE A COVER
LETTER?
Instructions: All questions in this quiz refer to the reading, “How Do I Write a Cover Letter?” You are allowed to
refer to this reading as you answer these questions.

>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. This reading comprehension activity is an
OPTIONAL practice quiz. You do not have to take this quiz to receive your digital badge and certificate.<<<

How Do I Write a Cover Letter?

“Untitled Image” By Kat Stokes via Unsplash under Unsplash license.

Your cover letter is the place to sell your skills and show your interest in the position. It's a great chance to
highlight achievements that would make you an ideal candidate for the job.

Always send a cover letter with your resume unless the job listing specifically says not to do so. But don’t use the
same one for each job. You need to write a targeted letter for each position.

Include these important sections in your cover letter:

· Heading and greeting. Include the date, your name, and your contact information. Address the letter to
a specific person whenever possible. If you can't find an individual's name, use the job title of the
recipient (Maintenance Supervisor, Office Manager), or perhaps "Human Resources" or "Search
Committee." Do not address your letter to a business, a department, or "To Whom It May Concern."
· Opening and introduction. Explain who you are and your reason for writing, including how you found
out about the position. Use the first paragraph to express your energy, enthusiasm, skills, education, and
work experience that could contribute to the employer's success.
· Body. Sell yourself. Reveal why you are a perfect and unique match for the position. Explain why you have
chosen the employer. Briefly summarize your talents, experience, and achievements.
· Assertive closing. Thank the person for taking the time to read your letter. Use an appropriate closing,
such as “Sincerely.” Tell the employer how you plan to follow-up.

Types of cover letters

· Invited cover letter. Use this format when responding to an ad or other listing. Describe how your
qualifications meet the needs of the position.

· Cold-contact cover letter. Use this format to contact employers who have not advertised or published job
openings. Research careers to find the requirements for the job you're applying for matching your
qualifications with that research.

· Referral cover letter. Use this format if you were referred to a job opening through networking,
informational interviews, or contact with employers. A referral may be to a specific job opening

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 (advertised or unadvertised) or to an employer who may or may not be hiring now. Make sure you
mention the person who referred you.

· Job match or "T" cover letter. Use this format to match the specific requirements of the job one-to-
one with your qualifications, for example "You need 10 years' experience" and "I bring 12 years'
experience." You can learn about the requirements from job ads, position descriptions, phone
conversations, career research, and informational interviews.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. (2015, January 14). How do I write a
cover letter? CareerOneStop. https://www.careeronestop.org/JobSearch/Resumes/cover-letters.aspx

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OPTIONAL DISCUSSION: WRITE YOUR OWN COVER LETTER

Note: This discussion is optional and will not be graded.

Are You the Right Person for the Job?
A cover letter helps explain why you are the right person for the job. Are you ready to give it a try?

Step 1: Write Your Own Cover Letter

Write your own cover letter following the examples in this unit. There are two options for this assignment (see
below). Your cover letter should include:
· A salutation
· Three body paragraphs
· A closing and a signature

Option one: Write a cover letter for this job advertisement for a client services coordinator:

Client Services Coordinator

Web Discount Corporation of Barcelona, Spain, seeks a full-time Client Services Coordinator.
Responsibilities include greeting clients, answering telephones, and performing other clerical functions.
REQUIREMENTS
High school diploma and /or business college program
2-4 years of clerical or administrative experience
Excellent organizational skills
Typing speed of 30 wpm
Word processing and database experience
Good communication skills
If you would like to work in an exciting environment, e-mail your resume to Pablo Caverro.
Fax: 93 412 1044
Email: pcaverro@email.com

Option two:
Find a job advertisement by yourself and write a cover letter for that position. If you choose this option, copy the
job advertisement in addition to your cover letter.

Step 2: Review what others have written.

• Spend 15 minutes reading other participants' letters.
• Did they write something similar to you? Something different?
• Did they use any vocabulary or phrasing that you really like?

Step 3: Respond to at least 2 posts.

• Identify a strength (one thing they did well),
• Make one suggestion or ask one question.

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 Module 3 Self-Assessment Rubric
Criteria Meets Expectations Does Not Meet Expectations
Salutation: My salutation is formal and • My salutation is
A cover letter salutation should include: includes the recipient's full informal.
• a formal greeting name and a comma. • My salutation does not
• the recipient's full name include the recipient's
• a comma full name.
• My salutation does not
include a comma.
Body Paragraph 1 My first body paragraph • My first body paragraph
This paragraph explains why you are applying for explains why I am applying does not explain why I
this job. It includes: and includes all the am applying.
• a statement of application required components. • My first body paragraph
• the specific title of the job opening does not include all the
• your source of information (where you required components.
found the job)
Body Paragraph 2 My second body paragraph • My second body does
This paragraph highlights your skills and highlights my skills and not highlight my skills
qualifications. It includes: qualifications. It includes and qualifications.
• 2 or 3 examples from your education, examples and uses key • I did not include
experience, and interests. words from the job examples.
• uses key words from the job description. description. • I did not use key words
from the job description.
Body Paragraph 3: My final body paragraph • My final body paragraph
This final body paragraph should leave the reader includes a request to does not include a
with a positive impression. interview and tells the request to interview.
reader how I will follow up. • My final body paragraph
It includes: It leaves the reader with a does not tell how I will
• a request to interview for the job. positive impression. follow up.
• information about how you will follow up • I have not left the reader
with a positive
impression.
Verb Tenses I have correctly used and I have not used the present
A cover letter will use both the present perfect formatted the present perfect and simple past or they
and the simple past tense to discuss the perfect and simple past are not formatted correctly.
applicant's experiences. tenses in my cover letter.

Formality My cover letter is formal. My cover letter is informal.

A well-formatted cover letter:
• includes formal, professional, and
appropriate language
• uses modal verbs to communicate
clearly, respectfully, and appropriately
• is left-aligned (all parts of the letter start
on the left side of the screen or page)
• is single-spaced with an extra space
between each section

Be Brief! My cover letter fits on one My cover letter is longer than

Maximum Length: 1 Page page. one page.

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MODULE 3: WRAP-UP AND LOOKING AHEAD

Wrap-up

Congratulations! You have completed Module 3: Writing a Cover Letter

In this module, you:
• Reviewed the structures and format of cover letters and standard business letters
• Identified new fundamental vocabulary, and practice using that new vocabulary in course activities
• Identified and practiced using past tense and present perfect verbs, sentence structure with time words,
and controlling tone with modal verbs

Looking Ahead
In Module 4, we will look at networking.

You will:
• Recognize and use the language of networking and small talk
• Identify and practice using stress, rhythm, and intonation to show meaning and emphasis as you deliver a
brief networking elevator speech
• Describe yourself briefly and clearly in a networking elevator speech

You have completed Module 3! To receive your certificate and digital badge, complete Modules 4 and 5. Keep up
the good work!

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